Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Maria Litovskaya, Elizaveta Litovskaya

Рассмотрены советские кулинарные книги 1930–1970‑х гг. как инструменты формирования новой гастрономической культуры и представлений о «хорошей жизни». Из них выбраны крупнотиражные популярные издания, сформировавшие современное представление о советской гастрономической культуре: «Книга о вкусной и здоровой пище» (1939 и 1952), «Детское питание» (1957), «Девочки, книга для вас» (1962) и «Академия домашних волшебников» (1969–1974). Выполняя ряд педагогических задач – обучить читателей приготовлению новых блюд и навыкам организации приема пищи, познакомить их с новыми продуктами, развить у них пищевой интерес и, что важнее, показать, как именно советский человек может получать удовольствие от еды и домашнего хозяйства – авторы стремились не выходить за границы идеологически дозволенного. Цель исследования – показать эволюцию представлений о еде как важнейшем компоненте качества жизни и проанализировать, каким образом через популярные кулинарные книги конструировались нормативные образы советского быта и гастрономического благополучия. Предметом исследования стали вступительные статьи к каждому изданию и сопровождающие их материалы, несущие информацию об изменении моделей питания, формировании вкуса и бытовых привычек, способствующих, по мнению авторов, улучшению качества жизни. Методология исследования основывается на принципах культурно-исторического и дискурсивного анализа, а также на интерпретации кулинарной книги как текста, сочетающего утилитарные, просветительские и идеологические функции. Резюмируется, что кулинарные книги сталинского периода формировали фундаментальное представление о гастрономической культуре, позже это знание доносилось в различных формах до разных слоев населения. Начиная с эпохи «оттепели» книги закрепляли этот материал в памяти читателей и расширяли целевую аудиторию, набор пищевых практик, характерных для хорошей жизни, и функции субъекта – культурного потребителя, ответственного за культурный уровень, вкус и благополучие своей семьи. Выявляется динамика воспитания вкуса: от привычки к новым продуктам до вкуса к удовольствию от устройства комфортного быта. Советские кулинарные бестселлеры функционировали как «учебники житейских радостей», формируя устойчивые модели гастрономической культуры. 

Murat I. Mukov

The article seeks to demonstrate Abazins’ status and role in Ottoman Empire policies in the Caucasus, particularly the terrible events of their relocation to the Ottoman Empire during the “Caucasian War” of 1763-1864. Documents from the state archives of Turkey, open to a wide range of researchers, demonstrate, in particular, the participation of the Abazins in military operations on the side of the Ottoman Empire, and also reveal the Turkish understanding of the role and place of Islam in the life of the North Caucasian peoples. Of particular importance are archival documents that record the names of villages founded by Abazin immigrants. The study of the territory of settlement of the Abazins in the Ottoman Empire and the territory of their residence in modern Turkey allows us to study both the history of specific Abazin settlements and the history of Abazin migration in new conditions. The analyzed sources concerning the state policy of the Ottoman Empire in the field of secular and spiritual education allow us to conclude that the emergence of a significant number of Turkish Abazins who received education and professional training is directly related to the fact that one hundred and fifty years ago, mosques and schools were built in the villages of Abazin immigrants, and the organizational and financial functioning of these institutions was ensured.

Simranjeet Bilkhu, Noah Mills Forman

Continuity of measure asserts that the measure of the union of an increasing sequence of sets is equal to the supremum of the measures of those sets. We provide counter examples in the case of uncountable unions. We construct the first counter example on the ordinal numbers, and we show that counterexamples also exist in the reals if we assume the continuum hypothesis.

Jacob B. Fiedler

We study the packing dimension of unions of subsets of $k$-planes in $\mathbb{R}^n$ using tools from algorithmic information theory, obtaining an analog of a result of Héra and a mild generalization of a recent result of Fraser. Along the way, we introduce a notion of effective dimension on the Grassmannian and affine Grassmannian, and we establish several useful algorithmic and geometric tools in this setting. Additionally, we consider how the packing dimension of the union of certain subsets of $k$-planes changes when the subsets are extended to the entire $k$-plane. Finally, we improve the above bounds for unions and extensions in the special case that $k=n-1$.

Shamil Asgarli, Dragos Ghioca, Chi Hoi Yip

Motivated by a question of Erdős on blocking sets in a projective plane that intersect every line only a few times, several authors have used unions of algebraic curves to construct such sets in $\mathbb{P}^2(\mathbb{F}_q)$. In this paper, we provide new constructions of blocking sets in $\mathbb{P}^2(\mathbb{F}_q)$ from a union of geometrically irreducible curves of a fixed degree $d$. We also establish lower bounds on the number of such curves required to form a blocking set. Our proofs combine tools from arithmetic geometry and combinatorics.

Ayali Noya, Sason Anat, Schreiber Shaul et al.

Abstract Context Immigrants from the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) are more prevalent in Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Israel than their percentage in the general population. Aims To compare their characteristics and outcomes to those of Israeli-born and other immigrant patients. Methods Retention and survival since admission (June/1993–Dec/2022) until leaving treatment (for retention), or at the end of follow-up were analyzed. Vital data was taken from a national registry. Predictors were estimated using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression models. Results The USSR patients (N = 262) compared with other immigrants (N = 132) and Israeli-born (N = 696) were more educated (≥ 12y) (p < 0.001), admitted to MMT at a younger age (p < 0.001), following a shorter duration of opioid usage (p < 0.001). More of them ever injected drugs (p < 0.001) and ever drank alcohol (p < 0.001). One-year retention was comparable (77.2% vs. 75.6% and 72%, p = 0.2) as did opioid discontinuation in those who stayed (p = 0.2). Former USSR patients had longer cumulative retention of their first admission (p = 0.05) with comparable overall retention since first admission, and survival, although the age of death was younger. Specific origin within the former USSR found immigrants from the Russian Federation with the best outcome, and those from Ukraine as having high HIV seropositive and shorter retention. Conclusions Despite several characteristics known to be associated with poor outcomes, former USSR immigrants showed better adherence to MMT, reflected by their longer cumulative retention in their first admission, lower rate of readmissions, and a comparable survival and overall retention in treatment. An in depth study is needed in order to understand why they decease at a younger age.

Daniil Manin

На основе сохранившихся комплексов русских и французских источников проанализированы механизмы формирования социальных связей русского посольства во Франции 1681 г. Посольство имело как внешнеполитическое, так и дипломатическое значение для репрезентации царской власти и русской культуры во Франции: посланники должны были не только уведомить Людовика XIV о событиях в Восточной Европе, но и получить представления о позиции Франции по вопросам подготовки Вечного мира России с Речью Посполитой, заключения русско-французского торгового договора и обеспечить найм иностранных специалистов. Формирование связей рассмотрено в контексте новой дипломатической истории с особым вниманием к проблемам репрезентации власти, личности дипломатов и культурной стороне их миссии. Впервые на основе всего комплекса архивных документов о посольстве характеризуются особенности формирования социальных связей участников посольства, необходимых для успешной реализации задач дипломатической миссии. В основу исследования легли французские придворные отчеты о церемониях, записки придворных, внутренняя переписка дипломатических ведомств России и Франции, материалы парижской периодической печати и отчетные документы русских посланников. Сделаны выводы о специфике стратегий посланника П. И. Потемкина по формированию социальных связей, об их значении для развития русской дипломатии, внешней политики и культурных контактов с Западной Европой, а также об особенностях отражения рассмотренных связей в сохранившихся источниках.

Nina Sputnitskaya

Introduction. There has been a rich tradition of using stereotypes and cliches of Russians in U.S. comic strips since the 1940s. Russian characters represent statehood, cultural dominants, and ethnic stereotypes. They convey the political agenda and civic values and demonstrate reactions to historical cataclysms. The leaders of the USSR represent the state as a political system in comic strips. In the 1980s, the interpretation of the “Russian threat” changed significantly, as did the methods of representing the General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Methods and materials. The article is based on the principles of historicism. The analysis was carried out using a set of methods: descriptive, elements of discourse analysis, and semiotic tools. The work used a range of sources, among which the most important were the issues of graphic comic strips regulating censorship documents and visual representations of Russians. Analysis. The author analyzed the dramaturgy of the 1986–1989 comic strips about the “Russian threat,” in which Mikhail Gorbachev appears. The key motifs that made up the image were identified, an iconological analysis was performed, and the speech characteristics of the protagonists and antagonists of superheroics were analyzed. The dynamics of the image of the leader of the USSR in superhero comic strips were determined by the transition from a caricature image to a Machiavellian ruler of the “Evil Empire,” ready, among other things, to collaborate with the United States. Results. From the point of view of iconography, a number of techniques for depicting Mikhail Gorbachev in comic strips correlate with the techniques of representation of Ronald Reagan. In some comic strips, the strategic superiority of the leader of the USSR over American superheroes is indirectly emphasized. The appearance of realistic features in the image of Gorbachev makes it possible to talk about the expansion of cultural ties between the USSR and the United States, a well-known social demand of the target audience, completely dissatisfied with the stereotypical images of the leaders of the USSR and the country itself.

Zhang Guangxiang, Su Ning

Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы российского конституционализма начала XX в. В центре внимания авторов находится вопрос о специфике российского конституционализма, его особенностях в сравнении с европейской версией данного явления. Авторы доказывают, что, по сравнению с Западной Европой, конституционализм в России возник поздно, не имел глубоких исторических корней, не пользовался поддержкой основной массы населения. Он был неразрывно связан с теми политическими настроениями, которые существовали в среде правящего класса Российской империи. Носителями конституционалистских идей являлись дворяне, интеллектуалы-разночинцы и бюрократы. Наиболее заметным явлением русский конституционализм стал в период революции 1905–1907 гг. Идеи конституционалистов о правовом государстве, надзоре за административными органами со стороны представительных институтов и значении общественного мнения для принятия ответственных государственных решений являлись исключительно важными и продуктивными. В то же время российское конституционное движение столкнулось с политической культурой, в рамках которой было крайне трудно решать социальные проблемы законными средствами.

Татьяна Ивановна Чепелевская

В статье рассматривается роман крупнейшего словенского писателя Ивана Цанкара (1876–1918) «Нина» (1906), который исследователи и критики относят к самым необычным и сложным его сочинениям. Стараясь разгадать одну из загадок словенского классика и отталкиваясь от кода имени, ставшего названием произведения, предполагается показать, как в творческой лаборатории писателя шел процесс смены аксиологической парадигмы, который сопровождался и сменой ономастического кода. Этот процесс демонстрирует история создания драмы «Прекрасная Вида» (1911; первоначальное название «Хрепененье» – Hrepenenje), работа над которой шла одновременно с созданием текста романа «Нина». В задуманной драме Нина выступает в качестве персонажа, несущего в себе все нюансы, составляющие суть этого емкого термина: от мечтаний о любви и тоски по родине до чувства уносящей человека трансцедентной любви, устремленности ко всему прекрасному в жизни. Однако на завершающем этапе работы над пьесой И. Цанкар отходит от первоначального замысла и связывает символику хрепененья с именем Прекрасной Виды, знаковой для словенской культуры мифологемы, подчеркивая при этом в письмах друзьям и брату, что «это будет нечто совершенно новое и – наше». Таким образом, происходит смена ценностной художественной парадигмы в творчестве писателя, который, живя в мультикультурной среде европейской столицы и создавая произведения на родном языке, отказывается от литературного и культурного европейского кода в пользу своего национального. Статья поступила в редакцию 04.09.2023. Рецензирование завершено 05.09.2023. Статья принята к публикации 12.03.2024. Цитирование Чепелевская Т. И. Код имени у И. Цанкара (роман «Нина») // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 1–2. С. 241–255. DOI: 10.31168/2073- 5731.2024.1-2.12

Nived J M

The Union Closed Sets Conjecture is one of the most renowned problems in combinatorics. Its appeal lies in the simplicity of its statement contrasted with the potential complexity of its resolution. The conjecture posits that, in any union closed family of sets, there exists at least one element that appears in at least half of the sets within the family. We establish the graph-theoretic version of certain set-theoretic results by connecting the set-based and graph-based formulations. We then prove a theorem in which we investigate the conjecture for graphs, focusing on their decompositions and the position of certain pendant vertices. As a result, we extend the validity of the conjecture to a broader class of graph structures.

I. Begum

The research aims to explore the causes of Russian reassertion in Afghanistan and delves into its impact on the peace process. Russia has a deep-rooted history in Afghanistan. At the peak of its power, it sent troops to Kabul to protect the communist regime but faced strong resistance from the Afghan people. The Soviet- backed Afghan regime and the Soviet forces tried to control the insurgency for ten years; eventually, it had to pull back all troops from Afghanistan. The extended engagement in Kabul worsened internal conditions in Russia which attempted to prevent them from the Afghan scenario. During the brief period of the government of Mujahedeen and later, under the rule of the Taliban*, it was concerned by the rise of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan that emerged as a peril for Russia and the Central Asian states where Moscow aspired to maintain a soft influence. The 9/11 incident transformed the political approach of the world community. The paper analyses the reasons for Russian support of the US in the war against terrorism, and Russian coordination with Central Asian states to facilitate the US in utilizing military bases of the former Soviet Union for the first time. Russia re-opened its embassy in Kabul in 2007. After two years, it endorsed a new strategy of the US President in Afghanistan based upon a troop surge, a withdrawal plan, and reconciliation with the moderate Taliban*. Russia also formed a multi-dimensional policy towards Afghanistan. Kremlin developed ties with the Afghan government as well as diplomatic engagement with the Taliban*. A hypothesis is made that due to the assertive Russian role in Afghanistan, the US had to speed up the peace process which resulted in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Afghanistan.

F. King

Histories of the “Russian” Revolution have often either largely ignored developments in the periphery of the empire altogether or appended them to the main narrative as interesting case studies of secondary importance. The major all-Russia parties (the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDRP], the factions of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, the Constitutional Democrats, etc.) have been comprehensively studied in the literature, and the relations among them have been exhaustively analyzed. However, the smaller parties of the nonRussian national minorities, their relationships with one another and with the major all-Russia parties have received considerably less attention. Before the collapse of the USSR in 1991, in Soviet historiography the revolution in the non-Russian periphery was presented almost exclusively as the story of how the local Bolsheviks won power. In this narrative, the Bolsheviks’ rivals, whether all-Russia or regional/national parties, were generally depicted as amorphously “petty-bourgeois” or “counterrevolutionary,” and the details of their ideas were almost never explored. In English-language works of that time, only the revolutionary process in Ukraine could have been said to have a “historiography,” produced mainly by diaspora scholars.1 Since 1991, the newly independent former union republics have had

Kapyshev A.K., Tuleuova B.T., Nurlanova S.E. et al.

The article discusses the features of the ethno-demographic development of the Akmola region in the early 1940s. Based on the study of archival material, an attempt was made to analyze the planned resettlement in the Akmola region of residents of land-poor areas of the former USSR (mainly from the European part of Russia and Ukraine) to land-rich regions of the country, including the north-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time it outlines the features and results of the policy of planned resettlement of peasants - volunteers from Ukraine and Russia to the Akmola region in 1940-1941; evacuation routes, their locations are shown; a specific analysis of the ethno-demographic indicators of the region and their changes were carried out. The authors note that due to the extremely difficult demographic situation in Kazakhstan over the previous decade of 1928-1938, there was a sharp and significant decrease in the number of the Kazakh population, caused by collectivization, famine, mass migration from Kazakhstan accompanying these processes. The government of the republic saw a way out of the situation in the resettlement of representatives of other peoples of the Soviet Union to Kazakhstan, they submitted this initiative for consideration to the top leadership of the USSR. The authorities of the USSR decided to satisfy this initiative. However, the settlers had numerous difficulties associated with the poor organization of resettlement, the unwillingness of local collective farms and party - Soviet bodies to accept labor migrants. Thus, the “first virgin lands” – the beginning of the 1940s, did not achieve their goals. Volunteer migrants who came to Kazakhstan from the European part of Russia and Ukraine of those years often found themselves in distress. Nevertheless, voluntary migrants influenced the change in the ethno-demographic appearance of the Akmola region

Ievgeniia Voloshchuk

The paper deals with the specifics of outsiders’ laughter in the book Unknown letters (Неизвестные письма/Unbekannte Briefe, Russian 2014, German 2017) by a Russian-German writer Oleg Yuryev. In particular, it analyzes how Russian cultural and historical traumas of the 20th century were reinterpreted in the book from the perspective of an ironical outsider. In doing so, it focuses on a fictional letter by the writer Leonid Dobychin, which is contextualized with fictional letters of Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz and Ivan Pryzhov, representing previous historical and cultural periods. Yuryev’s ironic reflections on the Russian historical reality and literary scene of the 20th century manifest themselves at different levels, from the positioning of outsiders’ laughter in relation to the official and marginal hierarchies of the literary canon to the postmodernist play with the traditions of literary classics. In addition, the paper addresses the inter- and/or transcultural aspect of outsiders’ laughter in Yuryev’s book.

L. O. Igumnova

The article explores the EU diplomacy toward Russia since Josep Borrell took office as EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The approach adopted by the European External Action Service (EEAS) in a time of crisis is examined, in the context of the rapidly changing international security environment and the unprecedentedly low level of engagement between Russia and the EU. The research featured the EEAS official documents, press releases, and Josep Borrell’s statements issued from late 2019 to early 2022. The analysis revealed some of Borrell’s ideas about the international role of the EU, his image of Russia and his suggestions on the EU’s course of action towards Russia. The author believes that Borrell’s approach clearly failed the reality test. The EU diplomacy demonstrated its inability to adjust to the escalating tensions and the major changes in the bilateral relations, as well as in Russia itself. As a result, the European strategy has proven ineffective and unable to address adequately the challenges it faces.

Bradley C. A. Brown, Anthony L. Caterini, Brendan Leigh Ross et al.

Deep learning has had tremendous success at learning low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data. This success would be impossible if there was no hidden low-dimensional structure in data of interest; this existence is posited by the manifold hypothesis, which states that the data lies on an unknown manifold of low intrinsic dimension. In this paper, we argue that this hypothesis does not properly capture the low-dimensional structure typically present in image data. Assuming that data lies on a single manifold implies intrinsic dimension is identical across the entire data space, and does not allow for subregions of this space to have a different number of factors of variation. To address this deficiency, we consider the union of manifolds hypothesis, which states that data lies on a disjoint union of manifolds of varying intrinsic dimensions. We empirically verify this hypothesis on commonly-used image datasets, finding that indeed, observed data lies on a disconnected set and that intrinsic dimension is not constant. We also provide insights into the implications of the union of manifolds hypothesis in deep learning, both supervised and unsupervised, showing that designing models with an inductive bias for this structure improves performance across classification and generative modelling tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/layer6ai-labs/UoMH.

S. Zhiltsov

Russia and non-regional States have recently shown fresh interest in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The rivalry between Russia and the United States for the post-Soviet territory, beginning after the collapse of the USSR, has broken new ground. Russia considers the post-Soviet space as an area of vital interests. Economic and political relations with its neighbors, the internal political situation in the former Soviet Republics have a direct impact on the development of Russia. These determinants can explain the renewed interest in Eurasian integration and an integration project — the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). However, the USA hardly welcomes such aspirations of Russia and the support for the integration project on the part of some post-Soviet countries. The American side has no interest in the newly emerging regional centers of influence in the post-Soviet space, regarding this as a threat to its interests. Countering the development of Eurasian integration and strengthening the EAEU influence is the focus of US policy in this regard. The EAEU member countries are consistently taking steps to develop integration despite obstacles from the West. The long-term objectives, defined in various documents by the countries, should put them on a new path of economic cooperation. Eurasian integration faces a number of difficulties along with the successes, achieved since the creation of the EAEU. The world economy problems, in addition to internal ones, exert a considerable influence. They intensified after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, which negatively affected the development of the EAEU countries. The internal political problems faced by the EAEU countries adversely affect integration. The internal political crisis in Belarus, beginning in the later 2020, the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh, worsened internal political struggle in Armenia and Kyrgyzstan are the factors that influenced the work of the EAEU last year and early 2021. Nevertheless, economic difficulties and political events in specific countries, the pursuit of non-regional states to influence the elites of the former Soviet states have not altered the foreign policy priorities of the EAEU member states.

Usman Safiyanu Duguri, Mohd Afandi Salleh, Isyaku Hassan

The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) started in 1865 when Tsarist Russia managed gradually to conquer the western part of Turkestan. Subsequently, The region Western Turkestan was established. Western Turkestan was divided into five republics with the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1924: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. In 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) won the election against Kuomintang (KMT), The region's name was changed to Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. The race of Xinjiang (New Borders) can be separated into two groups: non-Turkic people (Han Chinese, Russians, Indians, and Manchurians) and Turkic people (Xinjiang indigenous). Uyghur, Kazakh, Uzbek Kirghiz, and Tajik are all Turkic languages, with the Uyghurs having the biggest community. Based on this description, this study examines the history of the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and its existence within the framework of international relations as well as the human rights conditions of Uyghurs.

Vladimir Zolotovskiy

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the Byzantine war strategy in Asia Minor. A qualitative military and political characteristics of the main military expeditions to the eastern borders are crucial for the disclosure of this problem. From this aspect, the study addresses the following issues: defining of the role of the eastern military campaigns in the complex of military-strategic measures on the state scale; characteristics of the features the armed forces used, as well as the tasks solved during military expeditions to Asia Minor; disclosure of the features of military-technical measures to ensure the security of Byzantium eastern borders. Methods. Critical use of elements of civilizational, formational and systemic approaches is the methodological basis of this study. It should be noted that the use of a systematic approach in the analysis of the Byzantine troops combat practice in east direction, allows to determine the strategic objectives of military expeditions in Asia Minor, to reveal the logic of warfare in the eastern theater, to determine the functional purpose of military-technical measures. Analysis and Results. The study reveals the strategic concept of Byzantium armed forces military operations during the reign of the first Palaeologus on the Asia Minor territory. Analysis of combat practice allows us to conclude that the strategic priority of the western and northwestern directions, which required the use of the most combat-ready troops consisting of mercenaries during the reign of Michael VIII, determined the need to use the Byzantine troops at the eastern borders of the empire. TheByzantine army was episodically involved in major defensive expeditions to the borders of the empire. We determined that the purpose of these campaigns is to stop the advance of enemy armies and their subsequent expulsion from the empire. This logic of military operations does not mean the loss of strategic initiative at the eastern direction. The strategy of passive defense which determined the nature of the military confrontation in the Asia Minor region was ensured by the creation of a garrison system, or a line of fortresses, on the eastern borders of the empire. Fortification activities of Michael VIII and Andronikos II in 1280–1282 temporarily stopped the advance of the Turkish troops. However, natural factors and the intensification of the economic crisis at the end of the 13th century made it impossible to preserve the defensive line located along the banks of the rivers that served as the borders of the Byzantine state. In addition, the strengthening of the military-political power of the emirates of Menteşe, Aydinoglu and Osman led to the loss of the initiative by the Byzantine troops and, as a result, the reduction of the Asia Minor territories of the empire. In an effort to change the situation, Andronicus II proceeded to implement an active defense strategy.