Hasil untuk "Electronics"

Pranav Acharya, Vihar Georgiev, F. Gámiz

P. Avouris

M. Kazmierkowski, R. Krishnan, F. Blaabjerg

Atal Bihari Swain, Somnath Kale, Rohit Soni et al.

Ferroelectric materials with built-in electric fields are useful for ultrafast electronics and solar cells. Using ultrafast electron diffraction, we here report that ferroelectric BaTiO$_3$ reacts to light with a polarization-sensitive electron-phonon coupling. Excited electrons relax faster into phonons and temperature when the optical electric field aligns to the ferroelectric polarization. Also, ultrafast electron electrometry visualizes the motion of photo-excited electron-hole pairs in presence of the ferroelectric field.

Ziyao Zhou, Zhuoran Sun, Xinyi Shen et al.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has been widely adopted in wearable devices; however, it has not been widely used in ingestible electronics, primarily due to concerns regarding severe tissue attenuation at the 2.4 GHz band. In this work, we systematically reevaluate the feasibility of BLE for ingestible applications by benchmarking its performance against representative sub-GHz communication schemes across power consumption, throughput, tissue-induced attenuation, latency, and system-level integration constraints. We demonstrate that incorporating an RF amplifier enables BLE to maintain robust communication links through tissue-mimicking media while preserving favorable energy efficiency. We further quantify the relationship between throughput and energy consumption over a wide operating range and demonstrate that, for the majority of ingestible sensing applications with throughput requirements below 100 kbps, BLE achieves substantially lower power consumption than sub-GHz alternatives. End-to-end latency measurements show that BLE offers significantly lower latency than sub-GHz solutions due to its native compatibility with modern computing infrastructure. Finally, we analyze antenna form factor and ecosystem integration, highlighting the mechanical and translational advantages of BLE in ingestible system design. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BLE, when appropriately configured, represents a compelling and scalable wireless communication solution for next-generation ingestible electronics.

Magnus Berggren, D. Nilsson, Nathaniel D. Robinson

P. Cortes, M. Kazmierkowski, R. Kennel et al.

Jong-Hyun Ahn, Hoon-sik Kim, K. Lee et al.

B. Bose

C. Thelander, P. Agarwal, S. Brongersma et al.

During the last half century, a dramatic downscaling of electronics has taken place, a miniaturization that the industry expects to continue for at least a decade. We present efforts to use the self-assembly of one-dimensional semiconductor nanowires(1) in order to bring new, high-performance nanowire devices as an add-on to mainstream Si technology. The nanowire approach offers a coaxial gate-dielectric-channel geometry that is ideal for further downscaling and electrostatic control, as well as heterostructure-based devices on Si wafers.

Ha Eun Kang, Seong-Do Kim, Young Soo Yoon et al.

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes, typified by compositions such as LiNi₁₋ₓ₋ᵧCoₓMnᵧO₂ (NCM) have garnered significant attention as high-energy-density candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, their widespread deployment is hindered by a confluence of structural degradation, surface instability, and poor interfacial compatibility under high voltage cycling. To address these multifaceted limitations, this review comprehensively examines recent advances in surface coating and bulk doping strategies, which have emerged as pivotal approaches for enhancing the electrochemical stability and longevity of Ni-rich cathodes. Surface coatings including oxides, phosphates, and fluorides have been shown to effectively mitigate electrolyte-induced parasitic reactions and reinforce cathode–electrolyte interfaces. Simultaneously, elemental doping at transition-metal, lithium, and oxygen sites offer promising pathways to suppress cation disorder, stabilize layered frameworks, and facilitate Li⁺ transport. Emphasis is placed on site-specific doping mechanisms, the role of multi-site (co-)doping, and their synergistic interplay with surface modification layers. By synthesizing recent findings, this review delineates how the judicious integration of coating and doping techniques can enable the rational design of Ni-rich cathodes with enhanced structural integrity, rate capability, and cycle life.

Anjana M S, Aryadevi Remanidevi Devidas, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh

Electrical energy plays a pivotal role in modern society by powering homes, industries, and transportation systems. However, the production of electricity is associated with significant carbon emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-based power generation, and there is 1.1% rise in carbon emissions by 2023 compared to 2022. Mitigating carbon emissions from electrical energy is a critical global challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources and improving energy efficiency are essential steps to reduce the environmental impact of electricity generation. Energy management is crucial to reduce energy consumption effectively. So this study proposes a Multi-Model Energy Management System (MEnMS) integrated with a Fractal Internet of Things (IoT) architecture to address enhanced energy management by reducing energy usage, and carbon footprint. The study conducts a detailed energy consumption analysis across distinct cases. From the analysis, it can be seen that an average of 25% of energy can be saved with MEnMS without IoT energy overhead. Key observations include, EnMS with IoT devices and automation offers smartness, they do not lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption. Moreover, these IoT devices and centralized learning consume more energy. However, integrating IoT devices with distributed learning and multiple models significantly reduces energy consumption as well as the carbon footprint. The analysis reveals that the MEnMS system outperforms alternative approaches, particularly at higher occupancy levels, establishing itself as the most efficient energy management solution. At an occupancy level of 25 users, it achieves an impressive 8% reduction in energy consumption compared to the Traditional System, showcasing its unique capability to scale energy savings as occupancy increases. This innovative system combines advanced local processing with EQC optimization, providing a cutting-edge approach to sustainable energy management in high-occupancy scenarios. Furthermore, the algorithms driving occupant-centric automation and the indoor localization method demonstrate remarkable performance, achieving an efficiency of 92% and an accuracy of 90%, respectively. Therefore, the MEnMs framework can be used to monitor energy usage thereby reducing energy consumption, which results in a low-carbon footprint. By tracking the activity, the occupants get a clear understanding of their carbon footprint and they can make adjustment to reduce carbon emissions.

Elena Alexander, Kam W. Leong

IntroductionNanomaterials are extensively utilized in applications ranging from electronics to biomedical therapies; however, their widespread use has prompted concerns about potential toxicity in humans. Understanding the biodistribution and toxicity profiles of nanoparticles is crucial for their safe application.MethodsThis study assessed the dose-dependent toxicity and biodistribution of unconjugated nanodiamonds, nanobody-conjugated nanodiamonds, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dot nanocarbons in 22 female C57BL/6 mice. Nanoparticles were intravenously administered at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Samples were collected at 2, 24, and 96 hours post-administration to evaluate tolerability, immune responses, and biodistribution patterns.ResultsUnconjugated nanodiamonds showed favorable tolerability, eliciting minimal inflammatory responses and significantly lower memory T cell activation compared to gold nanoparticles and quantum dot nanocarbons. Nanobody-conjugated nanodiamonds triggered moderate inflammation at 2 hours post-dosing. Specifically, CD69 expression in CD8+ T cells was highest in the gold nanoparticle group (mean: 0.40 ± 0.16) and lowest in the unconjugated nanodiamond group (mean: 0.12 ± 0.09). CD25 expression was most elevated in quantum dot nanocarbons (mean: 0.23 ± 0.04) and lowest in nanobody-conjugated nanodiamonds (mean: 0.09 ± 0.04). Total T cells were highest in the nanobody-conjugated group (mean: 49.10% ± 6.99) and lowest in the unconjugated nanodiamond group (mean: 40.70% ± 8.10). Nanodiamonds primarily accumulated in the heart, whereas gold nanoparticles localized mainly in the left lung, and quantum dot nanocarbons predominantly persisted in the kidney, liver, blood, and heart.DiscussionThese results indicate that nanodiamonds exhibit favorable tolerability and controlled immune responses compared to gold nanoparticles and quantum dot nanocarbons, highlighting their potential as safer nanomaterials for biomedical applications.

Junzhe Hu, Chuanwen Luo, Yi Hong et al.

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has played an important role in many fields. Nevertheless, the fast and uneven energy consumption of IoT Devices (IoTDs) significantly limits the lifetime of IoT networks. One of the effective solutions is to deploy Laser Static Chargers (LSCs) to power IoTDs. However, deploying LSCs to cover all IoTDs will consume enormous costs. To prolong the lifetime of IoT and reduce the deployment costs of LSCs, in this paper, we first propose a novel IoT network named Self-organizing Power Transfer IoT with Laser Static Chargers (SPTIoT-LSC), where IoTDs are equipped with laser transmission and reception modules allowing energy transfer between IoTDs, and several LSCs are deployed into the network to charge IoTDs. Based on SPTIoT-LSC, we study the Minimizing Laser Chargers Coverage(MLCC) problem, which aims to minimize the number of LSCs deployed in SPTIoT-LSC while enabling all IoTDs to work continuously. Then we prove its NP-hardness. To solve the problem, we propose two sub-algorithms: the Layered Charging Scheduling Strategy (LCSS) algorithm and Deploy Chargers based on the Multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (DCM) algorithm to maximize the working time of IoTDs with given LSCs and corresponding positions and deploy given LSCs in SPTIoT-LSC, respectively. Based on the above sub-algorithms, we propose an approximation algorithm to solve the MLCC problem. Finally, extensive experiments are proposed to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the superiority of SPTIoT-LSC.

Liyang Jin, Zichen Xi, Joseph G. Thomas et al.

Electrical isolation is critical to ensure safety and minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI), yet existing methods struggle to simultaneously transmit power and signals through a unified channel. Here we demonstrate a mechanically-isolated gate driver based on microwave-frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) device on lithium niobate that achieves galvanic isolation of 2.75 kV with ultralow isolation capacitance (0.032 pF) over 1.25 mm mechanical propagation length, delivering 13.4 V open-circuit voltage and 44.4 mA short-circuit current. We demonstrate isolated gate driving for a gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistor, achieving a turn-on time of 108.8 ns comparable to commercial drivers and validate its operation in a buck converter. In addition, our SAW device operates over an ultrawide temperature range from 0.5 K (-272.6 °C) to 544 K (271 °C). The microwave-frequency SAW devices offer inherent EMI immunity and potential for heterogeneous integration on multiple semiconductor platforms, enabling compact, high-performance isolated power and signal transmission in advanced power electronics.

W. F. Holmes-Hewett, J. D. Miller, H. G. Ahmad et al.

Driven by the pursuit of high-performance electronic devices, research into novel materials with properties appropriate for cryogenic applications has unveiled the exceptional properties of the rare-earth nitride series of intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors. Here we report on the field focusing on developments, since the most recent comprehensive review [1], which enable applications in cryogenic electronic devices.

Amanda Wang, Nick Pant, Woncheol Lee et al.

Aluminum nitride is a promising ultra-wide band gap semiconductor for optoelectronics and power electronics. However, its practical applications have been limited by challenges with doping and achieving high electrical conductivity. Recent advances in crystal quality and defect control have led to improvements in experimentally measured mobilities. In this work, we apply first-principles calculations to determine the upper limits of the electron mobility in AlN as a function of temperature, doping, and crystallographic orientation. We account for the combined effects of electron scattering by phonons and ionized impurity to model doped systems, and examine both full and partial ionization conditions. Our results show that the piezoelectric interaction from the long-range component of the acoustic modes is the dominant source of electron-phonon scattering at room temperature. Ionized-impurity scattering starts to dominate scattering at dopant concentrations above $10^{16}$ cm$^{-3}$, reducing the mobility by more than an order of magnitude in the high doping regime. Our calculated Hall mobility values are in good agreement with experimental data for samples with comparable dopant concentrations. We also find that electron mobilities as high as $956$ cm$^2$/V$\cdot$s could be achievable at lower dopant concentrations.

Nolan Lassaline, Camilla H. Sørensen, Giulia Meucci et al.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provide a versatile platform for quantum electronics. Experiments generally require encapsulating graphene within hBN flakes, forming a protective van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure that preserves delicate properties of the embedded crystal. To produce functional devices, heterostructures are typically shaped by electron beam lithography and etching, which has driven progress in 2D materials research. However, patterns are primarily restricted to in-plane geometries such as boxes, holes, and stripes, limiting opportunities for advanced architectures. Here, we use thermal scanning-probe lithography (tSPL) to produce smooth topographic landscapes in vdW heterostructures, controlling the thickness degree of freedom with nanometer precision. We electrically gate a sinusoidal topography to impose an electric-field gradient on the graphene layer to spatially modulate charge-carrier doping. We observe signatures of the landscape in transport measurements-resistance-peak spreading and commensurability oscillations-establishing tSPL for tailoring high-quality quantum electronics.

Xiaofang Luo, Ingrid A. Rousseau

P. Lall, M. Hande, C. Bhat et al.