Hasil untuk "Information theory"

M. Just, P. Carpenter

Paul Chandler, J. Sweller

E. Phelps

Heather Colquhoun, Moriah E. Ellen, Jamie Brehaut et al.

Abstract Background Implementation science has a history of drawing from other fields to advance its science, yet understanding how approaches from marketing might enhance the field remains a largely untapped area of theoretical and methodological potential. Social marketing (i.e., applying commercial marketing to solve social or health problems) is a branch of marketing that shares many conceptual features with implementation science (e.g., behaviour change), but remains an unrealized opportunity for synergy. This review aimed to 1) describe studies that have tested social marketing interventions in controlled designs; 2) describe these interventions including their context, mechanism, and outcome; and 3) propose social marketing approaches that might be usefully applied to implementation science. Methods This scoping review, with a team consensus discussion, followed JBI (formerly the Joanna Briggs Institute) methodological guidance and included a team of researchers and practitioners in implementation, marketing, and social marketing. Twelve databases were searched. Studies were included that 1) utilized a randomized or non-randomized controlled intervention design; and 2) tested a social marketing intervention as defined by five essential social marketing criteria. Two reviewers independently completed all screening and extraction. Variables extracted included intervention details per social marketing criteria and the intervention’s context, mechanism, and outcome. Team consensus discussions of the scoping review results were used to determine approaches that might be usefully applied more broadly across implementation science. Results Screening of 4,867 citations yielded 28 included studies published from 1999–2023. All topics were from the health field and included nutrition (13, 46%), sexual health/family planning (6, 21%), physical activity (3, 11%), child safety (1, 4%), cancer screening (1, 4%), fall prevention (1, 4%), worksite safety (1, 4%), sanitation (1, 4%), and substance abuse (1, 4%). Novel theories identified included ‘Exchange Theory’ and ‘Consumer Information Processing Model’. Proposed approaches to consider for application included: leverage emotions; design for appeal; consider what your audience values; understand the price; understand the place; emphasize competitive advantage; and use branding. Conclusions This review examined the application of social marketing theories and approaches to implementation science. Applying social marketing approaches could invigorate novel and creative thinking in implementation science. Registration Open Science Framework Registration link: osf.io/6q834.

Fernanda de Souza Farias, Antònio Augusto Ferreira de Oliveira

Este artigo propõe uma abordagem ontológica para diferenciar dado cadastral e indício tributário no processo de desenvolvimento de um sistema cadastral nacional. A distinção entre os conceitos fortalece a governança de dados, a justiça fiscal e a função multifinalitária do cadastro, contribuindo para a efetividade de políticas públicas e para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, especialmente o ODS 11. Com base no Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152), a proposta apoia a implantação do Sistema Nacional de Gestão de Informações Territoriais (Sinter) e do Cadastro Imobiliário Brasileiro (CIB), promovendo interoperabilidade e padronização nacional entre os múltiplos sistemas cadastrais existentes.

Noor AL Obeidi, Hala F. D. AL Mullah Tohi

This study aims to measure and analyse the impact of workplace spirituality represented by meaningful work, a sense of community, and alignment between individual and organisational values on job embeddedness, which includes fit, connections, and sacrifice. Additionally, the study examines the moderating role of psychological ownership, represented by self-efficacy, accountability, belonging, and self-identity, in this relationship. The descriptive analytical method was employed to explore the phenomenon under study, with the questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of 297 individuals from Northern Technical University. Data analysis was conducted using several statistical techniques, including reliability analysis, internal consistency testing, and regression analysis, with the support of AMOS and SPSS software. The key findings revealed a significant direct impact of workplace spirituality on job embeddedness. Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential of psychological ownership to enhance the strength of this relationship at the university. Based on these conclusions, recommendations were proposed to improve the current state of these variables and the nature of their interaction within the university context.

Pham Quang Tin, Ta Nguyet Minh, Nguyen Ho Thanh Dat et al.

Amidst the 4.0 Revolution, the integration of innovative information technology solutions has become indispensable for firms seeking to enhance operational performance and gain competitive advantages. The restaurant industry is no exception, as Restaurant Management Systems (RMS) have increasingly attracted interest from both service providers and users. However, the underlying mechanisms driving the RMS adoption behavior (BH) of restaurant frontline personnel remain theoretically underexplored. This study addresses the identified gap by employing a unified theoretical framework that integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) to examine the influence of individual psychological and perceptual factors, along with innovation-specific characteristics, on the BH of RMS, with a particular focus on the restaurant industry in Vietnam. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling on a sample of 316 respondents, this study found the direct impact of Perceived Usefulness, along with perceptions of Compatibility, Observability, Risk on potential users Attitude (ATT) toward RMS, while Perceived ease of use and Trialability exerted no significant influence. The findings revealed that ATT, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control play crucial roles in shaping future adopters BI, which, in turn, could directly impact their BH. It was also confirmed that the relationship between BI and BH can be moderated significantly by gender and job position in the context of restaurants. These insights offer valuable implications for RMS providers to refine their promotion solutions, and for policymakers to design supportive measures that foster RMS adoption within the restaurant industry.

V. E. Kortyaev

The study focuses on the legal system and legal relations of the ancient Russian Tmutarakan, one of the most poorly studied administrative-territorial formations in the historical and legal science of the origin of the integral Ancient Russian state.   The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the legal system of the Tmutarakan “principality”.   To achieve this, the Author uses the maximum number of materials available and characterizes the legal relations of ancient Russian Tmutarakan; the norms of customary law and the foundations that were built on this territory and were traditional for Tmutarakan society. The research methodology includes general scientific (inductive, comprehensive, logical) and specific scientific (formal legal, historical) methods. Inductive, comprehensive and logical methods made it possible to systematize all the information on the topic available to the Author and formulate the problem, proving no related research in the national historical and legal science. The research uses formal legal and historical methods to explore the legal system of Tmutarakan from legal and historical points of view. There is no doubt that the early feudal development determined the development of the Tmutarakan legal system as the one built on principles of customary law. At the same time, the legal system is viewed from the modern point of view in order to prove the fact that in comparison with the native Russian principalities, in Tmutarakan, the development of law was not lower, but often much higher. The results of this research can be used in educational literature, manuals on theory of state and law, and to be later developed to start a new field in historical and legal science, which is currently required but does not exist yet, that is, legal archaeology. Having conducted the research, the Author comes to the following conclusion: there was a developed legal system and legal relations in Tmutarakan. Not until the end of the 21st century, the historical and legal records of Tmutarakan basically contained the information from the chronicles of folklore nature. Only with the development of archeology, in the late 21st – early 22nd centuries, more information about the ancient Russian Tmutarakan and other forms of statehood on the Taman Peninsula and Hermonassa, Tamatarch in the Crimea was revealed. At the beginning of the 21st century, the problem of legal nature of statehood was investigated in the dissertations on theory of state and law. However, up to the present, the subject has not been thoroughly explored.

Viacheslav Kovtun, Torki Altameem, Mohammed Al-Maitah et al.

The formalization of dependencies between datasets, taking into account specific hypotheses about data properties, is a constantly relevant task, which is especially acute when it comes to small data. The aim of the study is to formalize the procedure for calculating optimal estimates of probability density functions of parameters of linear and nonlinear dynamic and static small data models, created taking into account specific hypotheses regarding the properties of the studied object. The research methodology includes probability theory and mathematical statistics, information theory, evaluation theory, and stochastic mathematical programming methods. The mathematical apparatus presented in the article is based on the principle of maximization of information entropy on sets determined as a result of a small number of censored measurements of “input'' and “output'' entities in the presence of noise. These data structures became the basis for the formalization of linear and nonlinear dynamic and static models of small data with stochastic parameters, which include both controlled and noise-oriented input and output measurement entities. For all variants of the above-mentioned small data models, the tasks of determining the optimal estimates of the probability density functions of the parameters were carried out. Formulated optimization problems are reduced to the forms canonical for the stochastic linear programming problem with probabilistic constraints.

Rachel Griffin

Scholarship has long identified the business imperative to create an advertiser-friendly environment as a key influence on social media content moderation. However, "brand safety" – the industry term for advertisers’ measures to avoid content perceived as reflecting negatively on their brands – remains understudied. Drawing on policy statements from industry actors, as well as extant academic literature, this article makes four contributions. First, it proposes four distinct mechanisms through which branding imperatives influence platforms’ content governance. Second, it highlights two current trends: growing efforts by major advertisers to directly influence platforms’ content policies, and a shift in industry terminology from brand safety (avoiding content widely considered objectionable) to "suitability" (evaluating appropriate content for a particular brand) – which promises advertisers greater customisation, but in fact promotes the standardisation of content governance across major platforms. Third, it explores the policy implications of these developments, in particular for equal participation and freedom of public debate on social media. Finally, it briefly explores the relevance to these concerns of the EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act, suggesting that it fails to adequately address a marketised logic in which the production and distribution of online media content is increasingly shaped by what is deemed suitable for branding objectives.

Sergiy Yepifanov, Oleksii Bondarenko

The subject of the study is the process of forming a mathematical model (MM) of a turboshaft gas turbine engine and a twin-engine helicopter power plant, which provides the determination of parameters of the working process in steady and transient operating modes for use in the estimation of dynamic characteristics, in the analysis and synthesis of engine and helicopter automatic control systems. The goal is to substantiate the structure and methodology of MM formation intended for use in real and accelerated time scale systems. Tasks: implementation of the previously proposed MM structure taking into account the turboshaft engine performances, development of a methodology for determining the MM coefficients based on known information about the static and dynamic properties of the engine, and formation of the MM structure of a two-engine helicopter power plant. For this, the methods of the theory of airjet engines and the theory of linear dynamic systems are used. The following results were obtained: the structure of a multimode high-speed MM of a turboshaft engine and a two-engine power plant was formed and tested. The scientific and practical novelty of the obtained results is as follows: the structure of the multimode linearized MM of the turboshaft engine is formed, which consists of static and dynamic submodels implemented in corrected parameters; the modeling technique was worked out on a simplified model, compiled considering expert information about the static and dynamic properties of the engine in the considered operation area. Formulas were obtained that relate the coefficients of the linear dynamic model to the values of the time constants of the rotors and the sensitivities obtained from the static characteristics; transient characteristics of the engine based on changes in fuel consumption and load power are determined, which correspond to physical knowledge about the engine; the modeling methodology and MM structure of a two-engine power plant were formed, which is distinguished by the combination of individual static and linear dynamic models of two engines with a single nonlinear dynamic model of the helicopter rotor; a simplified MM load necessary for testing the MM of the engine installation is proposed, which provides the calculation of the power consumed by the rotor, depending on the angular position of the blades.

Erin L. Murphy, Steffen Eikenberry, Gwenllian Iacona et al.

Abstract Decision makers often cite data quality as a limitation in environmental management. Value of information approaches evaluate the benefit of new data collection for management outcomes. Pesticide exposure risk assessment for endangered species is one context where data limitations may affect decisions and a value of information type approach could be useful for identifying optimal data quality and resolution. Under the U.S. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for registering pesticides before they can be sold and regularly reviewing pesticides. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires that the EPA consider potential impacts of pesticides to listed endangered species and critical habitats in this process, and for the Services—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service—to complete a formal Section 7 consultation if the EPA deems it necessary. The current process is time‐intensive, lacks transparency and confidence among stakeholders, and leaves hundreds of unreviewed pesticides on the market. Increasing the resolution of pesticide usage data could address these concerns by improving estimated overlaps between species ranges and pesticide usage. Thus, we evaluated the relative importance of different resolutions of pesticide usage data for assessing expected carbaryl exposure to endangered plant species endemic to California. We found that spatially explicit, township resolution usage data (~36 mile2) excluded 33% of terrestrial plants (55/168) and 51% their critical habitats (27/53) from requiring a Section 7 consultation, while coarser resolution data excluded none. In contrast, the EPA's biological evaluation for carbaryl only excludes 4% of terrestrial plants (nationally) from requiring formal Section 7 consultation. This suggests high‐resolution data could increase pesticide review efficiency and decrease the amount of time pesticides remain on the market without a formal evaluation.

Adam Novozámský, Babak Mahdian, Stanislav Saic

Abstract Image forensic datasets need to accommodate a complex diversity of systematic noise and intrinsic image artefacts to prevent any overfitting of learning methods to a small set of camera types or manipulation techniques. Such artefacts are created during the image acquisition as well as the manipulating process itself (e.g., noise due to sensors, interpolation artefacts, etc.). Here, the authors introduce three datasets. First, we identified the majority of camera models on the market. Then, we collected a dataset of 35,000 real images captured by these cameras. We also created the same number of digitally manipulated images. Additionally, we also collected a dataset of 2,000 ‘real‐life’ (uncontrolled) manipulated images. They are made by unknown people and downloaded from the Internet. The real versions of these images are also provided. We also manually created binary masks localising the exact manipulated areas of these images. Moreover, we captured a set of 2,759 real images formed by 32 unique cameras (19 different camera models) in a controlled way by ourselves. Here, the processing history of all images is guaranteed. This set includes categorised images of uniform areas as well as natural images that can be used effectively for analysis of the sensor noise.

Mediani P. Bhandari

This paper is purely theoretical in which I have illustrated the contributions of the founding theorist of Western sociology, by focusing on how they addressed (or didn’t address) organizations. Then, I have discussed (in brief) the development of organizational theory and how organizational theorists are responding to the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understanding organizations. These analyses are situated on the historical contexts include major contributions of each theorist. This research is solely based on the secondary information. Paper contents four Sections: first the work of the three founding theorists of Western Sociology, Karl Marx; Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, secondly, I have exemplified the development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization; where I have analyzed the work of Classical theorists- Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, Luther Halsey Gulick, Herbert A. Simon, Berton H. Kaplan, modern theorist- Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas etc. Third Section covers the contemporary theories and perspectives. In this section I have exemplified how Philip Selznick, Peter Blau, James David Thompson and Charles Perrow incorporated the Weber notion of bureaucracy followed by DiMaggio, Paul, J. and Walter W. Powell etc. and in forth section, covers the feminist approach in theory building with focus of organizational analysis (with the focus of Arlene Daniels, Dorothy Smith, Marjorie DeVault, Gisela Bock and Susan James, Martha Calas, Linda Smircich etc. work). This paper has detailed footnotes quoted from the original sources and contents useful reference of the sociological theory and practices for concerned social scientist to build their knowledge base and research direction.

Janine F. Farragher, Katherine E. Stewart, Tyrone G. Harrison et al.

Abstract Background Cognitive impairment is a common and frequently under-recognized complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there is extensive literature on cognitive interventions that can ameliorate cognitive impairment or associated negative outcomes in the general literature, the breadth and characteristics of cognitive interventions that have been studied in people with CKD are currently unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to identify and describe the literature on cognitive interventions for adults with CKD, including end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Methods A scoping review following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology will be conducted. With assistance from an information specialist, we will search 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE [OVID], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Plus) using search terms that represent the target population (CKD) and concept (cognition), and conduct backward citation searching for additional literature. Eligible sources will be primary research studies (quantitative or qualitative) that investigate any intervention targeting cognition in adults (≥ 18 years) with CKD or ESKD, including those treated with dialysis. We will extract data about characteristics of interventions (e.g., type, underlying theory, design, location, and provider), populations (e.g., stage of CKD, age, sex, and type of cognitive impairment), and studies (e.g., authors, location, design, and reported findings). Article screening and data extraction will be performed by two to three reviewers. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative syntheses to characterize the literature on cognitive interventions for people with CKD. Discussion This study will provide a comprehensive overview of the cognitive interventions that have been studied for people with CKD. It will help identify research gaps within this population (e.g., types of interventions that have yet to be investigated; best practices in cognition research that have not been implemented) and inform the direction of future research in this field.