Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Štěpán Zbytovský

Dalibor Zeman

Bohumil Vykypěl

Daniela Tinková

The aim of the study is to present and analyse the main novelties, which Enlightenment medical thought brought the interpretation of suicidal behaviour, and so facilitating the decriminalization of suicide. I concentrate mainly on physicians whose activities and intellectual activities have been connected at least for some time with the Habsburg monarchy, especially with Viennese but also with Prague clinics and universities: Leopold Auenbrügger (1722–1809) Franz Josef Gall (1758–1828), Josef Bernt (1770–1842) and Johann Peter Frank (1745–1821). However, I attempt to place their ideas conceptually in the context of the other relevant books from the area of period German and French medical (psychiatric) thought, and show on them, the very often decisive, share and influence. Within the framework of the differentiation of the Late Enlightenment medicine, the changes and novelties in the area / field of so-called "medical police", pathological anatomy, neurology and "alienistics" – future psychiatry but also medical jurisprudence (i.e., legal medicine) will be important for me. I consider the following to be crucial: 1) The perception of suicide as an independent diseased state, namely – I emphasize – a state that is always pathological; 2) The efforts to localize the "suicidal tendencies" in the body, and thus also a physical, empirical anchoring of this pathological state; 3) The "entry" of this new understanding of suicide into "practice" through medical jurisprudence, which allowed an entirely direct confrontation with the theological and legal practices.

Johannes Deibl

This article tries to give an insight into how medieval and early modern chronicles such as Rudolf's Weltchronik and Hartmann Schedel's Liber chronicarum capture the polysemantic topic of Babylon for their recipients. It shows that the focus lies on the description of the historic metropolis, the narration of the tower of Babel and the Babylonian exile. In some ways their modes of information transfer differ from one another. On the one hand, Schedel has a lot more to offer in terms of paratextual preparation, which put Babylon to the forefront effectively. On the other hand Rudolf separates narratives from the time of Babel onward, which means a crucial point for the structure of the text. As Schedel sets the Babylonian exile as a turning point on the macrostructure of history, Rudolf prefers to honor King David's historical impact instead. While the plot of both works is much the same, the presentations of Babylon show some shifts in comparison for the medieval recipients.

William Biel

ABSTRACT: This article proposes the term “object rhetoric” to describe the extralinguistic capacity of material things to create meaning in the human mind. This kind of rhetoric also challenges the concepts of subject and object, or more specifically personhood and objecthood. The article explores the social utility of object rhetoric for structuring collective memory in medieval Iceland by studying the named weapons of Laxdæla saga. The first section examines several texts’ depiction of the sword Skǫfnungr to illustrate how it possesses both personhood and objecthood simultaneously. The second section situates Skǫfnungr as one of five named weapons in Laxdæla saga. The saga makes coherent rhetorical use of these objects to reshape Icelandic collective memory and thus sense of self in the face of the Norwegian annexation and other social changes in the thirteenth century.

Ann Sheffield

ABSTRACT: Several Icelandic texts from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries depict female characters from the pre-Christian past. In both poetry and prose, these heathen women are often portrayed as recalling the old, pre-Christian religion or the magical practices associated with it. Within this literature, different genres correlate with strata of cultural memory that are associated with different periods in Norse history and pre-history. This link between genre and era is largely independent of the actual dates of composition of the texts or the historicity of the events they describe. An analysis of illustrative examples from this corpus reveals how the evaluation and representation of heathen women depend on how deeply in the past they are situated by the narratives that describe them.

Dustin Geeraert

Finn-Einar Eliassen

Markéta Valíčková

Collocations are for translators a challenging aspect of a language, since their translations in the target language have to fulfill the same function as in the source language. The paper depicts the methodology of research into Czech collocations and their German equivalents in the corpus manager InterCorp, and discusses the potential of corpus-linguistic instruments as useful assistants in the translation process.

Lars Gaute Jøssang

Veronika Kotůlková

The paper analyses the German modal verb müssen. It shows various nuances of necessity expressed by the verb müssen and demonstrates how the modal verb müssen is translated into Czech.

Sven Jochem

Wilms, Carsten

Iva Kratochvílová

Roman Kopřiva

Iva Kratochvílová

Isak Thorsen

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the strategies that the Danish film company Nordisk Films Kompagni adopted from the early 1910s in order to satisfy the censorship demands of different markets, and also the strategies of self-regulation the company practiced in order to reach as large and as culturally-differentiated an audience as possible. Nordisk’s business relied on the international markets; only a small percentage of its production was sold to the domestic market, and in order to maintain the export levels, Nordisk devised very explicit strategies for the kinds of films the company would make. These strategies included among other things the creation of guidelines for scripts accepted by the company, alternative endings made for the same film to please the varying tastes of audiences in different countries, and the circulation of information that derived from the company’s branches and agents about the censorship rules in individual countries to Nordisk’s stock company of writers and directors, to help them in preparing their films for production.

NORA BEREND