Hasil untuk "Human anatomy"

Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Karl J. Friston, C. Frith et al.

L. Anderson, J. Seilhamer

J. Diedrichsen

Andrea Cardini

Scientists still debate whether small groups of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers caused the extinction of large Ice Age animals like prehistoric elephants, giant sloths and cave lions. Beyond paleontology, this question has deep sociological implications and is relevant for how we understand the role of humankind in today’s environmental crisis. A human-driven megafauna extinction has often fostered the idea of a naturalization of human environmental impacts and the belief that all people (modern or ancient, rich or poor, from any part of the world) share responsibility for the current crisis. But is that true? In the review, I discuss whether a long evolutionary history of impacts really makes us inevitably destructive, compelling humanity to accept a devastating anthropocentric dominance as the fateful destiny natural selection built for us. In contrast, I argue that, while our exceptional ability to shape environments has made us a ‘hyper-keystone’ species, benefiting only a few species and humans, this same ability also has the potential to help us restore balance to the world. That requires rejecting anthropocentric supremacy and placing ecosystems at the center stage of our relationship with nonhuman nature. We may have wiped out the mammoths and mastodons, but human destructiveness is not fate.

Kiyosu Maeda, William P. McCarthy, Ching-Yi Tsai et al.

A quintessential feature of human intelligence is the ability to create ad hoc conventions over time to achieve shared goals efficiently. We investigate how communication strategies evolve through repeated collaboration as people coordinate on shared procedural abstractions. To this end, we conducted an online unimodal study (n = 98) using natural language to probe abstraction hierarchies. In a follow-up lab study (n = 40), we examined how multimodal communication (speech and gestures) changed during physical collaboration. Pairs used augmented reality to isolate their partner's hand and voice; one participant viewed a 3D virtual tower and sent instructions to the other, who built the physical tower. Participants became faster and more accurate by establishing linguistic and gestural abstractions and using cross-modal redundancy to emphasize key changes from previous interactions. Based on these findings, we extend probabilistic models of convention formation to multimodal settings, capturing shifts in modality preferences. Our findings and model provide building blocks for designing convention-aware intelligent agents situated in the physical world.

Alireza Bagheri Rajeoni, Breanna Pederson, Susan M. Lessner et al.

<b>Background/Objective:</b> Precise aneurysm volume measurement offers a transformative edge for risk assessment and treatment planning in clinical settings. Currently, clinical assessments rely heavily on manual review of medical imaging, a process that is time-consuming and prone to inter-observer variability. The widely accepted standard of care primarily focuses on measuring aneurysm diameter at its widest point, providing a limited perspective on aneurysm morphology and lacking efficient methods to measure aneurysm volumes. Yet, volume measurement can offer deeper insight into aneurysm progression and severity. In this study, we propose an automated approach that leverages the strengths of pre-trained neural networks and expert systems to delineate aneurysm boundaries and compute volumes on an unannotated dataset from 60 patients. The dataset includes slice-level start/end annotations for aneurysm but no pixel-wise aorta segmentations. <b>Method:</b> Our method utilizes a pre-trained UNet to automatically locate the aorta, employs SAM2 to track the aorta through vascular irregularities such as aneurysms down to the iliac bifurcation, and finally uses a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network or expert system to identify the beginning and end points of the aneurysm within the aorta. <b>Results:</b> Despite no manual aorta segmentation, our approach achieves promising accuracy, predicting the aneurysm start point with an <i>R</i>² score of 71%, the end point with an <i>R</i>² score of 76%, and the volume with an <i>R</i>² score of 92%. <b>Conclusions:</b> This technique has the potential to facilitate large-scale aneurysm analysis and improve clinical decision-making by reducing dependence on annotated datasets.

Barbara Ravara, Paolo Gargiulo, David Hood et al.

Medium-sized scientific conferences held in hotels large enough to accommodate all participants increase opportunities for constructive discussion during breaks, and for evenings that bring together young and senior experts of basic sciences and clinical specialties. Time for group discussions offer opportunities for new collaborations and for jobs for young researchers. Since 1991 the Padova Muscle Days have offered collaborative opportunities that have matured into innovative multidisciplinary results to the point that it came naturally for us to underline it with a neologism now included in the title of the 2025 event: "Mobility Medicine". It is a discipline which developed naturally when we brought together fragmented areas of knowledge into one meeting. The Padua Days on Muscle and Mobility Medicine 2025 (2025Pdm3) will be hosted at the Hotel Petrarca, Euganean Thermae (Padua, Italy) from 25 to 29 March 2025. The list of unique sessions within the included program and the following Collection of Abstracts testify that it is possible to organize valid countermeasures to the inevitable tendencies towards hyper-specialization that the explosive increase in scientific progress brings. The European Journal of Translational Myology and Mobility Medicine (Ejtm3) will accept typescripts on results presented at the 2025Pdm3. Furthermore, an additional option for publication of full original Articles or Reviews is the Special "New Trends in Musculoskeletal Imaging" of the MDPI Journal Diagnostics, because diagnosis is essential to manage and follow-up neuro- metabolic- muscular- disorder and the decay of performances in aging. We hope that many will share our dreams and we make them come true at the 2025 Pdm3 Conference.

Chaerim Moon, Joohyung Kim

Supernumerary Robotic Limbs (SRLs) can enhance human capability within close proximity. However, as a wearable device, the generated moment from its operation acts on the human body as an external torque. When the moments increase, more muscle units are activated for balancing, and it can result in reduced muscular null space. Therefore, this paper suggests a concept of a motion planning layer that reduces the generated moment for enhanced Human-Robot Interaction. It modifies given trajectories with desirable angular acceleration and position deviation limits. Its performance to reduce the moment is demonstrated through the simulation, which uses simplified human and robotic system models.

Merle M. Reimann, Koen V. Hindriks, Florian A. Kunneman et al.

When encountering a robot in the wild, it is not inherently clear to human users what the robot's capabilities are. When encountering misunderstandings or problems in spoken interaction, robots often just apologize and move on, without additional effort to make sure the user understands what happened. We set out to compare the effect of two speech based capability communication strategies (proactive, reactive) to a robot without such a strategy, in regard to the user's rating of and their behavior during the interaction. For this, we conducted an in-person user study with 120 participants who had three speech-based interactions with a social robot in a restaurant setting. Our results suggest that users preferred the robot communicating its capabilities proactively and adjusted their behavior in those interactions, using a more conversational interaction style while also enjoying the interaction more.

Burcu Sayin, Ipek Baris Schlicht, Ngoc Vo Hong et al.

Clinical decision-making is inherently complex, often influenced by cognitive biases, incomplete information, and case ambiguity. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise as tools for supporting clinical decision-making, yet their typical one-shot or limited-interaction usage may overlook the complexities of real-world medical practice. In this work, we propose a hybrid human-AI framework, MedSyn, where physicians and LLMs engage in multi-step, interactive dialogues to refine diagnoses and treatment decisions. Unlike static decision-support tools, MedSyn enables dynamic exchanges, allowing physicians to challenge LLM suggestions while the LLM highlights alternative perspectives. Through simulated physician-LLM interactions, we assess the potential of open-source LLMs as physician assistants. Results show open-source LLMs are promising as physician assistants in the real world. Future work will involve real physician interactions to further validate MedSyn's usefulness in diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

Xingru Zhou, Sadanand Modak, Yao-Cheng Chan et al.

The rapid growth of AI in robotics has amplified the need for high-quality, reusable datasets, particularly in human-robot interaction (HRI) and AI-embedded robotics. While more robotics datasets are being created, the landscape of open data in the field is uneven. This is due to a lack of curation standards and consistent publication practices, which makes it difficult to discover, access, and reuse robotics data. To address these challenges, this paper presents a curation and access system with two main contributions: (1) a structured methodology to curate, publish, and integrate FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) human-centered robotics datasets; and (2) a ChatGPT-powered conversational interface trained with the curated datasets metadata and documentation to enable exploration, comparison robotics datasets and data retrieval using natural language. Developed based on practical experience curating datasets from robotics labs within Texas Robotics at the University of Texas at Austin, the system demonstrates the value of standardized curation and persistent publication of robotics data. The system's evaluation suggests that access and understandability of human-robotics data are significantly improved. This work directly aligns with the goals of the HCRL @ ICRA 2025 workshop and represents a step towards more human-centered access to data for embodied AI.

Caio C. G. Ribeiro, Douglas G. Macharet

The increasing presence of robots in human environments requires them to exhibit socially appropriate behavior, adhering to social norms. A critical aspect in this context is the concept of personal space, a psychological boundary around an individual that influences their comfort based on proximity. This concept extends to human-robot interaction, where robots must respect personal space to avoid causing discomfort. While much research has focused on modeling personal space in two dimensions, almost none have considered the vertical dimension. In this work, we propose a novel three-dimensional personal space model that integrates both height (introducing a discomfort function along the Z-axis) and horizontal proximity (via a classic XY-plane formulation) to quantify discomfort. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to compute discomfort in 3D space at any robot component's position, considering the person's configuration and height.

S. Ghosh

The review article attempts to focus on the practice of human cadaveric dissection during its inception in ancient Greece in 3rd century BC, revival in medieval Italy at the beginning of 14th century and subsequent evolution in Europe and the United States of America over the centuries. The article highlights on the gradual change in attitude of religious authorities towards human dissection, the shift in the practice of human dissection being performed by barber surgeons to the anatomist himself dissecting the human body and the enactment of prominent legislations which proved to be crucial milestones during the course of the history of human cadaveric dissection. It particularly emphasizes on the different means of procuring human bodies which changed over the centuries in accordance with the increasing demand due to the rise in popularity of human dissection as a tool for teaching anatomy. Finally, it documents the rise of body donation programs as the source of human cadavers for anatomical dissection from the second half of the 20th century. Presently innovative measures are being introduced within the body donation programs by medical schools across the world to sensitize medical students such that they maintain a respectful, compassionate and empathetic attitude towards the human cadaver while dissecting the same. Human dissection is indispensable for a sound knowledge in anatomy which can ensure safe as well as efficient clinical practice and the human dissection lab could possibly be the ideal place to cultivate humanistic qualities among future physicians in the 21st century.

Valentina Kubale, William Perez, Catrin S. Rutland

As veterinary and human medicine education evolves, instructors can now incorporate a range of innovative anatomy tools, from low-fidelity models to high-fidelity simulators, 3D printing, dissection software, and augmented/virtual reality. However, cadaveric dissection in line with ethical animal use, guided by the 4Rs: replacement, reduction, refinement, and responsibility; still remains an important and critical teaching strategy. Dissection is the methodical isolation of the various parts of the cadaver to study their physical characteristics (colour, consistency, weight, dimensions, shape), location, and structure, as well as their irrigation and innervation. It enables a deeper understanding of anatomical structures through practical work. As a synonym of anatomy, dissection remains the main method to study, understand and research the body in veterinary and human medicine education. Students learn the key skills and core knowledge necessary for subsequent clinical work, including clinical examination, necropsies, and surgery. They also acquire the manual dexterity, pre-surgical techniques, and confidence vital for their future work. This paper investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using dissection and explores the contemporary, and often complimentary, methods used to teach anatomy. We should clarify that this discussion is about the dissection of cadavers (including the associated ethical considerations), rather than the largely outdated practice of vivisection… Poučevanje anatomije: seciranje potrebe po sekciji v veterinarskem in medicinskem izobraževanju z zgodovinskega vidika do danes Z razvojem izobraževanja na področju veterinarske in humane medicine imajo asistenti in profesorji anatomije na voljo vedno več inovativnih orodij za poučevanje anatomije, od osnovnih modelov in naprednih simulatorjev do 3D-tiska, programske opreme za virtualno sekcijo ter navidezno in obogateno resničnost. Kljub tem napredkom pa disekcija kadavrov – izvedena v skladu z načeli etične uporabe živali, ki jih opredeljuje načelo 4R: zamenjava, zmanjšanje, izboljšanje in odgovornost – ostaja ključna in nepogrešljiva metoda poučevanja. Disekcija omogoča metodično preučevanje struktur telesa, vključno s preučevanjem njegovih fizičnih lastnosti, kot so barva, konsistenca, teža, mere, oblika in lokacija. Poleg tega razkriva njegovo strukturo, ožiljenost in inervacijo ter s tem omogoča poglobljeno razumevanje anatomskih struktur skozi praktično delo. Ta praktični pristop študentom ponuja poglobljeno razumevane anatomskih značilnosti in razvija veščine, ki so nujne za nadaljnje klinično delo, skupaj s preiskavami, obdukcijami in kirurškimi posegi. Poleg tega disekcija prispeva k razvoju ročnih spretnosti, predkirurških tehnik in samozavesti, ki so bistvene za prihodnjo poklicno pot študentov. Članek analizira prednosti in izzive disekcije ter raziskuje sodobne, pogosto neinvazivne alternative za poučevanje anatomije. Pomembno je poudariti, da se razprava osredotoča na seciranje kadavrov in s tem povezane etične vidike, ne pa na vivisekcijo, ki je v današnjem času že večinoma opuščena praksa… Ključne besede: anatomija; disekcija; metodologija; učni načrt; tehnologija

Márton Karsai, Hang-Hyun Jo

Bursty dynamics characterizes systems that evolve through short active periods of several events, which are separated by long periods of inactivity. Systems with such temporal heterogeneities are not only found in nature but also include examples from most aspects of human dynamics. In this Chapter, we briefly introduce such bursty phenomena by first walking through the most prominent observations of bursty human behavior. We then introduce several conventional measures that have been developed for characterizing bursty phenomena. Finally, we discuss the fundamental modeling directions proposed to understand the emergence of burstiness in human dynamics through the assumption of task prioritization, temporal correlations, and external factors. This Chapter is only a concise introduction to the field. Still, it provides the most important references, which will help interested readers to learn in depth the ever-growing research area of bursty human dynamics.

Haoyang Jiang, Elizabeth A. Croft, Michael G. Burke

Communication is essential for successful interaction. In human-robot interaction, implicit communication holds the potential to enhance robots' understanding of human needs, emotions, and intentions. This paper introduces a method to foster implicit communication in HRI without explicitly modelling human intentions or relying on pre-existing knowledge. Leveraging Transfer Entropy, we modulate influence between agents in social interactions in scenarios involving either collaboration or competition. By integrating influence into agents' rewards within a partially observable Markov decision process, we demonstrate that boosting influence enhances collaboration and interaction, while resisting influence promotes social independence and diminishes performance in certain scenarios. Our findings are validated through simulations and real-world experiments with human participants in social navigation and autonomous driving settings.

Louis Annabi, Ziqi Ma, Sao Mai Nguyen

This early-stage research work aims to improve online human-robot imitation by translating sequences of joint positions from the domain of human motions to a domain of motions achievable by a given robot, thus constrained by its embodiment. Leveraging the generalization capabilities of deep learning methods, we address this problem by proposing an encoder-decoder neural network model performing domain-to-domain translation. In order to train such a model, one could use pairs of associated robot and human motions. Though, such paired data is extremely rare in practice, and tedious to collect. Therefore, we turn towards deep learning methods for unpaired domain-to-domain translation, that we adapt in order to perform human-robot imitation.

Ana M. Casado Faulí, Mario Malizia, Ken Hasselmann et al.

As drones are getting more and more entangled in our society, more untrained users require the capability to operate them. This scenario is to be achieved through the development of artificial intelligence capabilities assisting the human operator in controlling the Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) and processing the sensor data, thereby alleviating the need for extensive operator training. This paper presents the HADRON project that seeks to develop and test multiple novel technologies to enable human-friendly control of drone swarms. This project is divided into three main parts. The first part consists of the integration of different technologies for the intuitive control of drones, focusing on novice or inexperienced pilots and operators. The second part focuses on the development of a multi-drone system that will be controlled from a command and control station, in which an expert pilot can supervise the operations of the multiple drones. The third part of the project will focus on reducing the cognitive load on human operators, whether they are novice or expert pilots. For this, we will develop AI tools that will assist drone operators with semi-automated real-time data processing.

Sara Kaszuba, Sandeep Reddy Sabbella, Francesco Leotta et al.

In recent years, an increasing number of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) approaches have been implemented and evaluated in Virtual Reality (VR), as it allows to speed-up design iterations and makes it safer for the final user to evaluate and master the HRI primitives. However, identifying the most suitable VR experience is not straightforward. In this work, we evaluate how, in a smart agriculture scenario, immersive and non-immersive VR are perceived by users with respect to a speech act understanding task. In particular, we collect opinions and suggestions from the 81 participants involved in both experiments to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these different experiences.

Jayaben Charania, Mangesh Lone, Nisha Randhir et al.

This study aimed to assess the usefulness of mounted display boards of dry human bones as a self-directed learning tool for 1st year Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students studying osteology. A prospective observational questionnaire-based study was conducted in a medical college attached to a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra. Feedback was obtained from 159 out of 200 participating students and was subjected for analysis. The results showed that the majority of students found the mounted display boards to be interesting (89%), beneficial for presentation skills (83%), improving thinking ability (82%), easing drawing tasks (62%), facilitating self-directed learning (79%), reducing mistakes during assessments (84%), enhancing subject understanding (91%), and promoting departmental involvement. The findings suggest that the development of department-specific display boards can enhance students' drawing skills, improve subject comprehension, thinking ability, and reduce errors made by students (75% students). Furthermore, the inclusion of charts with muscle attachments on the display boards was recommended by 94\% students for additional utility. Overall, these findings highlight the significance of incorporating mounted display boards into anatomy departments as a valuable educational resource.