Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

Misbakhova C.A.

On December 11, 2025, the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences hosted the international scientific seminar “Kazakhstan and Tatarstan: Humanitarian and Cultural Ties in the Past and Present.” The international scientific seminar was organized by the M. Khasanov Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and Regional Studies of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. The seminar was attended by leading politicians and scholars from Kazakhstan and Tatarstan, members of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Consuls General of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan in Kazan, and the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The conference addressed scientific approaches to studying the centuries-old connections between the Tatar and Kazakh peoples, the role of the Golden Horde in the ethnogenesis and political genesis of the peoples of Central Eurasia, and current issues in the study of Golden Horde monuments in the Volga-Ural region. The results emphasized the need for further development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and Tatarstan in the study of the cultural history of the two peoples and the importance of coordinating this research, particularly on medieval topics and the Golden Horde. The conference noted the importance of creating a joint working group of historians from Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. The next meeting of the joint working group of historians from Russia and Kazakhstan and a roundtable discussion dedicated to the historical memory of the Golden Horde were held on June 9–10, 2025 in Bolgar, the first capital of the Golden Horde. The International Golden Horde Forum is an important milestone in this regard. Kazakhstan was widely represented by the participants of the First International Summer School on the History of the Golden Horde.

حنان شهاب احمد

شهدت العقود الثلاثة الأخيرة زيادة وتيرة الدعوة إلى تجديدٍ شامل في علم الكلام الإسلامي ، تجديداً لا يقتصر على إضافة موضوعاتٍ معاصرة، انما يمتدُّ إلى نقد أُسس ومناهج العلم القديم ، كخطوة أولى لتأسيس علم جديد للإلهيات الإسلامية، بالاستفادة  من مناهج العلوم  الاجتماعية الحديثة ؛ ومعالجة قضايا جديدة باتت تهمُّ الإنسان في الوقت الحاضر، ولم تحل سابقا مثل: المجتمع، والإنسان، الفرد، والحرية والأخلاق، وحقوق الإنسان، والتجربة الدينية للإنسان. وفي  هذا الإطار جاءت المقارنة بين آراء عبد الجبار الرفاعي وعبد الكريم سروش حول مفهوم الوحي وهو المحور الأساس في علم الكلام الجديد، لما يحمله من دلالة على طبيعة هذا الوحي وحقيقته، ولِما يثيره من إشكالات تتعلق بإمكانية تواصل الله مع الإنسان عبر اللغة البشرية ، وهو علم جديد لا يكرر أو يستنسخ مناهج الكلام القديم؛ ويخلو من كثير من إشكالياته ويتسع لمسائل جديدة تتصل بأسئلة ميتافيزيقية طرأت في ذهن الأنسان المعاصر، لاسيما الأسئلة المتصلة بمعنى وجود الإنسان وحياته ومصيره.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Suhail Turki Antar*

This research came to study the agricultural and commercial activity witnessed by the Hijaz in the third century AH, which is the era that had great importance in the history of Islamic civilization, whether on the political or economic level in the third century AH / ninth century AD. This importance or role did not come out of nowhere, but rather is the result of long years of the history of the Hijaz that preceded this century, which made it a stage for the conflicting forces in the Arab Islamic state. It witnessed separatist movements calling for independence from the Abbasid state from opposition forces, whether they were Alawites or from the Bedouins of the Hijaz desert, or from the regional forces separatist from the center of the Caliphate in Baghdad. The reason for choosing to research this time period is that the third century AH is the missing link in a series of studies that dealt with this country in its various aspects from the beginning of the Arab Islamic state until the fall of Baghdad in the year (656 AH / 1258 AD). In addition to many studies that dealt with the Arab Islamic state during the era of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs (may Allah be pleased with them), there were studies that dealt with the Hijaz in particular, including the study by Professor Ahmed Al-Sharif, in which he dealt with the role of the Hijaz in public political life in the first and second centuries AH. The study showed that the Hijaz during the third century AH was not more stable than it was in the previous two centuries of the life of the Arab Islamic state, and that it lacked permanent rivers and that the sources of water in the Hijaz were springs, wells and rain, as there is no permanent river in the Hijaz, but rather in the Arabian Peninsula as a whole. Therefore, the scope of agriculture was small and limited despite the vast lands that the Hijaz extends over.

Milena Pustet, Elisabeth Steffen, Helena Mihaljević et al.

The role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in monitoring harmful online content is increasingly crucial, especially as platform providers reduce their investment in content moderation. AI tools can assist in detecting and monitoring harmful content at scale. However, few open-source tools offer seamless integration of AI models and social media monitoring infrastructures. Given their thematic expertise and contextual understanding of harmful content, CSOs should be active partners in co-developing technological tools, providing feedback, helping to improve models, and ensuring alignment with stakeholder needs and values, rather than as passive 'consumers'. However, collaborations between the open source community, academia, and civil society remain rare, and research on harmful content seldom translates into practical tools usable by civil society actors. This work in progress explores how CSOs can be meaningfully involved in an AI-assisted open-source monitoring tool of anti-democratic movements on Telegram, which we are currently developing in collaboration with CSO stakeholders.

M. Benedikt, F. Zimmermann, B. Auchmann et al.

Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region. The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.

Lvmin Zhang, Shengqu Cai, Muyang Li et al.

Autoregressive video generation relies on history context for content consistency and storytelling. As video histories grow longer, efficiently encoding them remains an open problem - particularly for personal users and local workflows where compute and memory budgets are limited. We present a lightweight history encoder that maps long video histories into short-length embeddings, pretrained with a frame query objective that learns to attend to content features at arbitrary temporal positions. The pretraining stage provides the encoder with dense history coverage on large-scale video data; the subsequent finetuning stage adapts the pretrained encoder under an autoregressive video generation objective to establish content-level consistency. In this way, the lightweight embeddings achieve comparable performance to heavier alternatives. We evaluate the framework with ablative settings and discuss the architecture designs.

Sabrina Alvarez

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir, de manera exploratoria, algunos de los espacios de trabajo y no-trabajo de los ferroviarios uruguayos, centrándose en las décadas de los sesenta y setenta del siglo XX. Estos años, marcados por la crisis y la movilización social, representan un punto de inflexión en el proceso de deterioro del sistema ferroviario. Esto se refleja en algunos cambios que experimentaron los ferroviarios y sus familias en la manera de habitar y significar espacios que habían sido cimentados desde la “era dorada” del ferrocarril. El artículo persigue dos objetivos principales: primero, caracterizar los diferentes espacios en los que se desarrollaba la vida cotidiana de los ferroviarios y sus familias, destacando las particularidades de este sector productivo en el que coexistían el trabajo en movimiento y el trabajo fijo en el territorio; segundo, presentar indicios preliminares sobre cómo, en un contexto de crisis, los trabajadores y sus familias hicieron uso de algunos de estos espacios. En este sentido, el texto busca contribuir a la reflexión sobre el papel de la dimensión espacial en diversas dinámicas constitutivas del quehacer de la clase trabajadora.

Béatrice Maroudaye 

 This article uses images to show how the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlán was rebuilt and developed in accordance with the Spanish will, creating specific urban areas frequented by the Spanish IIndians, Black and Mestizo populations. Although Hispanic laws were strict, this reality was not respected for the needs of trade and the spatial mechanism inherited by the local populations. Over the centuries, the representations bear witness to the preservation of the main axes of ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlán, and corroborate the accounts of the chroniclers and travellers who visited the city. The evolution of the representations reveals the disappearance of the lakes in favour of the inevitable urbanisation regulated by the laws of the various governments that used the authoritarian symbols of power over the centre of Mexico City. At the same time, however, recent representations reveal the sense of imperishable glory of the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlán predicted by Mestizo chroniclers 500 years ago, to which has been added the ancient memory of the city associated with the projection of a fictitious city. The image rehabilitates the memory of the society of the ancient Mexicans from a modern perspective.L’iconographie de la cité de Mexico-Tenochtitlan que nous présentons dans ce dossier thématique sur les centres, marges et périphéries a pour but de répondre à plusieurs interrogations. Dans un premier temps, elle permet de comprendre l’évolution urbaine de la ville depuis la destruction de l’ancienne cité de Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Elle permet dans un deuxième temps d’évaluer comment la vie quotidienne s’est développée à l’intérieur et tout autour de cet espace puis d’en constater sa disparition. Parallèlement, nous constatons, grâce aux images, que le centre à travers les siècles a finalement réussi à conserver sa spécificité centralisatrice qui le caractérise. Les activités quotidiennes, commerciales, civiles, politiques ainsi que les efforts de représentation se situant devant les symboles de pouvoir ont favorisé l’implantation des édifices principaux de la ville et des organes qui la dirigent et qui sont toujours opérants de nos jours. Ils sont devenus à présent des représentations nationales dans l’actuel centre historique de la capitale.

Se-eun Yoon, Ahmad Bin Rabiah, Zaid Alibadi et al.

Customers reach out to online live chat agents with various intents, such as asking about product details or requesting a return. In this paper, we propose the problem of predicting user intent from browsing history and address it through a two-stage approach. The first stage classifies a user's browsing history into high-level intent categories. Here, we represent each browsing history as a text sequence of page attributes and use the ground-truth class labels to fine-tune pretrained Transformers. The second stage provides a large language model (LLM) with the browsing history and predicted intent class to generate fine-grained intents. For automatic evaluation, we use a separate LLM to judge the similarity between generated and ground-truth intents, which closely aligns with human judgments. Our two-stage approach yields significant performance gains compared to generating intents without the classification stage.

Jacob Carlson, Tom Bryan, Melissa Dell

Thousands of users consult digital archives daily, but the information they can access is unrepresentative of the diversity of documentary history. The sequence-to-sequence architecture typically used for optical character recognition (OCR) - which jointly learns a vision and language model - is poorly extensible to low-resource document collections, as learning a language-vision model requires extensive labeled sequences and compute. This study models OCR as a character level image retrieval problem, using a contrastively trained vision encoder. Because the model only learns characters' visual features, it is more sample efficient and extensible than existing architectures, enabling accurate OCR in settings where existing solutions fail. Crucially, the model opens new avenues for community engagement in making digital history more representative of documentary history.

Kang Ge, Chen Wang, Yutao Guo et al.

Large-scale foundation models have become the mainstream deep learning method, while in civil engineering, the scale of AI models is strictly limited. In this work, a vision foundation model is introduced for crack segmentation. Two parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, adapter and low-rank adaptation, are adopted to fine-tune the foundation model in semantic segmentation: the Segment Anything Model (SAM). The fine-tuned CrackSAM shows excellent performance on different scenes and materials. To test the zero-shot performance of the proposed method, two unique datasets related to road and exterior wall cracks are collected, annotated and open-sourced, for a total of 810 images. Comparative experiments are conducted with twelve mature semantic segmentation models. On datasets with artificial noise and previously unseen datasets, the performance of CrackSAM far exceeds that of all state-of-the-art models. CrackSAM exhibits remarkable superiority, particularly under challenging conditions such as dim lighting, shadows, road markings, construction joints, and other interference factors. These cross-scenario results demonstrate the outstanding zero-shot capability of foundation models and provide new ideas for developing vision models in civil engineering.

Teppei Minoda, Shintaro Yoshiura, Tomo Takahashi

We argue that observations of the reionization history can be used as a probe of primordial density fluctuations, particularly on small scales. Although the primordial curvature perturbations are well constrained from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and large-scale structure, these observational data probe the curvature perturbations only on large scales, and hence its information on smaller scales will give us further insight on primordial fluctuations. Since the formation of early galaxies is sensitive to the amplitude of small-scale perturbations, and then, in turn, gives an impact on the reionization history, one can probe the primordial power spectrum on small scales through observations of reionization. In this work, we focus on the running spectral indices of the primordial power spectrum to characterize the small-scale perturbations, and investigate their impact on the reionization history using the numerical code \texttt{21cmFAST}, which adopts a simple but commonly used reionization model. We also derive the constraints on the running spectral indices from observations of the reionization history indicated by the luminosity function of the Lyman-$α$ emitters. We show that the reionization history, in combination with large-scale observations such as CMB, would be a useful tool to investigate primordial density fluctuations.

Ercüment Yıldırım

The belief systems in Mesopotamia and Ancient Greece were based on the idea that knowledge was transferred from gods to humans. The common belief regarding the source of knowledge in both societies was somehow different. While Mesopotamian societies believed that knowledge was transferred from gods to humans through a being called Oannes, Ancient Greek society believed that Prometheus stole fire, which was the first knowledge, from Zeus. As written in cuneiform scripts, coming ashore as a half-fish and half-man creature, Oannes was thought to teach Mesopotamians various skills, ranging from building houses to agriculture. On the other hand, it is mentioned in the works of Hesiod and Aeschylus in Ancient Greece that Prometheus created humans and taught them all necessary knowledge to continue their lives. The present study compares different beliefs regarding the source of knowledge in two different societies which existed in two different geographical regions and time periods. Additionally, it aims to reveal the ways in which both societies shaped their world views through divine knowledge. For a closer analysis of both belief systems, Mesopotamian cuneiform scripts and Ancient Greek manuscripts were used as primary sources. After each source was examined in detail, modern interpretations of these sources were also analyzed. Finally, common points in both primary sources were identified in order to characterize the present study based on these common points.

Pedro Jiménez-Castillo

Analizaremos algunos rasgos del proceso de transformación económica y social que tuvo lugar en al-Andalus entre los siglos X y XII, en el marco de la «revolución económica» de la Europa plenomedieval, tomando como caso de estudio la región oriental de la península ibérica. El proceso debió de arrancar con un despegue demográfico y con el aumento de la productividad agrícola, en este caso derivado de los progresos técnicos asociados a la llamada «revolución verde» islámica de los siglos VIII al X. El incremento creciente de los beneficios derivados del campo y el interés por aprovecharlos seguramente impulsó la coacción de las élites urbanas sobre las comunidades campesinas para arrebatarles las tierras más rentables. También pudo ocasionar la colonización de áreas rurales menos favorecidas, que hasta ese momento habían permanecido incultas, por parte de esos grupos acomodados que buscaban expandir los cultivos comerciales, así como por familias de campesinos desposeídos de las mejores tierras. Los cambios en el mundo rural influyeron en el crecimiento de las ciudades debido a la inmigración de la población del campo, presionada y desplazada, que se incorporaba como proletariado urbano ante el incremento en la demanda de manufacturas y bienes de consumo por parte de los terratenientes enriquecidos que habitaban esas ciudades.

Xuan Long Do, Bowei Zou, Liangming Pan et al.

Conversational question generation (CQG) serves as a vital task for machines to assist humans, such as interactive reading comprehension, through conversations. Compared to traditional single-turn question generation (SQG), CQG is more challenging in the sense that the generated question is required not only to be meaningful, but also to align with the occurred conversation history. While previous studies mainly focus on how to model the flow and alignment of the conversation, there has been no thorough study to date on which parts of the context and history are necessary for the model. We argue that shortening the context and history is crucial as it can help the model to optimise more on the conversational alignment property. To this end, we propose CoHS-CQG, a two-stage CQG framework, which adopts a CoHS module to shorten the context and history of the input. In particular, CoHS selects contiguous sentences and history turns according to their relevance scores by a top-p strategy. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performances on CoQA in both the answer-aware and answer-unaware settings.

R. Miles

Bensaad Mohamed Sabri, Dassamiour Saliha, Hambaba Leila et al.

Traditional medicine has an important place in human history and this since antiquity. Indeed, during Egyptian and Chinese civilization era, many detailed manuscripts, describing the therapeutic effect of plants, were found which suggest that folk medicine is the basis of the actual medicine.

Jan Zapletal, Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of et al.

The presented paper concentrates on the boundary element method (BEM) for the heat equation in three spatial dimensions. In particular, we deal with tensor product space-time meshes allowing for quadrature schemes analytic in time and numerical in space. The spatial integrals can be treated by standard BEM techniques known from three dimensional stationary problems. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we provide temporal antiderivatives of the heat kernel necessary for the assembly of BEM matrices and the evaluation of the representation formula. Secondly, the presented approach has been implemented in a publicly available library besthea allowing researchers to reuse the formulae and BEM routines straightaway. The results are validated by numerical experiments in an HPC environment.

Denis V. Shchukin

The review covers the collection of materials of the annual All-Russian Scientific Conference “The Russian Revolution of 1917: New Approaches and Views.” Most of the articles in the collection are devoted to various aspects of political history of Petrograd and the surrounding areas in 1917, which can be explained both by the importance of the Russian capital in the revolutionary events and by the place of work of most of the conference participants. The review considers the key articles of the collection and points out the role of the published materials in the study and understanding of the crucial events in the history of Russia.

Vyacheslav P. Glebov, Anton V. Dedyulkin

There are different points of view regarding the date of the appearance of the early Sarmatian archaeological culture of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC within the Lower Don region. However, most researches have been of the view that the Lower Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region were developed by the Sarmatians relatively late, namely not earlier than the second half of the 2nd century BC. The main objective of this study is to define the date of the first appearance of the Sarmatians on the territory of the Don region based on the analysis of the archaeological data from Sarmatian and ancient archeology, as well as information from the literary and epigraphic sources. According to the scale of the relative chronology there is plenty of early monuments in the Sarmatian antiquities within the 2nd century BC. However, the number of chronological indicators in Sarmatian burials of this time horizon is relatively low. On the basis of the Rhodian amphora with stamps, black-glazed cantharoi and Megarian bowls, the date of the earliest complexes can be set within the second or third quarters of the 2nd century BC. The arrival of the Sarmatians had a general destabilizing effect on the situation in the Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region. The destruction of settlements and the devastation of territories were recorded on the Bosporus. The city of Tanais in the Lower Don region was fortified in the second quarter of the 2nd century BC. The first reliable mentions of the Sarmatians in official documents are dated to the end of the first – the beginning of the second quarter of the 2nd century BC (the treaty is dated 179 BC, Delphic manumissions). Further the authors conclude that the first appearance of the Sarmatians in the Lower Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region is associated with the movement of nomadic tribes as a result of the expansion of the Xiongnu state, formed at the end of the 3rd century BC, which reached the Russian southern steppes as a result of domino effect.