Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Union experienced a period of persistent inflation driven by energy shocks, supply chain disruptions, and the rapid recovery of domestic demand. In 2022, the inflation rate reached a record high of 10.6% in the euro area and 11.5% in the EU, prompting the European Central Bank (ECB) to implement the most restrictive monetary policy in its recent history. Between 2022 and 2023, the ECB successively increased its policy rate to 4%, followed by a gradual easing phase beginning in 2024. This study examines the effects of the ECB’s monetary policy on emerging EU economies — namely Romania, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, and Croatia — which have experienced the policy’s impact asymmetrically compared to the core euro area countries. Recent data indicate that while average inflation in the euro area declined to around 2.3% in 2025, it remained between 4% and 6.5% in most emerging EU economies, reflecting structural differences in monetary transmission and domestic vulnerabilities. The paper aims to highlight the degree of nominal convergence after 2022 and the resilience of monetary policy transmission channels in a context of prolonged global uncertainty.Preliminary results suggest that while the restrictive monetary stance contributed to price stabilization, it also deepened growth disparities and imposed higher economic adjustment costs on emerging EU members with partial integration into the euro area.
Badanie jest eksploracją opinii i nastawień osób uchodźczych z Ukrainy co do postrzeganej przyszłości, w odniesieniu do obecnych przeżyć i przeszłych doświadczeń. W badaniu ankietowym o charakterze analizy przypadku wzięło udział 831 osób przebywających w Polsce, odpowiadając na 46 pytań zamkniętych i jedno otwarte. Celem badań było rozpoznanie perspektyw osób z Ukrainy, w kontekście trwającej wojny i doświadczeń przemieszczenia (stan na pierwszą połowę 2023 roku). Pytania poruszały zagadnienia poczucia winy, dyskryminacji, planów wyjazdu z Polski, wsparcia własnego kraju, oceny własnej pozycji psychicznej i ekonomicznej, chęci do nauki języka polskiego, a także prywatnej opinii na temat przyszłości geopolitycznej Ukrainy. W badaniu wzięły udział osoby biorące udział w kursach rozwoju osobistego UW dla Ukrainy lub tymi kursami zainteresowane. Pomimo negatywnych doświadczeń i deklarowanych lęków, nadzieja jest słowem-kluczem, które dominowało w odpowiedziach respondentów na pytanie o skojarzenia z przyszłością. Ponadto większość badanych optymistycznie ocenia szanse Ukrainy na wstąpienie do UE oraz NATO. Badanie wypełnia lukę w dotychczasowej wiedzy nt. doświadczeń migracji i wpływu przemieszczenia na postrzeganą przyszłość, w dziedzinie socjologii czasu.
Artykuł dotyczy kandydatów na prezydentów miast w wyborach z lat 2002-2018 w Wielkopolsce Wschodniej. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie, którzy z pretendentów spełnili rolę tzw. lokomotyw wyborczych w wyborach do rad miast, a którzy swój wynik zawdzięczają szyldowi komitetu/partii, z którego startowali. Analizie poddano dwie największe i najpopularniejsze w skali kraju partie: Platformę Obywatelską RP oraz Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. W artykule wykorzystano metodę analizy porównawczej. Przeanalizowano, czy większym poparciem wśród wyborców cieszył się kandydat na prezydenta, czy łącznie więcej głosów otrzymywali kandydaci z danego komitetu do rady miasta? Ilu z nich zdobyło stanowisko prezydenta? Czy kandydaci na prezydenta rywalizowali także o mandat w radzie miasta oraz czy odnieśli sukces i jaki mieli udział w zdobytych głosach przez daną listę? Pozwoliło to sprawdzić, czy decyzje władz Platformy oraz PiS, co do wyboru kandydata na prezydenta, były korzystne dla partii.
Horváth, Alíz, Wagner, Cosima, Wrisley, David
et al.
The article addresses the multilingual landscape in Digital Humanities, focusing on understanding its practitioners. We adopt the concept of user profiles from UX design to help create visibility and empathy for the unique needs of multilingual scholars. In a DH2023 workshop, using a dataset of six user profiles, participants examined multilingual DH, exploring the complex interaction between language use, identity, inclusivity, and infrastructure. Only by including multilingual perspectives, we argue, can DH promote diverse knowledge systems towards more supportive infrastructures and a more inclusive scholarly community.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The changing character of diasporas and states’ politics intersect with new challenges in the policymaking process. This study aims to investigate the priorities and hardships of the diaspora education policies in Poland and Lithuania. The study applies the three-dimensional approach (Lesińska, Popyk 2021) to study diaspora policy and draws on qualitative research with the diaspora state institution representatives in the two countries. This paper compares the role of diaspora education policy in a broader policy context, alongside presenting the challenges, namely “socio-demographic”, “methodological”, “political” and “financial”, that state institutions face while ensuring education for the young members of diasporas. It contributes to the scholarship on diaspora policies studies by presenting how state institutions approach and govern the relationships with young diasporas through ensuring education and support social and cultural life of diaspora schools.
The article analyses the origins of the attitude of Central European countries to the current military conflict in Ukraine, their historical fears and contents that aroused as the result of Moscow's proposals on the return of the European security system to the contours of 1997. Historical memory largely shared the predictable position of these countries in the conflict and the unconditional support of the Ukrainian side. The author asserts that the conflict contributed to the pro-Atlantic consolidation of the Central European region, to the deepening of the gap in relations with Russia and the emergence of new features in relations within the Visegrad region. Despite conflicted history Hungary decided to join Poland in their notion to extensively support Ukraine. Nevertheless, the understanding of the importance of regional solidarity, strengthened over 30 years of democratic development, keeps the Visegrad Group countries together, not allowing them to fall victim to any of the modern geopolitical poles.
José Alberto Martínez-González, Carmen Dolores Álvarez-Albelo, Javier Mendoza-Jiménez
et al.
It is essential to understand the variables that explain and predict the behaviour of starting up a new company in a regional context. This study aims to analyse the theoretical basis and predictive potential of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, considering the concerns and suggestions of other authors. In addition to an extensive literature review, a PLS-SEM methodology and data on variables and countries from the latest GEM report are used in this study. The results show that GEM reports have a sufficient theoretical foundation for quality studies in this field. In addition, a valid and reliable causal model is designed that includes all personal and contextual GEM variables. The hypotheses of the proposed model are based on the existing causal relationships in the literature, using GEM data in its formulation. The model is comprehensive and practical because it significantly predicts entrepreneurial behaviour, particularly entrepreneurial intention and action. The usefulness of this study is high, both for researchers, practitioners and institutions wishing to understand better and further promote entrepreneurial behaviour at a regional (country) level.
<p>The Polish Basin is a part of a trans-European sedimentary basin comprising
the Central European Basin System and stretching from Denmark through
Germany to southeastern Poland, and even further to the south into Ukraine.
It experienced uplift during the Late Cretaceous, which consequently
resulted in the inversion of its axial part (i.e., the Mid-Polish Trough) and
development into the Mid-Polish Anticlinorium. In many existing
paleotectonic interpretations, southeast Poland – i.e., the subsurface San
Anticlinorium and the present-day Roztocze Hills – was included in the
Mid-Polish Trough during the Late Cretaceous, representing its axial, most
subsiding part. This paleotectonic model was the basis for facies and
bathymetric interpretations that assumed Upper Cretaceous sediments,
deposited close to the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough (e.g., in the
Roztocze Hills), constituted the deepest facies. In recent years, several
studies have contradicted this notion. A growing body of data suggests that
this area (southeast Poland) was already a landmass by the Coniacian and
Santonian – and certainly in the Campanian and Maastrichtian – rather than
forming the deepest part of the Polish Basin.</p>
<p>The shallow marginal marine, cyclic middle Campanian, marly to sandy
deposits, recently discovered in the Roztocze Hills, were interpreted to be
of deltaic origin. This has led to the adoption of new facies and
bathymetric models, which – notably – are in stark opposition to most
previous interpretations. Notably, the new interpretation implies the
presence of a landmass in the place where, in prior frameworks, the deepest
and most subsiding part of the Polish Basin (i.e., Mid-Polish Trough) was
located during the Cretaceous.</p>
<p>Here, we document this Late Cretaceous depositional system – the Szozdy
delta developed in the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough. These middle
Campanian deposits crop out extensively in the Roztocze Hills region, close
to the village of Szozdy, and exhibit coarsening-upward tripartite
cyclothems. Three facies associations have been distinguished: (1) dark grey
calcareous mudstones, (2) a yellow calcareous sandstone, and (3) calcareous
gaize lithofacies. The sequence, as a whole, was accumulated via the
repeated progradation and abandonment of deltaic complexes on the delta
front platform setting, with the primary transport direction originating
from the axis of the inverting Mid-Polish Trough (thus from the subsurface
San Anticlinorium) toward the northeast. This interpretation is supported by
a suite of sedimentological, palynofacies, and heavy mineral data.</p>
<p>The development of the Szozdy delta system is framed in the context of the
dynamic tectonic processes operating contemporaneously in southeast Poland:
that is, tectonic inversion (uplift) on one hand, and the generation of new
accommodation space via enhanced subsidence on the other. This discovery
sheds new light on our understanding of Late Cretaceous facies distribution,
bathymetry, and paleogeography and might potentially suggest a different burial
history than assumed so far.</p>
An asymptomatic 60-year-old woman presented to our outpatient clinic for a routine health screening as part of a government welfare program. Her medical history was unremarkable, however physical examination revealed hypoplasia of the left chest wall muscles, breast tissue, nipple, absence of axillary hair, absence of the costal cartilages of upper ribs on the left side of the chest and brachydactyly in the left hand. There was also paradoxical breathing at the levels of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rib of the left chest. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. The chest radiograph revealed reduced upper left hemithorax volume with partial rib agenesis of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rib, bilateral cervical ribs, dextroposition of the heart and mid thoracic scoliosis with convexity to the left. A 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed a sinus rhythm with a normal axis, lead 1 has upright P, QRS, and T waves and aVR is globally negative. The precordial leads show normal R Waves in V1-4, deep S waves in V1-2, small S waves in V3-4 and no S waves in V5-6. There is diminution of the precordial complexes in V3, 4, 5 and 6. These findings are consistent with a dextroposition of the heart. The blood investigations were unremarkable. The findings from physical examination, chest radiograph and 12 lead electrocardiogram are consistent with Poland´s Syndrome. As the patient was otherwise well and not bothered by her condition, no treatment was initiated for her.
Azimuthal anisotropies of muons from charm and bottom hadron decays are measured in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2018 with integrated luminosities of 0.5nb−1 and 1.4nb−1, respectively. The kinematic selection for heavy-flavor muons requires transverse momentum 4<pT<30GeV and pseudorapidity |η|<2.0. The dominant sources of muons in this pT range are semi-leptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons. These heavy-flavor muons are separated from light-hadron decay muons and punch-through hadrons using the momentum imbalance between the measurements in the tracking detector and in the muon spectrometers. Azimuthal anisotropies, quantified by flow coefficients, are measured via the event-plane method for inclusive heavy-flavor muons as a function of the muon pT and in intervals of Pb+Pb collision centrality. Heavy-flavor muons are separated into contributions from charm and bottom hadron decays using the muon transverse impact parameter with respect to the event primary vertex. Non-zero elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow coefficients are extracted for charm and bottom muons, with the charm muon coefficients larger than those for bottom muons for all Pb+Pb collision centralities. The results indicate substantial modification to the charm and bottom quark angular distributions through interactions in the quark-gluon plasma produced in these Pb+Pb collisions, with smaller modifications for the bottom quarks as expected theoretically due to their larger mass.
A search for the Zγ decay of the Higgs boson, with Z boson decays into pairs of electrons or muons is presented. The analysis uses proton–proton collision data at s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The observed data are consistent with the expected background with a p-value of 1.3%. An upper limit at 95% confidence level on the production cross-section times the branching ratio for pp→H→Zγ is set at 3.6 times the Standard Model prediction while 2.6 times is expected in the presence of the Standard Model Higgs boson. The best-fit value for the signal yield normalised to the Standard Model prediction is 2.0−0.9+1.0 where the statistical component of the uncertainty is dominant.
Abstract Background Harm reduction services, despite their proved effectiveness in the prevention of infectious diseases, are still underdeveloped in several European states. The situation in the Visegrad Group countries is especially interesting. Notwithstanding the shared history, culture and political situation in the last decades, there are significant differences in the state of harm reduction between the countries. Methods The research applies the ecological systems model to identify the structural barriers and facilitators affecting organisations providing needle exchange services. It uses a comparative multiple case study design with embedded units of analysis complemented by within-case analysis to establish the relationship between the number and scope of identified factors and the performance of needle exchange services. The qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with professionals working in needle exchange services in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. Additionally, relevant documents, reports and online sources were analysed. Results A total of 24 themes (structural factors) were identified across 11 categories on 3 levels (mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem). The list includes themes related to the broader society, politics and policy on state and local level, frameworks and amounts of funding, the situation on the education labour market, and attitudes of local communities, among others. The data shows that in the Czech Republic, many facilitators can be identified. In the three remaining countries, on the contrary, one can observe mostly barriers in NSP services delivery. Conclusions The study addresses a highly unexplored topic of the functioning of harm reduction organisations in East-Central Europe. It sheds light on the environment of analysed services, identifying a number of structural factors in effective service delivery in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. The research confirms the significant role of the barriers and facilitators in the services’ performance. It highlights the relationships between various elements of the needle exchange programmes’ environment, suggesting holistic strategies for addressing them. It also provides a potential starting point for further research.
The university in Vilna (in Polish: Wilno, now: Vilnius, Lithuania), founded in 1579, by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780–1832 and 1919–1939.
In the latter period the university functioned under the Polish name Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego (in English: Stefan Batory University). It comprised six departments connected with botany (General Botany, Pharmacognosy and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants, Plant Taxonomy, Botanical Garden, Garden of Medicinal Plants, and Natural History Museum).
There worked such distinguished scientists, as: Jakub Mowszowicz (1901–1983), phytogeographer and phytosociologist; Jan Muszyński (1884–1957), botanist and pharmacist; Bronisław Szakien (1890–1938), cytologist and mycologist; Piotr Wiśniewski (1881––1971), physiologist; and Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), mycologist and phytopathologist. Ca. 300 publications (including ca. 100 scientific ones) were printed in the period investigated, dealing mainly with morphology and anatomy, cytology, plant physiology, floristics (floristic geography of plants), systematics (taxonomy) of vascular plants, mycology and phytopathology, ecology of plant communities (phytosociology), as well as ethnobotany, and history of botany. Stefan Batory University was also an important centre of teaching and popularization of botany in that region of Europe.
The aim of the article is to describe the history of botany at the Stefan Batory University in 1919–1939.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Science (General)
In this study I have analysed five towns: Poznań, Kraków, Warsaw, Lublin, and Lviv. I aimed to determine whether towns treated as provincial in the Crown would also be characterised by lower economic diversity. The primary question is whether one can talk about large cities in the 17th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at all? And if so, what factors determined the status of a metropolis?
Thyroid hormones are crucial for normal development of a child from early foetal life. They have an impact on the
development of the central nervous system, both prenatally and up to the age of 3 years, and regulate growth and most
metabolic processes. Their importance has led to the introduction of screening for congenital hypothyroidism, which has
been conducted in Poland for over 40 years. The diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism necessitates immediate levothyroxine
implementation and strict treatment monitoring. Thanks to iodine prophylaxis, children in Poland do not require additional
iodine administration. An isolated increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration without clinical signs
of hypothyroidism and with negative antithyroid antibodies does not require treatment, but only monitoring of thyroidstimulating
hormone levels. Children with positive antithyroid antibodies, genetic syndromes that predispose
to hypothyroidism and history of thyroid irradiation require more frequent controls. The recommendations for suspected
hypothyroidism presented in this article are based on the European Thyroid Association guidelines from 2014 on the
management of subclinical hypothyroidism in children and pregnant women.
Siberia, exile, wandering, captivity – there are an experiences accompanying the another generations of Poles, who were affected by the oppressive policy of the eastern neighbor of our country – Russia (USSR). Independently from the historical forms of power that had been governed over the Neva or the Kremlin, the Polish fates in the East bring to mind most often these martyrological pages of the history of the native. In fact, the repressions suffered by many Poles from the Russian (and Soviet) state were so severe that it is difficult to make other associations.
The first generation of Polish exiles in Siberia was found themselves there in the XVIIIth century after defeat of the Bar Confederation. The next, significant in terms of numbers the deportations, became a consequence of further lost XIXth century national uprisings, and in the last decades of the annexation era, they were the result of underground and revolutionary activity undertaken by later generations of Poles.
Twentieth century history is an another chapter – mass repressions against Poles-citizens of the USSR in the 1930s, exiles and deportations of the inhabitants of the Second Polish Republic during World War II, or imprisonment in the camps of the „GULAG archipelago” in the post-war Stalinist period is an era of brutal dissent of the totalitarian regime with Poles. A tsar’s deportations, or even a captivity, is something completely different from the Stalinist gulags, prisons and exile. They are connected only by the geographical direction – East.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
We report on a small scale study carried out in Austria, Italy and Poland which investigated the attitudes of university teachers engaged in teaching their academic subject through the medium of English. The data consisted of 25 teacher interviews. We focused on the topics of internationalisation of universities, on policy and resourcing, and on the levels of English proficiency (theirs and those of their students) needed for effective English medium instruction (EMI). We also observed whether there were differences among the respondents from the three countries and attempted to relate any differences to the linguistic, educational and political context of each. Our findings suggest that whilst very similar concerns are in the minds of the teachers regardless of the country they were teaching in, some interesting variability in attitudes, relating to language and to history, could be detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study on EMI that compares teacher attitudes in three countries, hence its exploratory nature. Our findings would suggest that further research of such comparative kind might provide insights into how the phenomenon of EMI is being introduced and accepted across the world.