Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Takács Richárd, Vacula Jirí, Prinsier Johan

Low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP-EGR) is promising strategy for reducing NOx emissions in internal combustion engines, but it presents challenges due to water vapor condensation that can lead to compressor impeller erosion. This study presents a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis to quantify condensate formation and determine dew point temperatures across varying fuels and engine operating conditions. Novel mathematical models are developed to estimate specific humidity and condensation using only standard engine parameters, making them applicable without additional sensors. Results show that both fuel composition - particularly the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio - and LP-EGR rates strongly influence condensation. The study also highlights the impact of alternative fuels and ambient conditions on condensation risk. The developed methodology supports real-time evaluation of condensation potential and offers critical input for erosion risk assessment, component design, and emission control strategy optimization in modern powertrain.

Csilla Kalup, László Molnár

Interstellar extinction is a major obstacle in determining accurate stellar parameters from photometry near the Galactic disk. It is especially true for globular clusters at low galactic latitudes, which suffer from significant amounts of spatially variable reddening. Although differential reddening maps are available for tens of clusters, establishing and validating the absolute zero-point of relative maps is a challenge. In this study, we present a new approach to determine and evaluate absolute reddening zero-points for Galactic globular clusters by combining 3D reddening maps with Gaia DR3 RR Lyrae data. As a first case study, we investigate the low-latitude globular cluster M9. We compare the Gaia photometry and color data of the cluster member RR Lyrae stars to field RR Lyrae stars with accurate parallaxes and whose photometric metallicities match that of M9, as well as to theoretical models. We calculate the dereddened Gaia colors for the M9 stars based on three zero points. We confirm that the original SFD map by D. J. Schlegel et al. (1998) appears to be overcorrecting the reddening for at least some RR Lyrae stars, albeit not excessively. In contrast, the 3D Bayestar map and the recalibrated version of the SFD map provide physically plausible reddenings, which we accept as lower and upper limits for M9, respectively. Our results provide a physically motivated reddening range for M9 and outline a methodology that can be directly extended to other globular clusters that are accessible to the Gaia mission, and to other multicolor sky surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory.

Eszter Nagy, Rebeka Ráhel Nagy, Rebeka Ráhel Nagy et al.

Wildlife-originating zoonotic pathogens represent a special form of human-wildlife conflict. Disease spillover and spillback can cause health damage to both sides. Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is considered a climate-sensitive parasite due to the special environmental demands of its mosquito vectors. Abundant wild mesocarnivores in Europe, the golden jackal (Canis aureus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and Eurasian badger (Meles meles) are frequently accused of being a natural reservoir for the parasite. This study investigated the heartworm infection rate in the populations of jackals (N = 305), foxes (N = 361) and badgers (N = 29) by the northern border of the Mediterranean climate zone and, despite the suitable climatic conditions, found unusually low prevalence in these hosts (2.3% in jackals, 1.4% in foxes, 0% in badgers). Analysis of the spatial distribution of infection confirmed that temperature and local socioeconomic development influenced the disease occurrence significantly. Precipitation and land use did not show any impact on the epidemiology of canine heartworm in wild caniforms. These results suggested that wild carnivores are sentinels of D. immitis spilled over from the domestic cycle rather than vice versa.

Norbert Hegyi, János Jósvai, Gusztáv Fekete

This study investigates the effect of a polyurethane (PUR) foam layer on impact force, impact duration, and deformation with regard to radiosondes during drop tests. Numerical (Finite Element Method) and experimental approaches were used to model collisions with and without protective PUR layers. The numerical results demonstrated that adding a soft PUR foam layer reduced peak impact force by 10% while it increased impact duration up to 71%. Experimental drop tests confirmed the numerical outcomes as peak impact force difference was 7% between simulations and experiments, while impact duration differed only by 11%. Besides force and duration, impact deformation was also investigated by an FEM model and high-speed camera footage on radiosondes with a PUR foam layer. The FEM model was able to approximate well the deformation magnitude since the numerical deformation was only 2% lower compared to the experimental data. In summary, a reliable and validated FEM model was created. On the one hand, this model allows the analysis of different protective layers around a radiosonde. On the other hand, it can adequately predict the impact behavior of radiosondes by incorporating multiple important factors. In addition, it has been confirmed that incorporating a soft PUR foam layer significantly improves safety by reducing impact force and extending impact duration.

Cheuk-Yin Wong

The Schwinger confinement mechanism stipulates that a massless fermion and a massless antifermion are confined as a massive boson when they interact in the Abelian QED interaction in (1+1)D. If we approximate light quarks as massless and apply the Schwinger confinement mechanism to quarks, we can infer that a light quark and a light antiquark interacting in the Abelian QED interaction are confined as a QED meson in (1+1)D. Similarly, a light quark and a light antiquark interacting in the QCD interaction in the quasi-Abelian approximation will be confined as a QCD meson in (1+1)D. The QED and QCD mesons in (1+1)D can represent physical mesons in (3+1)D when the flux tube radius is properly taken into account. Such a theory leads to a reasonable description of the masses of $π^0, η$, and $ η'$, and its extrapolation to the unknown QED sector yields an isoscalar QED meson at about 17 MeV and an isovector QED meson at about 38 MeV. The observations of the anomalous soft photons, the hypothetical X17 particle, and the hypothetical E38 particle bear promising evidence for the possible existence of the QED mesons. Pending further confirmation, they hold important implications on the properties on the quarks and their interactions.

Sándor Frey, Judit Fogasy, Krisztina Perger et al.

The prominent radio quasar PKS 2215+020 (J2217+0220) was once labelled as a new laboratory for core–jet physics at redshift <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3.572</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> because of its exceptionally extended jet structure traceable with very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations up to a ∼600 pc projected distance from the compact core and a hint of an arcsec-scale radio and an X-ray jet. While the presence of an X-ray jet could not be confirmed later, this active galactic nucleus is still unique at high redshift with its long VLBI jet. Here, we analyse archival multi-epoch VLBI imaging data at five frequency bands from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.7</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>15.4</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> GHz covering a period of more than 25 years from 1995 to 2020. We constrain apparent proper motions of jet components in PKS 2215+020 for the first time. Brightness distribution modeling at 8 GHz reveals a nearly <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.02</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> mas yr⁻¹ proper motion (moderately superluminal with apparently two times the speed of light), and provides <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>δ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>11.5</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for the Doppler-boosting factor in the inner relativistic jet that is inclined within <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>2</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> to the line of sight and has a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Γ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> bulk Lorentz factor. These values qualify PKS 2215+020 as a blazar, with rather typical jet properties in a small sample of only about 20 objects at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>></mo><mn>3.5</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> that have similar measurements to date. According to the 2-GHz VLBI data, the diffuse and extended outer emission feature at ∼60 mas from the core, probably a place where the jet interacts with and decelerated by the ambient galactic medium, is consistent with being stationary, albeit slow motion cannot be excluded based on the presently available data.

Manuel Octavio del Campo Villares, Eladio Jardón Ferreiro, Karla Ladrón de Guevara Marín et al.

The purpose of this document is to identify which actions in the Equal Opportunities Plan 2023–2026 of the Ourense Provincial Council have the potential to increase equality of opportunity between women and men in positions of similar status, with respect to an analysis of the objectives of the First Equality Plan of (2017–2021). The methodology for measuring the achievements of these strategic objectives consisted of a descriptive comparative study, where the changes in the stated objectives were analyzed, and a quantitative functional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the typology and functionality of each position. A clear distinction was made between the goals achieved and those requiring more decisive intervention in future. In addition, it recognizes that women are very underrepresented in the most desirable positions at Ourense Provincial Council.

Attila Puskás

This essay examines the distinctive features; unchanging basic elements and changing emphases of Bonaventure’s interpretation of the spiritual senses based on four works selected from different periods of his life and considered significant for the subject. In the first chapter, I analyse the relevant passages of Bonaventure’s <i>Commentary on the Book of Sentences;</i> in the second the <i>De reductione artium ad theologiam</i>; in the third the <i>Breviloquium</i>; and in the fourth the <i>Itinerarium mentis in Deum</i>. The objects of investigation are as follows: the correlation between the acts of spiritual senses and their object; the basis of the hierarchical order of spiritual senses; the relationship between spiritual senses; mental excesses and mystical transit; and the relation to Dionysian mystical theology.

Kritsada Sangkhanan

Let $T(X)$ be the full transformation semigroup on a set $X$ under the composition of functions. For any equivalence relation $E$ on $X$, define a subsemigroup $T_{E^*}(X)$ of $T(X)$ by $$T_{E^*}(X)=\{α\in T(X):\text{for all}\ x,y\in X, (x,y)\in E\Leftrightarrow (xα,yα)\in E\}.$$ In this paper, we show that the regular part of $T_{E^*}(X)$, denoted $\mathrm{Reg}(T)$, is the largest regular subsemigroup of $T_{E^*}(X)$. Then its Green's relations and ideals are described. Moreover, we find the kernel of $\mathrm{Reg}(T)$ which is a right group and can be written as a union of symmetric groups. Finally, we prove that every right group can be embedded in that kernel.

Meena, Bashdar I., Lakk-Bogáth, Dóra, Keszei, Soma et al.

Hydrogen peroxide and peroxymonocarbonate anion-based bleach reactions are important for many applications such as paper bleach, waste water treatment and laundry. Nonheme iron(III) complexes, $[\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}(\mathrm{L}^{1-4})\mathrm{Cl}_{2}]$ with the 1,3-bis($2^{\prime}$-Ar-imino)isoindolines ligands ($\mathrm{HL}^{n}$, $n=$1–4, Ar $=$ pyridyl, thiazolyl, benzimidazolyl and N-methylbenzimidazolyl, respectively) have been shown to catalyze the oxidative degradation of morin as a soluble model of a bleachable stain by $\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ in buffered aqueous solution. In these experiments the bleaching activity of the catalysts was significantly influenced by the Lewis acidity and redox properties of the metal centers, and showed a linear correlation with the $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}/\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{II}}$ redox potentials (in the range of 197–415 mV) controlled by the modification of the electron donor properties of the ligand introducing various aryl groups on the bis-iminoisoindoline moiety. A similar trend but with low yields was observed for the disproportionation of $\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ (catalase-like reaction) which is a major side reaction of catalytic bleach with transition metal complexes. The effect of bicarbonate ions might be explained by the reduction of Fe(III) ions and/or the formation of peroxymonocarbonate monoanion, which is a much stronger oxidant and could increase the formation of the catalytically active high-valent oxoiron species.

Bernard Gitura Kimani, Erika Beáta Kerekes, Csilla Szebenyi et al.

Phenolic compounds are natural substances that can be obtained from plants. Many of them are potent growth inhibitors of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms, however, phenolic activities against spoilage yeasts are rarely studied. In this study, planktonic and biofilm growth, and the adhesion capacity of <i>Pichia anomala</i>, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> and <i>Debaryomyces hansenii</i> spoilage yeasts were investigated in the presence of hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, stilbene, flavonoid and phenolic aldehyde compounds. The results showed significant anti-yeast properties for many phenolics. Among the tested molecules, cinnamic acid and vanillin exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 500 µg/mL to 2 mg/mL. Quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, resveratrol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were also efficient growth inhibitors for certain yeasts with a MIC of 2 mg/mL. The <i>D. hansenii</i>, <i>P. anomala</i> and <i>S. pombe</i> biofilms were the most sensitive to the phenolics, while the <i>S. cerevisiae</i> biofilm was quite resistant against the activity of the compounds. Fluorescence microscopy revealed disrupted biofilm matrix on glass surfaces in the presence of certain phenolics. Highest antiadhesion activity was registered for cinnamic acid with inhibition effects between 48% and 91%. The active phenolics can be natural interventions against food-contaminating yeasts in future preservative developments.

G. F. Ciani, L. Csedreki, J. Balibrea-Correa et al.

Direct measurements of reaction cross-sections at astrophysical energies often require the use of solid targets able to withstand high ion beam currents for extended periods of time. Thus, monitoring target thickness, isotopic composition, and target stoichiometry during data taking is critical to account for possible target modifications and to reduce uncertainties in the final cross-section results. A common technique used for these purposes is the Nuclear Resonant Reaction Analysis (NRRA), which however requires that a narrow resonance be available inside the dynamic range of the accelerator used. In cases when this is not possible, as for example the 13C(alpha,n)16O reaction recently studied at low energies at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) in Italy, alternative approaches must be found. Here, we present a new application of the shape analysis of primary gamma rays emitted by the 13C(p,g)14N radiative capture reaction. This approach was used to monitor 13C target degradation {\em in situ} during the 13C(alpha,n)16O data taking campaign. The results obtained are in agreement with evaluations subsequently performed at Atomki (Hungary) using the NRRA method. A preliminary application for the extraction of the 13C(alpha,n)16O reaction cross-section at one beam energy is also reported.

DÁVID FEKETE

Az Európai Unió válságkezelési stratégiájának egyik fontos része a gazdasági szabályozás szigorítása, az új szabályok alkotása. A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a közös gazdasági kormányzás érdekében hozott új szabályok (így az ún. hatos csomag, az európai szemeszter, az euró plusz paktum és a fiskális paktum) legfőbb jellemzőit. A szerző megvizsgálja ezek egymáshoz fűződő viszonyát, továbbá a magyar Európa-politika szerepvállalását a 2011- es EU-elnökségtől napjainkig, értékeli a magyar kormány európai válságkezeléssel kapcsolatos tevékenységét és feltárja az egyes döntések hátterét is.

SÁNDOR MEISEL

Az Európai Unió közös kereskedelempolitikája – néhány más, közösségi szintre emelt politikával ellentétben – az elmúlt évtizedek során elkerülte a viharos változásokat, fordulatszerű átértékeléseket és a látványos reformokat. Ez a közös szabályozási terület az eredeti alapelveket és működési mechanizmusát megtartva képes volt alkalmazkodni a változó világgazdasági és az átalakuló belső integrációs feltételekhez, választ adni az új kihívásokra. Ez a tény azonban nem jelenti azt, hogy a közös kereskedelempolitika megformálása mögött meghúzódó nyilvánvaló vagy rejtett dilemmákra ne kellett volna reagálnia. E hagyományos vagy az utóbbi években kialakult dilemmák, vitás kérdések befolyásolták a kereskedelempolitika mindenkori irányultságát, folyamatosan hatnak a napirenden tartott és megvalósítani kívánt prioritásokra, időnként óhatatlanul felerősítve és előtérbe helyezve egy-egy kereskedelempolitikai törekvést. Ez a körülményekhez igazodó, természetesnek tekinthető ingadozás, a kisebb fordulatok az elmúlt bő évtizedben követett uniós kereskedelempolitikában is tetten érhetők.

Felix J. Garcia Clemente, Loo Kang Wee, Francisco Esquembre et al.

Easy JavaScript Simulations (EjsS) is a popular and powerful authoring toolkit for the creation of open source HTML5 compliant JavaScript simulations. This paper focuses on developing a Learning Analytics extension in Moodle for EjsS, capable of monitoring interactions with the simulation (e.g. mouse clicks, states of buttons and sliders, variable assignments). This extension was piloted with educational physics simulations. Data on learners can be visualised in real-time on the instructor dashboard, allowing instructors to better understand the learning process and modify classroom instruction accordingly.

V. M. Shabaev, A. I. Bondarev, D. A. Glazov et al.

The current status of tests of quantum electrodynamics with heavy ions is reviewed. The theoretical predictions for the Lamb shift and the hyperfine splitting in heavy ions are compared with available experimental data. Recent achievements and future prospects in studies of the $g$ factor with highly charged ions are also reported. These studies can provide precise determination of the fundamental constants and tests of QED within and beyond the Furry picture at the strong-coupling regime. Theoretical calculations of the electron-positron pair creation probabilities in low-energy heavy-ion collisions are also considered. Special attention is paid to tests of QED in supercritical-field regime, which can be accessed in slow collisions of two bare nuclei with the total charge number larger than the critical value, $Z_{\rm crit} \approx 173$. In the supercritical field, the initially neutral vacuum can spontaneously decay into the charged vacuum and two positrons. It is demonstrated that this fundamental phenomenon can be observed via impact-sensitive measurements of the pair-production probabilities.

D. C. Lin, M. Shi, Y. Cao et al.

In this paper, the eco-friendly sodium alginate-silicon oxide capsule (SASC) with a brilliantly wide pH tolerance property was obtained via the one-step titration-gel method and in-situ sol-gel progress. The spherical droplets with SA and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) casting mixture were directly injected into the calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution. The effects of SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) on the morphology and adsorptive properties of the capsules were investigated. The interface of the SASC with micro-porous fracture aperture and microscopic re-entrant structures help to provide a stronger interaction between MB and surface channel thus increased its removed capacity during the courses of adsorption. The maximum absorption amount of the SASC against methylene blue (MB) was found to be 350.80 mg/g at 25 °C and the solution pH value of 8, which had a 12.82% enhancement compared with the neat capsule. The adsorptive performance of the prepared capsules was literally fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir absorption isothermal model. Moreover, the pH of the MB solution was evidently declined after adsorption, indicating that the adsorption mechanism of the capsules against MB might be dominated by ion-exchange and electrostatic attraction. This facile method which was used to generate free-standing spherical support structures with specialized morphology might be more suitable for removing cationic pollutants from alkaline wastewater.

Anna Susánszky, Bence Döbrössy

S. Acharya, D. Adamová, M.M. Aggarwal et al.

The production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV was studied for 2<pT<16 GeV/c with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The measurement was performed at forward (p-going direction) and backward (Pb-going direction) rapidity, in the ranges of rapidity in the centre-of-mass system (cms) 2.03<ycms<3.53 and −4.46<ycms<−2.96, respectively. The production cross sections and nuclear modification factors are presented as a function of transverse momentum (pT). At forward rapidity, the nuclear modification factor is compatible with unity while at backward rapidity, in the interval 2.5<pT<3.5 GeV/c, it is above unity by more than 2σ. The ratio of the forward-to-backward production cross sections is also measured in the overlapping interval 2.96<|ycms|<3.53 and is smaller than unity by 3.7σ in 2.5<pT<3.5 GeV/c. The data are described by model calculations including cold nuclear matter effects.

Jaroslav David, Jana Davidová Glogarová

This text focuses on Czech travelogues about Soviet Russia (and later the Soviet Union) dating from the period 1917–1968. The material – consisting of 72 published books – provides new insights into the historical perception of the Soviet Union. Most of the books represent the genre of ideological travel literature. They were written not only by journalists, writers and politicians, but also by members of professional delegations, e.g. firefighters, farmers, etc. The authors’ approach to the Soviet state changed during the period under investigation – from the initial desire (in the 1920s and 1930s) to uncover the secrets of the world’s first socialist state, to the uncritical admiration of the USSR that characterized the travelogues written during the 1950s, in line with official ideological dictates. This text explores the main tendencies that can be found in Czech travelogues about the Soviet Union, tracing how the treatment of key issues developed and changed over time, describing the strategies used by authors when presenting Soviet society and everyday life, and discussing the thematisation of proper names and the Russian language. Four issues of relevance to historical geography are examined: means of transport, itineraries, the depiction of nature, and the linguistic landscape.