Hasil untuk "Public law"

Jonathan Engle, Bryce Morsky

We model an electorate voting on the funding of a public good in a two-party system in an evolutionary game theory framework. Voters adopt one of four strategies: Consensus-makers, Gridlockers, Party 1 Zealots, and Party 2 Zealots, which they may change via imitation. The public good benefits both individuals locally and those in neighbouring regions due to spillover effects. A system of differential equations governs the spatial movement of individuals and shifts in their voting strategies. Local social interactions drive strategy evolution, while migration occurs toward areas of higher utility, which is a function of both social and economic factors. Our results reveal bistability and significant spatial variations. Locally, populations converge to a politically gridlocked state or a mix of consensus-makers and zealots, determining public good provisioning. We find that public good spillovers generate a free-rider effect and poorly funded regions become spatially tied to, and dependent upon, well-funded ones.

Brynjólfur Stefánsson, Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir, Martin Nizon-Deladoeuille et al.

Digital public services have revolutionised citizen and private sector interactions with governments. Certain communities are strongly dependent on such digital services for ensuring the availability of public services due to geographical isolation or the presence of adverse geophysical and weather phenomena. However, strong and effective security is key to maintaining the integrity of public records and services yet also for ensuring trust in them. Trust is essential for user uptake, particularly given a global increase in data-protection concerns and a turbulent geopolitical security environment. In this paper, we examine the case of public trust in various forms of authentication for electronic identification in Iceland, which has high availability requirements for digital public services due to its unique and dynamic geophysical characteristics. Additionally, Iceland has historically low levels of institutional trust which may conflict with the requirement for an increased need for digital public services. Through surveying the Icelandic general public, we find that there is a high-level of trust in digital identification services across all demographics. We conclude with a discussion and future research challenges towards improving the effectiveness of authentication considering the diverse groups within Icelandic society, such as the rapidly increasing population of migrants and the large and dynamic population of tourists.

Mithinti Srikanth, G. Ramakrishna

Public transport administrators rely on efficient algorithms for various problems that arise in public transport networks. In particular, our study focused on designing linear-time algorithms for two fundamental path problems: the earliest arrival time (\textsc{eat}) and the fastest path duration (\textsc{fpd}) on public transportation data. We conduct a comparative analysis with state-of-the-art algorithms. The results are quite promising, indicating substantial efficiency improvements. Specifically, the fastest path problem shows a remarkable 34-fold speedup, while the earliest arrival time problem exhibits an even more impressive 183-fold speedup. These findings highlight the effectiveness of our algorithms to solve \textsc{eat} and \textsc{fpd} problems in public transport, and eventually help public administrators to enrich the urban transport experience.

James F Thrasher, Jennifer Cornacchione Ross, Sarah D Kowitt et al.

Objective Little evidence exists on which cigar warning statement attributes may impact cigar warning effectiveness; research is needed to identify the most effective cigar warning topics and text. This study was designed to inform the development of improved cigar warnings.Design We conducted a choice-based conjoint experiment. The experiment systematically manipulated cigar warning statement attributes, including cancer health effect (mention of colon cancer and/or oral cancer), non-cancer health effect (mention of heart disease and/or blood clots), causal language, warning marker word, verb use and tobacco type. Participants evaluated eight choice sets, each containing three cigar warnings with contrasting attributes, and chose the warnings that most and least encouraged them to quit smoking cigars. Using a Bayesian mixed logit model, we estimated the relative importance of each attribute and the attribute part-worth utility.Setting An online survey of adults in the USA.Participants We enrolled 959 US adults who used little cigars, cigarillos, or large cigars in the past 30 days using an online survey from October to December 2020.Primary outcome measures The primary outcomes for the experiment are relative attribute importance and attribute part-worth utility.Results The most important attributes to participant selection of warnings were the non-cancer and the cancer health effects (29.3%; 95%CI 28.6% to 30.0% and 29.0%; 95% CI 28.4% to 29.6%, respectively), followed by causal language (16.3%; 95% CI 15.7% to 16.8%), marker word (10.3%; 95% CI 9.9% to 10.7%), verb use (8.8%; 95% CI 8.5% to 9.2%) and tobacco type (6.3%, 95% CI 5.9% to 6.6%).Conclusions Our findings indicate that health effects are the most important attributes when designing cigar warning statements, but other attributes, like causal terminology, also influence perceived warning effectiveness. Based on our findings, ‘DANGER: Tobacco causes heart disease and blood clots’ is an example of a highly effective warning statement for cigars.

Sivakumar Vishnuvardhan Mambakkam, Stephanie Law

The study of van der Waals (vdW) materials has seen increased interest in recent years, due to the wide range of uses for these materials because of their unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. This area has recently expanded further into studying the behavior of vdW nanomaterials, as decreasing dimensions open up opportunities to interact with these materials in new ways. However, measuring the band structures of nanomaterials, which is key to understanding how confinement affects material properties and interactions, comes with several challenges. In this review, we survey a range of techniques for synthesizing and characterizing vdW nanomaterials, in order to outline the key material and characterization challenges. This includes controlling the Fermi level in vdW nanoparticles, preparing these particles for either ensemble or individual particle measurement, as well as protecting the pristine surface from oxidation.

Alejandro Peña, Aythami Morales, Julian Fierrez et al.

The analysis of public affairs documents is crucial for citizens as it promotes transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making. It allows citizens to understand government policies, participate in public discourse, and hold representatives accountable. This is crucial, and sometimes a matter of life or death, for companies whose operation depend on certain regulations. Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to greatly enhance the analysis of public affairs documents by effectively processing and understanding the complex language used in such documents. In this work, we analyze the performance of LLMs in classifying public affairs documents. As a natural multi-label task, the classification of these documents presents important challenges. In this work, we use a regex-powered tool to collect a database of public affairs documents with more than 33K samples and 22.5M tokens. Our experiments assess the performance of 4 different Spanish LLMs to classify up to 30 different topics in the data in different configurations. The results shows that LLMs can be of great use to process domain-specific documents, such as those in the domain of public affairs.

Doratossadat Dastgheib, Hadi Farahani

In this paper, we propose a doxastic extension $BL^+$ of Lukasiewicz logic which is sound and complete relative to the introduced corresponding semantics. Also, we equip our doxastic Lukasiewicz logic $BL^+$ with public announcement and propose the logic $DL$. As an application, we model a fuzzy version of muddy children puzzle with public announcement using $DL$. Finally, we define a translation between $DL$ and $BL^+$, and prove the soundness and completeness theorems for D L

Richard Jatimulya Alam Wibowo

Kecerdasan buatan telah berkembang dengan sedemikian rupa sehingga mampu menghasilkan ciptaan dan Invensi tanpa campur tangan manusia melalui pelatihan sejumlah dataset. Penelitian yuridis normatif ini bertujuan untuk melihat permasalahan AI dalam perspektif AI sebagai subjek dan hasil AI sebagai objek perlindungan hak cipta dan paten, serta mengkaji implikasi penggunaan ciptaan dalam dataset untuk melatih AI. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa AI tidak dapat menjadi seorang Pencipta dan Inventor karena hak moral dan hak asasi diperuntukkan untuk manusia, selain itu AI juga tidak dapat memanfaatkan hak ekonomi yang didapatkan dari perlindungan ciptaan atau paten. Kajian ini turut menemukan penggunaan dataset berisi ciptaan orang lain sebagai materi pengembangan AI berpotensi menimbulkan pelanggaran hak cipta. Potensi ini dimitigasi oleh beberapa negara dengan penerapan regulasi terkait TDM atau data scraping untuk machine learning AI. Akhirnya kajian ini juga menemukan bahwa ciptaan dan Invensi hasil AI pada umumnya tidak dapat menjadi objek yang dilindungi oleh rezim hak cipta kecuali mendapat kontribusi manusia secara langsung atau diformulasikan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan seperti dalam rezim hak cipta CGW di Inggris. Penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa praktik-praktik di negara lain dalam rezim perlindungan hak cipta dan paten terkait AI dapat dijadikan acuan politik hukum di Indonesia untuk membuat regulasi AI yang menyeimbangkan hak moral dan hak ekonomi para Pencipta dan Inventor dengan laju inovasi AI.

Yuliya Zaloznova, Oleksandr Serdiuk, Iryna Petrova

The aim of the article is to develop recommendations for improving the level of institutional convergence in Ukraine. To this end, the following tasks have been set and solved: an assessment of the level of institutional convergence in Ukraine has been carried out, which includes an analysis of international indices characterising the quality of formal institutions and a further selection of indicators that are informative about convergent/divergent processes in the country; factors supporting institutional divergence in the country have been identified; recommendations have been developed to offset the importance of factors supporting institutional divergence. Methodology. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is a systematic approach to the analysis of processes and phenomena, institutional economic theory, scientific works of the classics of economic science, leading modern domestic and foreign scholars on the problems of institutional efficiency. Results. The understanding of the essence of institutional convergence/divergence as a phenomenon characterising the local replacement of formal institutions by informal ones as a consequence of the unacceptable content of formal rules for a certain category of citizens and/or the low risk of being held accountable for their violation has been further developed. The level of institutional convergence in Ukraine is assessed on the basis of the analysis of international indices (Worldwide Governance Indicators, The Rule of Law Index, The International Property Right Index). It is noted that the indicator of the level of institutional convergence in Ukraine is an important factor that should be taken into account in the development and preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of socio-economic projects, since the usefulness of such actions for society and, consequently, the efficiency of resource spending depends on the extent to which the public is ready to accept any public or private initiatives. Recommendations have been developed to increase the level of institutional convergence by reducing the asymmetry of information in the communication system. It is determined that the asymmetry is a consequence of the high cost of information transmission and involvement of subjects in communication channels. It is proposed to digitise the systemic communication channels between the State, business and society, which will make the costs of attracting and transmitting information close to zero. Practical implications. A scientific and methodological approach to increasing the level of institutional convergence is developed. Value/originality. A methodology for assessing the level of institutional convergence in Ukraine is proposed, which involves the selection of informative indicators of convergent/divergent processes in the country from international institutional quality indices and the systematisation of the information obtained. The concept of increasing the level of institutional convergence, which includes the digitalisation of public communication channels, is developed.

Martin Law

A multi-arm multi-stage trial is a multi-arm trial which includes interim analyses - analysing the data at certain specified points, generally discontinuing treatments which are concluded to not work and proceeding with the remainder. It is possible that the advantages of multi-arm trials over single-arm trials may be enhanced further by considering the allocation ratio, R. For an R:1 allocation ratio, Rn patients are allocated to the control arm and n patients allocated to each active treatment arm. In this study, the optimal allocation ratio will be defined as the allocation ratio which results in the smallest total sample size satisfying some required power and probability of type I error. This is an intuitive definition in the context of clinical trials, as a smaller trial will in general be more ethical and less expensive than a larger one satisfying the same error rates. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal allocation ratio in the case of multiple active treatment arms. The setup for a single stage trial with K active treatment arms is described in Section 2, along with a brief exposition of Dunnett's statement regarding the optimal allocation ratio in such circumstances. Equations for type I error and power are derived, and the methodology used to investigate how total sample size may be minimised using allocation ratio is described. A two-stage trial is then considered, using the same methodology. Figures and tables showing how total sample size changes with allocation ratio, for a range of type I error and power values, are given in Section 3. The possible ethical and financial benefits of changing allocation ratio, including a simple example, is also included in Section 3. The results, and what they could mean in practical terms, are discussed in Section 4.

Kazım Berkay Arslan

This article treats the issue of jurisdiction under human rights treaties in cases of environmental transboundary harm. It aims to cover the definitions of the environment and transboundary harm as well as the relevant rules under international environmental law applicable to environmental transboundary harm. Thereafter, it analyses the territorial scope of human rights treaties and focuses on the establishment of a jurisdictional link in cases of environmental transboundary damages. It suggests that the classical approach, which is focused on effective control over an area or persons, is not apt in this context. Rather, this article proposes the use of other approaches to jurisdiction, such as the functional approach adopted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights which is based on an effective control over the activities causing environmental harm and consequent human rights violations. It further argues that the general rule under customary international law which prohibits States from engaging in acts causing transboundary harm could also be applied as a special feature in the context of international human rights law. Finally, this article concludes by pointing out some current challenges that need to be clarified with respect to the obligations of States arising from human rights breaches caused by environmental transboundary damages.

Jalil B.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ketentuan pelaku incest dalam Undang-undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak studi kasus di pengadilan negeri polewali. Dan untuk mengetahui Tinjauan Yuridis Pelaku Incest (Perkawinan Sedarah) terhadap anak dibawah umur. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, analisis, dan kasus. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah sumber data sekunder yang meliputi bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, bahan hukum tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan ayah terhadap anak kandung disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor tersebut antara lain tidak bermoral atau lemahnya iman, ekonomi, kesempatan, ancaman, pengaruh alkohol, kesepian, keluarga tidak harmonis, pendalaman ilmu hitam, dan ketidaktahuan korban tentang seksual. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: 1. Faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan oleh ayah terhadap anak kandung bagi pelaku Perkawinan sedarah (incest) oleh ayah terhadap anak kandung. Menunjukkan bahwa masih ada hakim yang tidak menerapkan sanksi pidana sebagaimana aturan yang berlaku. Penjatuhan pidana kandung. Menunjukkan bahwa, Perkawinan sedarah (incest) yang dilakukan ayah terhadap anak kandung disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain tidak bermoral atau lemahnya iman, ekonomi, kesempatan, ancaman, pengaruh alkohol, kesepian, keluarga tidak harmonis, pengaruh ilmu hitam. 2. Penerapan sanksi pidana dan upaya penanggulangan memang tidak dapat mengembalikan kerugian yang diderita korban, namun setidaknya dengan penjatuhan sanksi yang berat, secara psikologis dapat memberikan kepuasan terhadap korban dan merasa dihargai Kata kunci : Inces , Sanksi Pidana, Upaya Penanggulangan

Piotr Solka

This article presents a right introduced to the legal system addressed to decision-making bodies of a local government to authorize wójt (a head of a commune) to change budget in relation to providing help to Ukrainian citizens. Considerations focus on determining the normative nature of a resolution adopted pursuant to Article 111 u.p.o.u. and the delineation of boundaries of matters transferred to the delegation. Particular attention in the article is devoted to a possibility of implementing the aid sub delegation into the local law system, as well as a relationship in which the resolution delegating the right included in the act to the resolution implementing this right in the scope of the activities of the decision-making body remains.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov, Ruixiang Zhang et al.

In this work, we focus on the high-dimensional trace regression model with a low-rank coefficient matrix. We establish a nearly optimal in-sample prediction risk bound for the rank-constrained least-squares estimator under no assumptions on the design matrix. Lying at the heart of the proof is a covering number bound for the family of projection operators corresponding to the subspaces spanned by the design. By leveraging this complexity result, we perform a power analysis for a permutation test on the existence of a low-rank signal under the high-dimensional trace regression model. We show that the permutation test based on the rank-constrained least-squares estimator achieves non-trivial power with no assumptions on the minimum (restricted) eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the design. Finally, we use alternating minimization to approximately solve the rank-constrained least-squares problem to evaluate its empirical in-sample prediction risk and power of the resulting permutation test in our numerical study.

Ebrahim Ranjbar

1.IntroductionAlthough the title name of "Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan" juxtaposes with the name of James Morier, the original work belongs to an Iranian. Imitating the westerns, an Iranian immigrant had created his memoirs abroad and handed it in to Morier "to be published in the West" (Modarres Sadeghi, 2001, pp. 11-12). He had likely not added his name on the work to secure his life from the regime.     Mirza Fathali Akhoundzadeh lived in Iran until his 15, then moved to Kafkaz, and all his life tried to inform the Iranian about the globe through literary narration. These two authors had some similarities and differences. The first was the thought school. The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba"was acquainted with the social and political life of Istanbule’s population and the Western nations and at the same time the cultural and civilization patterns of Iran. Akhoundzadeh; however, was under the influence of Russian poets, writers, and intellectuals and learned about the Western opinions through Russian language. He was not familiar with cultural and civilization patterns of the Iranian as much as the author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba". Second, both of them believed in a change in the intellectualism of the Iranian despite they saw it from a different angle and gave different suggestions since they looked at Iran from different perspectives. Third, they both preferred humor and fiction to other styles in creating a change in Iran. And forth, for both of them the King is more of a nature than nurture; that is: a social premise at the head of an organization. 2.MethodologyIn this article, I have surveyed the similarities and differences between the two authors in thought, perspective, and the way of looking at Iran as well as reflecting the method of social, cultural, and religious situation in the nation. The methodology of surveying focuses on the details of the novels, analyzing them, and inferring the related conceptualizations. 3.DiscussionIn spite of differences, there are some typical similarities between the two works. Some of the most outstanding similarities are: 1. The description of the King: the Author of the Adventures of Hajji Baba looks at King from the perspective of ruling the nation, piety, and ethics. The king appeals to religion as a means to conserve the power. He considers for himself a position of divinity and suggests the lives and properties of his people his own belongings (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 130, 133-137, 139, 229-233, 263, 340, 349). Akhoundzadeh; however, does not realizes the king as much as the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba; he only condemns the king’s divinity by describing him in clothing and the palace (see. Akhoundzadeh, 1977, PP. 426, 438). 2. Both of the authors give a variety of samples to illustrate the incompetency of government agents (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 20, 21, 25, 52, 188, 302-303, 340, 342; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, PP. 413-415, 445-446). 3. The authors both complain about the negligence of the law by the religious and state intellectuals. 4. Both of the authors realize maltreatment of religion and kinship ruling as the result of the king’s dictatorship and incompetency of his relatives (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 93, 355; Akhoundzadeh 1977; pp. 416, 450). Abusing the religion to accomplish nonreligious goals has been mentioned, in a bitter humor, several times in The Adventures of Hajji Baba. The author does not take religion as a social realm; he has rather a feeling for it and sympathizes for the real religious values. It is the same in the Deceived Stars; the real religious and conscientious people have no way to power pyramid. On the contrary, people who are aware of the position of religion in the community with the least knowledge may take the most advantages of it in achieving property and power. 5. For both of the authors, ethics diminishes as a result of dictatorship. They both have represented the downfall of ethical values because of widespread pretend, flattery, and libel. The frequency of ethical downfalls in the Deceived Stars is lesser than The Adventures of Hajji Baba. 6. Prevalence superstitions: in The Adventures of Hajji Baba, the regime’s members are negligent of their negligence. They do not expect developing schools as useful for the regime, and in religious learning they know nothing important except reading Koran. Medical science is only limited to which doctors. The Deceived Stars is mainly founded on a misbelief and then it is condemned. 7. Among the various traditions in Iran, both of the authors mention "Payandaz" (welcome reward) and condemn it (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 130, 140; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, p. 414). 8. Overcharging people: the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba directly demonstrates samples of people’s oppression; in the Deceived Stars the samples are not presented as directly as The Adventures of Hajji Baba. The reader is to infer oppressions from the expressions and covert behaviors. 9. Portraying the women’s terrible condition: the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba illustrates some examples of female conditions such as bigamy, involuntary marriage, purchasing and selling as servants, exchanging with stock, and opening Seegheh Khaneh (religious sex houses). To portray these terrible conditions, the Deceived Stars mentions involuntary marriage and divorce for women (see. Akhoundzadeh, 1977, pp. 429-430). 10. Both authors repeatedly talk about the people’s addiction to coffee, hubble bubble, and drugs (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 256, 277, 308, …; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, pp. 58, 433, 440).Regardless of the similarities between the two works, there are some cultural affairs and traditions in The Adventures of Hajji Baba attributed to Iranians through humor and exaggeration that are not stated in Deceived Stars. A few of them are being discussed as follows:the general prevalence of betrayal and lies: among every social class, there are people who are great liars and are quick at raising properties belonging to others.  2.Fear and supplication: when facing with regime’s officers unreasonably reprimanding them, people usually have no choice except for supplication.Habit of discrimination: discrimination is so widespread among occupation communities that even a barber can discriminate among his customers.  4.Status appreciation: people appreciate status. They give big titles to those who occupy the position by stealing and lying and then bend in front of them accordingly.  5.Extortion, bargaining, false swearing, theft and fainting in goods: exaggerating the price of the items and then discounting several times above the real price, swearing to deceive the customer, stealing and cheating in dealing are social habits in the community (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 89-90).On the contrary, there are details in the Deceived Stars that are not present in The Adventures of Hajji Baba such as 1. the welfare needs of the community: constructing streets, bridges, caravanserai, hospital, school, well, welfare for the widow and orphans; 2. Economical, ethical, and scientific needs: distinguishing the knowledgeable from the pretending flattering knowledgeable, stopping the unreasonable interference of the custodians in religious affairs in the lives of the people, providing tuition fees for religious students, developing competent courts, providing support centers for the poor, closing the unlawful ways of extorting money from people, the necessity of employing Sadats (Children of the Prophet) in decent jobs to keep the face of the prophet’s children, focusing on capability in appointments, setting correct and transparent rules for the Court expenses, setting rules for tax collection, timely payment of the Army salaries, prohibiting usury, and so on. 4.Conclusion    The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba" is most likely an Iranian, not Morier. This author has a relatively comprehensive knowledge of Iranian intellectual conditions and customs, culture, beliefs, psychological needs, occupations, economic situation, history, literature, relations of government institutions with the people, social oppression, lack of law and the like. He also became acquainted with the social life of the people of Istanbul and Europe, and especially their Pekarsk novels such as Gilles Blass. Comparing Iran, Istanbul, and Europe, he has written a Pekarsk novel, using humor and exaggeration to identify the flaws in the lives of Iranians. Akhundzadeh did not know as much about Iran as he did. Therefore, the works of these two have similarities and differences with each other, including: both identify incompetency of employees, kinship ruling in the power system, lack of law, lack of will to legislate the country in the ruling system, astonishing abuses of the glory of religion in society, prevalence of pretense , flattery, slander to others, superstitions, all kinds of injustices to the general public, addiction to Bang and vice versa, lack of production and will to change the status quo and lack of effort for public awareness and development of the country as the reasons for the differences between Iran and other countries . The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba" believes that there are magicians in Iran who penetrate the minds and psyche of the public and conquer their intellect. These magicians intensify vices such as betrayal, lies, fear of those in power, discrimination, etc., and worse, they prevent public awakening and, as a result, perpetuate the tyrannical system. Therefore, changing the current situation is a difficult task. This thinking has caused the satire of "The adventures of Hajji Baba" to be sharp and exaggerated, but Akhundzadeh is not so aware of Iranian society.

Po-Ming Law, Alex Endert, John Stasko

While many visualization researchers have attempted to define data insights, little is known about how visualization users perceive them. We interviewed 23 professional users of end-user visualization platforms (e.g., Tableau and Power BI) about their experiences with data insights. We report on seven characteristics of data insights based on interviewees' descriptions. Grounded in these characteristics, we propose practical implications for creating tools that aim to automatically communicate data insights to users.

Hualei Yang, Xiaodong Zheng, Ruyin Zhou et al.

Using data from the China Labor-Force Dynamic Survey, this study employed logistic regressions to investigate the association between fertility behavior and depression among Chinese women. The empirical results show that in China, women having children were significantly less likely to have depressive symptoms (OR = 0.651) compared to childless women. We also found a U-shaped relationship between fertility levels and depression in women. The results were robust to using the propensity score matching approach to address the sample selection problem. Further, our heterogeneity analysis demonstrated that the negative relationship between fertility level and depression was more significant among women who were in their 30s, lived in urban areas, and lived in high-income households. Compared to having male children (boys) (OR = 0.874), having female children (girls) (OR = 0.795) was more significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms among women. In the meantime, we did not find a significant relationship between the childbearing period and depression. The paper discussed possible reasons for our findings and policy implications from the perspectives of the government, society, and family.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider hypotheses testing problems for three parameters in high-dimensional linear models with minimal sparsity assumptions of their type but without any compatibility conditions. Under this framework, we construct the first $\sqrt{n}$-consistent estimators for low-dimensional coefficients, the signal strength, and the noise level. We support our results using numerical simulations and provide comparisons with other estimators.

Stephen Law, Mateo Neira

Recent researches have shown the increasing use of machine learn-ing methods in geography and urban analytics, primarily to extract features and patterns from spatial and temporal data using a supervised approach. Researches integrating geographical processes in machine learning models and the use of unsupervised approacheson geographical data for knowledge discovery had been sparse. This research contributes to the ladder, where we show how latent variables learned from unsupervised learning methods on urbanimages can be used for geographic knowledge discovery. In particular, we propose a simple approach called Convolutional-PCA(ConvPCA) which are applied on both street level and street network images to find a set of uncorrelated and ordered visual latentcomponents. The approach allows for meaningful explanations using a combination of geographical and generative visualisations to explore the latent space, and to show how the learned representation can be used to predict urban characteristics such as streetquality and street network attributes. The research also finds that the visual components from the ConvPCA model achieves similaraccuracy when compared to less interpretable dimension reduction techniques.