TEACHING OF ANATOMY: DISSECTING DISSECTION IN VETERINARY AND MEDICAL EDUCATION FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE THROUGH TO TODAY

As veterinary and human medicine education evolves, instructors can now incorporate a range of innovative anatomy tools, from low-fidelity models to high-fidelity simulators, 3D printing, dissection software, and augmented/virtual reality. However, cadaveric dissection in line with ethical animal use, guided by the 4Rs: replacement, reduction, refinement, and responsibility; still remains an important and critical teaching strategy. Dissection is the methodical isolation of the various parts of the cadaver to study their physical characteristics (colour, consistency, weight, dimensions, shape), location, and structure, as well as their irrigation and innervation. It enables a deeper understanding of anatomical structures through practical work. As a synonym of anatomy, dissection remains the main method to study, understand and research the body in veterinary and human medicine education. Students learn the key skills and core knowledge necessary for subsequent clinical work, including clinical examination, necropsies, and surgery. They also acquire the manual dexterity, pre-surgical techniques, and confidence vital for their future work. This paper investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using dissection and explores the contemporary, and often complimentary, methods used to teach anatomy. We should clarify that this discussion is about the dissection of cadavers (including the associated ethical considerations), rather than the largely outdated practice of vivisection… Poučevanje anatomije: seciranje potrebe po sekciji v veterinarskem in medicinskem izobraževanju z zgodovinskega vidika do danes Z razvojem izobraževanja na področju veterinarske in humane medicine imajo asistenti in profesorji anatomije na voljo vedno več inovativnih orodij za poučevanje anatomije, od osnovnih modelov in naprednih simulatorjev do 3D-tiska, programske opreme za virtualno sekcijo ter navidezno in obogateno resničnost. Kljub tem napredkom pa disekcija kadavrov – izvedena v skladu z načeli etične uporabe živali, ki jih opredeljuje načelo 4R: zamenjava, zmanjšanje, izboljšanje in odgovornost – ostaja ključna in nepogrešljiva metoda poučevanja. Disekcija omogoča metodično preučevanje struktur telesa, vključno s preučevanjem njegovih fizičnih lastnosti, kot so barva, konsistenca, teža, mere, oblika in lokacija. Poleg tega razkriva njegovo strukturo, ožiljenost in inervacijo ter s tem omogoča poglobljeno razumevanje anatomskih struktur skozi praktično delo. Ta praktični pristop študentom ponuja poglobljeno razumevane anatomskih značilnosti in razvija veščine, ki so nujne za nadaljnje klinično delo, skupaj s preiskavami, obdukcijami in kirurškimi posegi. Poleg tega disekcija prispeva k razvoju ročnih spretnosti, predkirurških tehnik in samozavesti, ki so bistvene za prihodnjo poklicno pot študentov. Članek analizira prednosti in izzive disekcije ter raziskuje sodobne, pogosto neinvazivne alternative za poučevanje anatomije. Pomembno je poudariti, da se razprava osredotoča na seciranje kadavrov in s tem povezane etične vidike, ne pa na vivisekcijo, ki je v današnjem času že večinoma opuščena praksa… Ključne besede: anatomija; disekcija; metodologija; učni načrt; tehnologija