Hasil untuk "Home economics"

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk

Ni-Na Yan, Yu Zhou, Jing Xiao et al.

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of vacuum freeze drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), natural drying (ND), vacuum microwave drying (VMD), hot air drying (HAD) and microwave drying (MD) on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and antioxidant capacity of tomato peel residues (TPs). Focusing on identifying the optimal approach that strikes a balance between product quality and industrial feasibility. The results indicated that VFD effectively retained the appearance color, microstructure, lycopene content (12.35 mg/100 g), reducing sugar content (4,024 mg/100 g), hydration capacity, and antioxidant capacity of TPs. VMD exhibited the highest vitamin C content (20.45 mg/100 g) and quality comparable to VFD, along with short drying time and low energy consumption. HAD resulted in the highest levels of total phenolic content (48.66 mg/100 g) and total flavonoid content (72.85 mg/100 g). VMD proved to be the most promising technology for achieving large-scale, high-value industrial drying of TPs due to its exceptional drying efficiency and excellent overall quality retention capabilities. This study provides key theoretical foundations and technical pathways for the value-added utilization of tomatoes processing by-products, holding significant importance for advancing the green, circular, and sustainable development of the food industry.

Muhammad Khalid Jamil, Wouter Julius Smolenaars, Bashir Ahmad et al.

Nearly 86 % of the 1.4 million agricultural tube wells extracting groundwater for irrigation of crops in Lower Indus Basin (LIB) Pakistan are powered by diesel fuel. Diesel is expensive, needs to be imported and contributes to global warming through CO2 emissions. The increasing global focus on clean energy sources has prompted a shift from diesel fuel to solar photovoltaic (PV) energy for powering irrigation tube wells. The broad availability of inexpensive/free operational energy and abundant solar energy for pumping can cause over-extraction of groundwater. This study investigates the impacts of converting diesel pumps to solar PV pumps on groundwater extraction in LIB Pakistan. We conducted one-to-one comparisons of solar vs diesel pumps in thirty pairs of farmers working in similar circumstances. We estimated annual water extracted by solar and diesel pump farmers in each pair utilizing the data collected through flow measurements and crop wise irrigation times for each pair of farms using a targeted survey questionnaire, followed by a validation process. We utilized validated “Global Solar Atlas” (GSA), an online tool that accounts for daily and seasonal variation in solar pumps flows. Flow rates of diesel-operated pumps were measured, and annual water volumes pumped by both types of pumps were compared. Results show that the introduction of solar pumps significantly increased groundwater pumping compared to diesel fuelled pumps (P = 0.005∗). The average annual water pumped by solar and diesel pumps was found to be 1.6 ∗ 103 and 1.3 ∗ 103 mm respectively. In 77 % of the cases, farms using solar pumps extracted more water than their diesel counterparts under comparable conditions. While acknowledging benefits of solar PV pumping for agriculture in LIB Pakistan, the outcome of the study emphasized the need for a cautious and well-informed upscaling approach to avoid overextraction of groundwater.

Mariela Contreras, María Elena Perdomo

Introducción: La desnutrición infantil es una condición asociada a la mortalidad infantil global. En los últimos 70 años, ha existido colaboración científica para poder aliviarla en el mundo. Objetivo: Analizar las conexiones de coautorías de países y organizaciones sobre la desnutrición infantil, con base en artículos científicos de 1942 a 2024 en una plataforma de libre acceso. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico de artículos científicos de desnutrición infantil en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, consultando la base de datos Dimensions y exportando un archivo de valores separados por comas (csv) en formato de mapeo bibliográfico. El análisis incorporó la herramienta Vosviewer 1.6.20 y el archivo csv fue importado para crear mapas con base en datos bibliográficos. Con la información importada, se crearon mapas de conexiones de países y de organizaciones. Resultados: Un total de 8.333 artículos científicos fueron derivados a partir de la estrategia de búsqueda y los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Las conexiones de coautorías se dieron entre países localizados en el Norte y en el Sur Global. Algunos de los países del Sur Global también se posicionaron como parte de los 10 primeros países con conexiones más fuertes. Se observó el mismo patrón de conexiones de coautorías entre organizaciones localizadas en estas dos regiones. Conclusiones: Esta área de investigación se destaca por contar con conexiones fuertes de coautorías entre el Norte y el Sur Global. Esto es el reflejo de la colaboración internacional que ha existido en la nutrición en salud pública de la niñez.

Okim Okim Nsor, Babatunde Adebola Alabi, Babatunde Adebola Alabi et al.

IntroductionDespite the high phenolic content of Annona muricata, little is known about its anti-hypertensive and antihyperlipidemic properties. This study evaluated the anti-hypertensive and antihyperlipidemic potential of A. muricata leaf extracts.Materials and methodsForty-two male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups of six animals each. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was used to induce hypertension and hyperlipidemia.ResultsPhytochemical screening of Annona muricata leaf extracts (AMLE) revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, and phenols. Comparing the methanol extract with the ethyl acetate fraction, quantification revealed that the methanol extract contained more phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The AMLE rats significantly reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, and blood pressure. The significant decrease in GSH, catalase, SOD, GST, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, nitrites, and MPO) was reversed by AMLE in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the elevated serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the hypertensive rats were attenuated in the treatment groups.DiscussionThis study suggests the potential ameliorative effects of Annona muricata leaf extracts against L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats. Notably, the study showed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of A. muricata leaf extracts, which is seen in its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. A. muricata extracts also decreased atherogenic risk and improved lipid profiles.

Eirin Winje, Ian Lake, Simon N. Dankel

Differentiating between an irrational versus a rational fear of hypoglycemia has treatment implications and presents significant challenge for clinicians facing patients with type 1 diabetes, illustrated in this case. A 39-year-old woman with autoimmune-positive insulin-dependent diabetes sought help to alleviate severe diabetes distress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety, associated with unpredictable drastic blood glucose drops. After exhausting conventional methods, she adopted a ketogenic diet (KD). Her glucose values decreased from around 20 mmol/L to 12 mmol/L (360 mg/dL to 216 mg/dL) in the first days. Then, by combining a KD with an insulin pump, her time in optimal glucose range increased from 8 to 51% after 2 months, reducing her HbA1c with 25 mmol/mol (2.2%). This reduced biological and psychological stress, immediately improving her mental health and renewing her hope for the future. The main concerns regarding KD in patients with comorbid type 1 diabetes is the assumed increased risk of ketoacidosis, theoretical depletion of glycogen stores, and a potential adverse effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors. These concerns are evaluated against existing empirical evidence, suggesting instead that a KD may protect against acidosis, hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular risk. The present case, together with available data, indicate that patients with type 1 diabetes experiencing high levels of biological and psychological stress should be informed of the expected benefits and possible risks associated with a KD, to ensure their right to take informed decisions regarding their diabetes management.

Michal Pšurný, Michal Pšurný, Irena Baláková et al.

The paper deals with consumer behavior in the context of sustainable development of society. A questionnaire survey of 732 respondents was used to understand the determinants of food purchasing behavior toward sustainable consumption. The paper identifies the factors that the consumer determines in food purchasing as critical in terms of sustainable consumption and requiring behavioral change toward sustainability in terms of healthy lifestyle, reduction of food wastage, and conscious consumption. Respondents commented on 22 factors and the quantification of their impact on food waste and expressed the strength of opinion on sustainability issues. To evaluate the collected data, PCA factor analysis was used, which defines the importance of each factor by identifying artificial hypothetical variables, which are “Sustainability” and targeted education as appropriate tools for it, “Food usability,” which is a recommendation to producers by food quality, offering new types of food with longer shelf life, as well as “Pricing,” “Quality” and “Convenience.” The authors also sought to understand what measures they take in relation to waste and how they behave toward sustainable consumption and environmental protection. They created 14 content questions on this topic and by using factor analysis, 3 hypothetical variables were created, namely “Sustainable behavior” which expresses a healthy lifestyle, “Thoughtful purchase” which expresses a relationship with environmental protection before purchasing and “Zero waste” which means that the household tries to make additional use of food. Thus, it seeks a use for the food it cannot consume at a given time and creates a supply for other consumers. This behavior is a good prerequisite for achieving a change in consumption behavior. The influence of selected sociodemographic indicators on the frequency of wastage was also investigated using the χ-squared test. The influence of generation and number of children in the household on the frequency of wastage was demonstrated. The results of the analyses on the importance of individual factors and consumer behavior, especially of the young generation, argue for education on sustainable consumption.

Junfeng Hao, Gentu Ge, Yushan Jia et al.

Lactuca indica L. contains high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids. However, there is limited information on the composition of these compounds in different parts of the plant. The present study analyzed the secondary metabolite profiles of the stem, leaf, flower, and seed of Lactuca indica L.cv. Mengzao (LIM) using a widely targeted metabolomic approach. A total of 576 secondary metabolites were identified, including 218, 267, 232, 286, 302, and 308 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the stem_vs_leaf, stem_vs_flower, stem_vs_seed, leaf_vs_flower, leaf_vs_seed, and flower_vs_seed comparisons. In particular, considerable differences were detected in the flavonoids and phenolic acids, five flavonoids, five phenolic acids, one triterpenoid and one alkaloid being differentially accumulated in the four parts. Compared to the stem and flower, the leaf and seed had higher total flavonoid content and total phenolic content. Thses findings provide comprehensive insights into utilizing different parts of LIM in developing functional food products.

Kaarunya Sampathkumar, Hong Yu, Say Chye Joachim Loo

The increasing global population has put enormous stresses on food security. Aquaculture is a major source of food fish and is considered one of the key pillars of our global food supply. The increasing aquaculture production has led to a surge in demand for fishmeal and fish oil – key ingredients of fish feeds obtained from finite marine resources. Decreasing the dependence on marine resources could improve the sustainability of farmed fishes. One strategy is to replace fishmeal with alternative proteins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how industrial food wastes can be valorised into a sustainable protein source as a replacement for fishmeal. The direct substitution of fishmeal with food wastes and the challenges associated with it will first be discussed. Next, a section will be devoted to repurposing of industrial food waste as insect feeds for the bioconversion of waste into high value protein source. A special mention on the use of encapsulated micronutrients and probiotics for functionalised feeds will also be reviewed. The review concludes by summarizing the existing regulations on the use of waste in aquaculture, its public perception, and future perspectives in converting food waste into aquaculture feed for a sustainable circular economy.

Tshamisane Mkhari, Tafadzwa Kaseke, Tafadzwa Kaseke et al.

IntroductionThe present study evaluated the potential of maltodextrin (MT), gum Arabic (GA), and their blends to produce functional beetroot waste extract powder (BWEP).MethodsThe beetroot waste extracts were produced using 50% ethanol and encapsulated using 10% (1:10, w/v) of the GA and MT carriers at different blending ratios, namely, GA:MT 1:0, GA:MT 0:1, GA:MT 1:1, GA:MT 2:1, and GA:MT 1:2, respectively. The BWEP were analyzed for physicochemical, technofunctional, morphological, crystallinity, and antioxidant properties.ResultsBWEP produced using either GA or MT exhibited better color, solubility, encapsulation efficiency, and betalain content. Powders from the blends of GA and MT showed better oil holding capacity and total phenolic content. On the other hand, powder yield, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, bulk density, and DPPH radical scavenging activity did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) among the powders. BWEP produced using GA and MT separately was relatively smaller and more regular compared to the powders from the blended biopolymers. All powders showed signs of agglomeration, which was more pronounced in the powders from the blended biopolymers. A total of 16 metabolites, including betalains (9), phenolic acids (2), and flavonoids (5), were tentatively identified. The majority of the metabolites were entrapped in the BWEP produced using GA and MT separately. The quantified metabolites included gallic acid (33.62–44.83 μg/g DM), (+)-catechin (32.82–35.84 μg/g DM), (−)-epicatechin (37.78–45.89 μg/g DM), and myricetin (30.07–35.84 μg/g DM), which were significantly higher in the BWEP produced from GA or MT separately.DiscussionThe study showed that although blending GA and MT has the potential to improve the quality of BWEP, using these biopolymers separately showed a promise to promote a food circular bioeconomy.

Kiana Pourmohammadi, Elahe Abedi, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Hashemi

Wheat is the most important crops worldwide, providing about one-fifth of the daily protein and calories for human consumption. The quality of cereal-based products is principally governed by the genetic basis of gluten (glutenin and gliadin proteins), which exists in a wide range of variable alleles and is controlled by clusters of genes. There are certain limitations associated with gluten characteristics, which can be genetically manipulated. The present review aimed to investigate the correlation between the genetic characteristics of gluten protein components and wheat-based product's quality. According to various references, Glu-B1d (6 + 8), Glu-B1h (14 + 15) and Glu-B1b (7 + 8) are related to higher gluten strength and pasta quality, while, subunits Dx2 + Dy12 and Dx5 + Dy10, are usually present at the Glu-D1 locus in bread wheat, resulted in lower cooked firmness in pasta. Moreover, introducing Gli-D1/Glu-D3 and Glu-D1 loci into durum wheat genomes, causing to provide the maximum values of gluten index in pasta products. 1Dx5 + 1Dy10 alleles determine the level of increase in dough's consistency, elasticity, viscosity, and extensibility quality of baking and appropriate bread loaf volume, while 1Dx2 + 1Dy12 as the alleles associated with poor baking quality, being more suitable for soft wheat/pastry end uses. Bx7, Bx7OE, 1Bx17 + 1By18, 1Bx13 + 1By16, Bx7 + By9 and 1Bx7 + 1By8 at Glu-B1alleles and 1Ax2* found on Glu-A1, augmented dough strength and has positive effects on consistency, extensibility, viscosity, and elasticity of bread dough. Breeding programs by genome editing have made gluten a promoting component for improving cereal-based products.

Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi

Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani, Amal Hassan Alshawi

Background. Chard is a valuable vegetable and is considered a beneficial functional food. Fortification of bread with chard could increase the nutraceutical and functional food consumption. Objective. In this study, we performed a chemical analysis of chard and performed rheological analyses and sensory attribute evaluations of pan breads fortified with 5% and 10% chard powder. Design. The gross chemical composition of chard, some minerals, vitamin C, and total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were estimated. The rheological properties of doughs fortified with 5% and 10% chard powder and the chemical composition and sensory attributes of control, 5% chard and 10% chard pan bread samples were determined. Results. Chard contains carbohydrate, protein, and ash in addition to essential minerals and antioxidants such as vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids. The chemical composition of 5% chard pan bread was significantly higher in ash and fiber, while the chemical composition of 10% chard pan bread was significantly higher in protein, ash, fiber, and moisture and significantly lower in fat, carbohydrate, and energy level than that of control pan breads. Compared with the control pan bread, the pan bread with increased chard powder content (10%) had significantly increased water absorption percentage, arrival time, dough development, elasticity, and proportional number ratio but significantly decreased stability time, softening degree, and extensibility. Pan bread fortified with 10% chard had the lowest specific volume among the tested breads. Sensory attribute evaluation further showed that increasing the amount of chard to 10% in the bread dough formulation produced lower overall acceptability scores. Conclusions. Pan bread containing 5% chard had better rheological scores and sensory attributes than the other formulations, in addition to good nutritional quality values.

Tiantian Hu, Liang Zhou, Xiaoli Wang et al.

In this article, the preventive and protective effect of a new Lactobacillus fermentum, (Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN02: LF-N2), which was isolated and identified from Xinjiang naturally fermented yogurt, on hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol induced gastric injury in mice was studied. A total of 40 mice were divided into the following five groups: normal, model, LF-N2, LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and Ranitidine groups. Except for the normal and model groups, mice in the other groups were treated with LF-N2, LB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and Ranitidine separately, and the injury of the gastric tissue was observed by taking photos and pathological sections. The levels of oxidation indicators, gastrointestinal hormone and the inflammatory cytokines in serum and gastric tissue in each group were measured. Further more, the gene expression levels of oxidative stress and inflammation related genes in the colon tissue were determined by the Real-Time PCR method. Pathological observation confirmed that LF-N2 could inhibit the gastric injury caused by HCl/ethanol. Observation of the appearance of the gastric indicated that LF-N2 could effectively reduce the area of gastric injury. Biochemical results showed that the serum gastrin (GAS) and gastric motilin (MTL) levels in the LF-N2 group were significantly lower and the serum somatostatin (SS) level was higher than in the model group and there was no significant difference between all treatment groups. The activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were increased while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased in LF-N2 treatment group mice, which suggested that LF-N2 has a good antioxidant effect. Further RT-PCR experiments also showed that LF-N2 could promote the related mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, and IL-10), while it inhibited the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) and apoptosis factor (Caspase-3). As observed, LF-N2 exerted a good preventive effect on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury in mice, and the effect was close to that of LB, which indicated that LF-N2 has potential use as a probiotic due to its gastric injury treatment effects.

EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Dominique Turck, Jacqueline Castenmiller et al.

Abstract Following an application from Zespri International Limited, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Belgium, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to green kiwifruit (lat. Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) and maintenance of normal defecation. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim based on newly developed scientific evidence. The food proposed by the applicant as the subject of the health claim is green kiwifruit. The Panel considers that green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is ‘maintenance of normal defecation’. Maintenance of normal defecation is a beneficial physiological effect provided that it does not result in diarrhoea. All human intervention studies submitted had different limitations and could not be used on their own for the scientific substantiation of the claim. However, the results of six pertinent human intervention studies are consistent with respect to an effect of consuming daily between two and four green kiwifruits var. Hayward on an increase in stool frequency. Two out of four studies in which a validated instrument was used to assess stool consistency showed an effect also on stool consistency. There is evidence for a plausible mechanism by which kiwifruit could exert an effect on normal defecation. The consumption of kiwifruit in the studies did not result in diarrhoea. A cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) and maintenance of normal defecation. The following wordings reflect the scientific evidence: ‘consumption of kiwifruit contributes to the maintenance of normal defecation’. In order to obtain the claimed effect, two large green kiwifruits (i.e. around 200 g of kiwi flesh) should be consumed.

Jonathan A. Parker, Nicholas S. Souleles, David S. Johnson et al.

Menasbo Gebru Tesfay

Abstract Background Theory of development economics emphasizes how individuals transit out of poverty. Adoption of improved agricultural technologies is one of the means that enables to facilitate the transition in developing countries. The application of yield-enhancing technologies is potentially likely to produce crop income more than what farm households consume compared to farming activities with more traditional production techniques. Inorganic fertilizer is one of modern agricultural technologies that can enhance agricultural productivity. However, the increase in crop production by itself is insufficient to improve the welfare of farm households; rather, it has to be linked to the market. Therefore, I am motivated to evaluate the potential impact of adoption of inorganic fertilizer on smallholders’ commercialization as technological change enhanced land-use intensification and crop productivity in a land-scarce economy like in rural Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. Methodology The study utilizes cross-sectional farm household data collected in the 2014–2015 cropping season from a randomly selected 626 farm households in rural Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. Plot-level productivity is estimated using OLS with a control function approach. The causal impact of fertilizer adoption on smallholders’ commercialization is estimated using an endogenous switching regression model to control for selection problems associated with adoption decision. While factors affecting the probability and extent of inorganic fertilizer adoptions are analyzed using a double-hurdle model (hurdle 1 for probability of adoption and hurdle 2 for the extent of adoption). Results The double-hurdle results show that large family size, a higher number of male and female adults affect positively and significantly adoption probability of inorganic fertilizer, while long plot distance, households headed by illiterate are key constraints for inorganic fertilizer adoption. Fertilizer adoption has positive and significant effect on plot-level productivity. Finally, adoption of inorganic fertilizer has a strong and positive impact on smallholders’ commercialization through productivity gain. Conclusion The finding of this study confirms the potential role of technology adoption in facilitating rural transformation as higher production from adoption of improved agricultural technologies translates into surplus products and greater ability to integrate with the output market.

EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel foods and Food allergens (NDA), Dominique Turck, Jacqueline Castenmiller et al.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on nicotinamide riboside chloride as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, including an evaluation of the safety of its use in food supplements as a source of niacin, and the bioavailability of nicotinamide from this source, in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC. The NF, a synthetic form of nicotinamide riboside, is proposed to be used in food supplements for the healthy adult population at levels up to 300 mg/day. The production process, composition, specifications, batch‐to‐batch variability and stability of the NF do not raise safety concerns. Animal and human data indicate that the NF contributes to the nicotinamide body pool. There are no concerns regarding genotoxicity. Human studies do not raise safety concerns. The proposed maximum use level corresponds to an amount of nicotinamide, which is sixfold lower than the tolerable upper intake level (UL) set for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women. The margin of exposure (MoE) of 70 derived from repeated dose toxicity studies with rats and dogs is considered sufficient for the adult population, excluding pregnant and lactating women. Regarding these two population groups, the MoE of 76 derived from a developmental toxicity study in rats is considered insufficient in the absence of data which could justify accepting a MoE lower than 100. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use for the healthy adult population, excluding pregnant and lactating women, and that an intake of the NF up to 230 mg/day is safe for pregnant and lactating women. The Panel also concludes that the NF is a source from which nicotinamide, a form of niacin, is bioavailable.

Aurita Butkevičiūtė, Mindaugas Liaudanskas, Darius Kviklys et al.

A new technique for the rapid detection and analysis of triterpenic compounds in apple extracts using HPLC was developed and validated. The main advantage of this technique is the short duration of the analysis – this makes this technique superior to others currently applied for the routine HPLC analysis of triterpenic compounds. The developed, optimized, and validated technique was used for the evaluation of triterpenic compounds in samples of different cultivars of apples, their peels, and flesh. In total, four triterpenic compounds were isolated and identified. Ursolic acid was the dominant compound in all the tested apple samples. The highest amounts of triterpenic compounds were detected in the peels of the ‘Lodel’ apple cultivar, and thus apples of this cultivar may be potentially useful for the isolation of individual compounds and the production of functional food and dietary supplements.