Hasil untuk "History of Law"

L. Dexter

Oskar Kanecki

Przebieg procesu przed sądami podkomorskimi Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego znacząco różnił się od tego właściwego pozostałym pierwszoinstancyjnym jurysdykcjom (sądom) szlacheckim. Podkomorzy wydawał pozwy dopiero po przekazaniu mu sprawy przez sądy ziemski, grodzki albo Trybunał Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, a następnie informował uczestników postępowania o terminie wyjazdu na sporny grunt. Przynajmniej część z podejmowanych wówczas czynności prowadzono pod gołym niebem, choć podkomorzowie korzystali niekiedy z izb sądowych lub wzniesionych przez strony drewnianych konstrukcji. Prawidłowy przebieg granicy ustalano po wysłuchaniu argumentów stron, zapoznaniu się z dokumentami potwierdzającymi prawa do ziemi, obejrzeniu znaków granicznych oraz przesłuchaniu świadków. Czynności te nie zawsze przebiegały sprawnie. Rozstrzygnięcie zapadało w formie wyroku, od którego przysługiwała apelacja. Wydawał go podkomorzy albo jego zastępca (komornik), a spisywał regent podkomorski. Nie wszystkie postępowania przed sądami podkomorskimi były spokojne. Niejednokrotnie skarżono się też na ich wysokie koszty.

ALI HASSAN, Dr. Safeer Hyder

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Urdu Typesetting&quot;;">This research paper presents a critical analysis of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Asghar Nadeem Syed</span>&rsquo;s novel &ldquo;<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Jahanabad ki Galiyan</span>&rdquo;, examining it through the lens of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">historical consciousness</span>. Set against the backdrop of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">General Zia-ul-Haq</span>&rsquo;s<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Martial Law</span> in Pakistan (1977-1988), the novel explores the far-reaching consequences of this era on <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pakistani society</span>. Through its narrative, the novel delves into the intersection of politics, history, and culture, revealing the complexities of a nation&rsquo;s experience under <span style="text-decoration: underline;">authoritarian rule.</span> The novel&rsquo;s canvas simultaneously encompasses various facets of the Pakistani landscape, including the political upheavals, social transformations, and cultural shifts that occurred during the Martial Law era. By employing a range of literary devices, including narrative, character development, and symbolism, the novel creates a nuanced and multifaceted portrayal of life in Pakistan during this period. This study will analyze how the novel portrays the impact of Martial Law on Pakistani politics, media, and interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, it will examine the ways in which the novel employs historical consciousness to blur the boundaries between past, present, and future, creating a nuanced understanding of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pakistan&rsquo;s complex history</span>. By exploring the intersections between history, politics, and literature, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Martial Law era and its ongoing impact on Pakistani society.</span></p>

Wilma King

Associate Professor, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley, 2019Harrington Faculty Fellow, Department of History, University of Texas-Austin, 2018-2019 Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley, 2014-2019 Postdoctoral Fellow in Law and Society, Newcomb College Institute, Tulane University, 20132014 Assistant Professor, Departments of History and Gender, Women’s and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, 2012-2014

Giorgio Agamben, D. Heller-Roazen

Z. V. Akopyan

Introduction. There is a gap in the scientific literature in the description of the history of the city of Pyatigorsk, which was the center of the North Caucasus Region (NCR) in 1934 – May 1937. Based on the prospect of expanding the city towards the Lermontov junction area, the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU(b), who recently headed the state security agencies of the NCR, together with his former subordinates, facilitated the construction of a large sports complex “Dynamo”. However, information about this object, which did not exist after the end of the Great Patriotic War, is missing in the local history literature.Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of materials from the collections of the Pyatigorsk Museum of Local Lore, the State Archive of the Stavropol Krai, primarily regional periodicals of the period under review (newspapers “Severo-Kavkazskiy Bolshevik”, “Ordzhonikidzevskaya Pravda”, etc.). The study uses a systematic integrated approach, specific historical and comparative historical methods. Analysis. The analysis showed that Yefim Evdokimov, even after his appointment as the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU(b), continued to remain the unspoken head of the “North Caucasian team” of OGPU–NKVD workers who were in leadership positions in the Center, in different regions of the country, and naturally in the North Caucasus Region. The Dynamo Sports Complex named after E. G. Evdokimov was directly supervised by the regional security authorities, who ensured the construction of the facility in the shortest possible time.Results. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the transfer of the regional center to Voroshilovsk (Stavropol) did not allow the implementation of the construction project of the Belaya Romashka district, of which the Dynamo stadium could become an integral part. This area, as noted above, remained an urban suburb until the end of the 1950s. Due to the fact that the region and the city were led by Soviet and Party leaders (Evdokimov, Pivovarov, etc.), repressed in the second half of the 1930s, the Dynamo sports complex in Pyatigorsk ceased to exist, and the name of its founder was forgotten.

L. Bowker, Dorothy Kenny, Jennifer Pearson

Stephanie Jo Kent University of Massachusetts Amherst Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Business and Corporate Communications Commons, Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics Commons, Civil Law Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Communications Law Commons, Communication Technology and New Media Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Controls and Control Theory Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Cultural Resource Management and Policy Analysis Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Digital Communications and Networking Commons, Disability Law Commons, European History Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, European Law Commons, Game Design Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Human Geography Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, Industrial Organization Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Interactive Arts Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, International Business Commons, International Economics Commons, International Law Commons, Interpersonal and Small Group Communication Commons, Labor History Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Linguistic Anthropology Commons, Mental and Social Health Commons, Models and Methods Commons, Modern Languages Commons, Nonfiction Commons, Operational Research Commons, Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons, Organizational Communication Commons, Organizations Law Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Performance Studies Commons, Philosophy of Language Commons, Philosophy of Mind Commons, Philosophy of Science Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, Political Economy Commons, Political History Commons, Political Theory Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Commons, Public Administration Commons, Public Affairs Commons, Public Economics Commons, Public Health Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Public Policy Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Risk Analysis Commons, Science and Technology Law Commons, Science and Technology Policy Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social History Commons, Social Influence and Political Communication Commons, Social Policy Commons, Social Psychology Commons, Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, Social Welfare Commons, Social Welfare Law Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, Systems and Communications Commons, Systems Engineering Commons, Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons, Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons, Training and Development Commons, Transnational Law Commons, Typological Linguistics and Linguistic Diversity Commons, Urban Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons

G. Corbet, S. Harris

Klára Jelínková

Tim Marshall's Prisoners of Geography, published in 2015, is an in-depth examination of the influence that geographic features exert on the geopolitical strategies, international law, historical trajectories, and socioeconomic events of nations. Marshall is an experienced foreign correspondent, drawing on his extensive experience and knowledge of world history and geopolitics.

I. G. Ivantsov, I. V. Dubinin

Historical studies of provincial everyday life are becoming increasingly popular not only among historians, but also cause interest among readers. In such surveys, the role of sources is very important, including the preserved materials of personal origin, especially when it concerns the long -gone age of the XIX.The article is devoted to the correspondence of Diomid Nesterovich Popka (1789–1872), Archpriest of the Timashevsky Kuren with his son, from 1857 to 1870, the future general-lieutenant of the Kuban Cossack army, one of the first historians of Chernomory, the author of a number of literary works, books and articles on the history of the Black Sea, Kuban, and Terek Cossack troops – Ivan Diomidovich Popko (1819–1893), who served during that period in St. Petersburg, in the 2nd squadron of the Life Guards of the Black Sea Cossack Division, then located as commander of the Psekup regiment of the Kuban Cossack troops based in the village of Keyvoye, the Kuban region. Russian historians paid a lot of attention to various facts from his life rich in events. However, his relations with loved ones and relatives were given little attention. In addition, many controversial facts of his biography were not fully revealed. Therefore, it is very interesting to learn about his life and relationships with his father from their correspondence, where he acts as an obedient and respectful son.In the State Archive of the Stavropol Territory, in the Foundation 377, the authors of the article revealed five letters of Diomid Nesterovich addressed to his son, all written from Kurenaya Timashevsky. They served the main source base for the article. The letters contribute to a broader understanding of relationships within the family, close friends and the relatives of the general, whom he tried to patronize his whole long life, because he had proper financial opportunities and moral authority.

K. Maruyama, F. Nori, V. Vedral

Maxwell's demon was born in 1867 and still thrives in modern physics. He plays important roles in clarifying the connections between two theories: thermodynamics and information. Here, we present the history of the demon and a variety of interesting consequences of the second law of thermodynamics, mainly in quantum mechanics, but also in the theory of gravity. We also highlight some of the recent work that explores the role of information, illuminated by Maxwell's demon, in the arena of quantum information theory.

Engseng Ho

Patrícia Ramos Barros, Fabia Fernandes Carvalho

The purpose of this contribution is to shed light on Sá Vianna’s universalist approach to international law, considering his theoretical perspective and trajectory as a jurist in Brazil. Without seeking to exhaust all the nuances of his thinking in this article, we will explore his academic trajectory and the ways in which Sá Vianna analyzed issues related to the universal character of international law. Despite the impact of Sá Vianna’s ideas on the work of Brazilian, Latin American, and even European and US jurists in the early years of the twentieth century, Sá Vianna’s marked universalist perspective, as opposed to Álvarez’s regionalism, seems to have been forgotten. However, a detailed analysis of Sá Vianna’s thinking constitutes a fundamental step in mapping the contours of a Brazilian approach to international law.

Mohammad Hossein Saraei, farzaneh dasta

Extended abstract:Introduction: Following the increasing expansion of cities and urban population, the demand for urban services is also increasing. One of the important services in cities is administrative service that meets the citizens’ daily needs. This type of service has been established by ministries and central organizations with the increase of the number of cities and urban population and consequently, the increase of citizens' service needs. On the other hand, fair and adequate distribution of disciplinary enforcement centers has an effective role in establishing security and tranquility in cities. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately identify the current situation in this field in order to create a more appropriate and equitable distribution of administrative-disciplinary spaces that are needed by today's societies. In this regard, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the spatial pattern of administrative-disciplinary services in Isfahan so as to achieve the effect of the administrative model of administrative-disciplinary services on the desirability of the functional radius of these services and assess the relationship between the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary services and population in the related areas. Methodology: This study was of an applied type based on the purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in nature and method. Data collection was based on the library method. After collecting the basic information and data, the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services was firstly modeled by using the nearest neighborhood analysis method, local Moran index, global Moran index, and hot-spot analysis in Arc GIS software environment. Then, the effect of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the desirability of their functional radius was evaluated in the same software by using fuzzy membership function. In the next step, by drawing the map of Isfahan neighborhoods in GeoDa software, the spatial autocorrelation of the variable population of Isfahan with the distribution of ​​administrative-disciplinary services in its neighborhoods was determined and analyzed by using Moran’s bivariate index.Discussion: The analysis of the nearest neighborhood showed that the administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in Isfahan were randomly distributed. According to the calculations of the global Moran coefficient, the administrative-disciplinary enforcement services were distributed in clusters in the neighborhoods with a probability of 99%. By calculating the local Moran for the neighborhoods of Isfahan, it was found that 3 neighborhoods in District 13 were significantly located at the High-High clustering level, which indicated establishment of the neighborhoods with more administrative-disciplinary enforcement services nearby and in clusters. One neighborhood in District 10 and one in District 14 were located at the High-Low level. These neighborhoods had a large number of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services, while being surrounded by less record-breaking neighbors. 3 neighborhoods in District 13, which were located at the Low-High clustering level, faced the lack of access to these services, while being adjacent to the neighborhoods with a better access. Other neighborhoods did not have a significant autocorrelation. According to the maps drawn through the hot-spot analysis, the neighborhoods and central areas, especially areas 1, 3, 5, and 6, had formed hot spots and moved to the outskirts of the city due to their high administrative-disciplinary services, especially area 9 and the northeast part of the city. Also, cold spots were forming, which indicated the lack of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in these neighborhoods. Assessing the effectiveness of the spatial distribution model of these services on the desirability of the functional radius demonstrated the desirability of their functional radius in the central regions, as well as unfavorable areas and neighborhoods around the city. The desirability of the functional radius was in favor of the center but had caused a detriment to the surroundings. Moran’s bivariate index was applied to measure and evaluate the spatial autocorrelation, which showed very low probability of the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services based on the variable population with low significance. Conclusion: In general, the results indicated that the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan City was inappropriate in a way that the desirability of access to these services in the central areas was very high, while citizens in the suburbs were facing lack of access to these services. Therefore, it is necessary to consider programs and policies that eliminate this major spatial gap and establish spatial justice in the neighborhoods of Isfahan and ultimately social justice to cover the entire city. According to David Harvey, it is advisable to give extra services to the groups in need because they do not have a history of using these services and are not thus accustomed to them. This is especially true of municipal services for very poor groups, new immigrants, and the like. Hence, entitlement to the geographical framework would be allocation of additional resources to compensate for the social and natural problems of each region. Keywords: spatial justice, spatial distribution, administrative-disciplinary services, Isfahan neighborhood References- Ardeshiri, Ali, Ken Willis & Mahyar Ardeshiri (2018). Exploring preference homogeneity and heterogeneity for proximity to urban, public services, Cities, pp 1–13.- Boyne. A., Georg, Martin A. Powell (2002). Territoial Justice Spatial Justice and Local covernment Finance, University of Herhordshire & university of clamorgan.- Delbosec, A. and G., Currie (2011). Using Lorenz curves to assess public transport equity, Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1252-1259.- Deniz, A. (2012). Measuring the satisfaction of citizens for the services given by the municipality: the case of Kirsehir municipality. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 32(24).- Dutta, v (2012). War on the Dream, How Land use Dynamic and Sprawling City Devour the Master Plan and Urban Suitability. A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach, proceeded in 13th Global Development Conference Urbanisatio and Development: Delving Deeper into the Nexus, Budapest, hungary.- Getis Arthur, (2005). Spatial Pattern Analysis, Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Volume 3.- Godillon, S (2011). Urban renewal – a vehicle for spatial justice in the face of traffic safety problems, js.1-10.- Harvey, David (1935). "Social Justice and the City", the translator: Farokh. Hesamyan and Mohammad Reza Haeri and Behrouz monadi zadeh, the company processing and urban planning, Winter 1997, page 271.- Herrera, F., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2002). «Linguistic decision analysis: steps for solving decision problems under linguistic information», Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 115, 67–82.- Langford, M., Higgs, G., Radcliffe, J. While, S. (2008). Urban Population Distntution Models and Service Accessibility Estimation Compuers Environment and Urban System.- Laurent E (2011). Issues in environmental justice within the European Union, Ecological Economics, No. 70, 1846–1853.- Liao, Chin-Hsien, Chang, Hsueh-Sheng, Tsou, Ko-Wan (2009). Explore the spatial equity of urban public facility allocation based on sustainable development viewpoint, 14th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society, Spain: Sitges, p 137-145.- Lorestani A., Yaghoubpour Z., Shirzadian R. (2016). Analysis of spatial distribution of Tehran Metropolis urban services using models of urban planning, Capital Urban Manage., 1(2). Pp 83-92.- Mitchel, G. and Norman, P. (2012). longitudinal environmental justice analysis: Co-evolution of environmental quality and deprivation in England, 1960–2007. Geoforum, No. 43, pp: 44-57.- Parry, Jahangeer A., Showkat A. Ganaie & M. Sultan Bhat (2018). GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India, Journal of Urban Management 7, pp 46-56.- Sohel Rana M. D (2009). Status of water use sanitation and hygienic condition of urban slums: A study on Rupsha Ferighat slum, Khulna", www.elsevier.com, pp. 322-328.- Tirband, Majid and Azani, Mehri (2012). Distribution of facilities and municipal services based on social justice, case study: Yasouj city, Journal of applied sociology, Issue 23, No46, p: 109-138.- Wiesel, Ilan, Liu Fanqi and Buckle Caitlin (2017). Locational disadvantage and the spatial distribution of government expenditure on urban infrastructure and services in metropolitan Sydney (1988–2015), Geographical Research, pp 1-13.- windner, Robert. (2009). Planning law primer, basics of variances planning commission journal. N6, p30-47.- Zhang Chaosheng, Lin Luo, Weilin Xu & Valerie Ledwith, (2008). Use of local Moran's I and GIS to identify pollution hotspots of Pb in urban soils of Galway, Ireland , Science of The Total Environment, Volume 398, Issues 1-3. Figures:- Figure 1: Map of the political situation of Isfahan in the city, province and country- Figure 2: Map of the central feature and directional distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in neighborhoods and areas of Isfahan- Figure 3: The pattern of distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan city using the average nearest neighborhood analysis- Figure 4: The pattern of distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan using Moran index- Figure 5: Spatial autocorrelation of Isfahan neighborhoods from the perspective of having administrative-disciplinary services- Figure 6: Analysis of hot and cold spots in neighborhoods of Isfahan from the perspective of administrative-disciplinary- Figure 7: Analysis of the desirability of the functional radius of administrative-disciplinary services in Isfahan based on the fuzzy membership method- Figure 8: Spatial autocorrelation diagram (local Moran) between of the population and the area of ​​ administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan neighborhoods- Figure 9: Spatial autocorrelation map between the population and the area of ​​ administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan neighborhoods

Susan Šarčević

Laura F. Rothstein

Joseph P. Ryan, Abigail B. Williams, M. Courtney

Pronkin S.V.

The article is devoted to the interaction of the police and the elected bodies of Greater London-its Administration and municipal districts (boroughs) - in ensuring law and order. Both the history of the issue and its current state are touched upon. The foreign experience of interaction of the authorities in the maintenance of public security is of interest to the Russian Federation, which continues to search for effective forms of regional and municipal government, its place in the implementation of state functions. The experience of the United Kingdom is of particular interest in this regard, since in this country, the municipal and regional (self) government has historically developed significantly. The article mainly uses political and legal documents as sources of information. The author concludes that historically municipalities and local social forces played a crucial role in ensuring public security. It was typically for a «small state» with a tiny bureaucratic apparatus. Then government bodies played this role. Changes in the organization of the police were associated with the transition from the traditional rural society to modern urbanized. This required the creation of a professional centrally managed police force. The reform lasted for several decades. It’s important stage – Home office secretary R. Peel′s activity. Currently, efforts are being made to entrust the elected regional and municipal authorities with a new mission in ensuring public security – the exercise of democratic control over the activities of the police. In London this control is carried out by the mayor and the city council – Assembly. Municipal districts coordinate the activities of public services, civil, non-profit organization, business and individual citizens to ensure security in their territory.

Thomas Duve

The article proposes that legal history can fruitfully be understood as the history of the production of normative knowledge. Such a perspective builds on a long tradition of legal historical research on the formation of norms, ideas, doctrines and institutions. For the last two centuries, however, the main focus of legal historical research, especially in the German tradition, was directed towards what has been called »the law of jurists« (Juristenrecht). Legal historians were interested, first and foremost, in the formation of the modern Western legal system as a product of the work of jurists. The production of normative knowledge by other epistemic communities and communities of practice received far less attention, nor did legal historians integrate praxeological aspects into their research. Looking at legal history as a continuous process of the translation – and thus the production – of normative knowledge can provide an analytical framework that helps overcome these constraints. It offers the possibility of integrating different pistemic communities and communities of practice into its analysis and is able to incorporate the study of practices, materiality and other longneglected aspects of norm production. Not least, it serves as a method for a truly global legal history. The results of such a legal history might be less suggestive and fascinating than the big legal historical narratives of rationalization, professionalization and the formation of Western law that have inspired legal historians from the northern hemisphere during the 20th century. It can, however, offer a more complex picture of the past and provides us with the intellectual tools for a better understanding of norm production in the 21st century.

A. I. Narezhny, M. V. Pyatikova

The article highlights such important aspect of the First World War as charity. The authors analyzed the process of creation and functioning of departmental and «hybrid» charity model combining bureaucratic, private and proprietary and public basis. Revealed activities of the Office of Communications in the process of providing assistance to the Russian military personnel. The authors analyzed a variety of activities of the Main Committee to assist people affected by military action: the organization of sanitary trains, train-baths, hospitals, infirmaries, material assistance. This article underlines the importance of women's committees, working on a voluntary basis.