This article investigates previously unidentified Latin sources of several works by Simeon Polockij. The texts examined include a funeral sermon from the sermon collection Večerja duševnaja (Spiritual Evening Meal, 1683); two poems from the Rhymology (Rifmologion, ca. 1678); and testamentary preambles from the Synodal Collection of the State Historical Museum (no. 229), ca. 1672-1673. Textual comparison demonstrates that the principal source of Simeon Polockij’s instructive exempla and quotations was a collection of sermons on death by the French Catholic preacher Pierre de Besse (1567-1639). De Besse was an authoritative preacher at the court of Louis XIII and the author of a collection of annual sermons, first published around 1605, with a Latin translation appearing ca. 1611. This collection is known to have exerted influence on Orthodox authors in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Although the original edition of de Besse’s Conciones is not preserved in the book collection of Simeon Polockij and Sil’vestr Medvedev (Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents), an abridged revision by the German Dominican Johann Coppenstein (d. 1638) is extant there. Coppenstein’s compendium reproduces, in summarized form, de Besse’s Sermones de morte together with their full illustrative apparatus, which reappears almost verbatim in the aforementioned texts by Simeon Polockij. The study thus not only identifies a concrete channel of transmission from Western Catholic to Orthodox didactic literature, but also substantiates and refines earlier, fragmentary observations concerning the shared repertoire of sources, exempla, and rhetorical strategies across Simeon’s poetic and prose works.
History of Eastern Europe, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
This chapter focuses on how Orthodox Christianity has been used in the Russia—My History (RMH) parks to create a narrative of Russian history beneficial to the current Russian political regime. Close attention is paid to the scenography of the park: its spatial organization, color, light, music, and sound effects. A product of direct cooperation between the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the state, the RMH narrative intertwines religion and history to bolster the regime’s legitimacy. Orthodoxizing Russian history, this narrative sacralizes the Russian state. In its rapid development, having followed the ideological shift in the regime’s legitimation strategy, the RMH chain testifies to the state’s ability to make political use of religion rather than the ROC’s influence on the history politics of the state.
Актуальність. В умовах російсько-української війни тема виховання патріотизму є не просто нагальною потребою українського суспільства, а й важливою стратегічною метою України. Порушено та дано короткі відповіді на ключові питання про сутність поняття патріотизму: патріотизм – це природжена якість чи набута вихованням риса? Чи існує патріотизм без етнічної ідентичності? Чи існує взаємозв’язок між патріотизмом і альтруїзмом? Що спільного між патріотизмом і націоналізмом? Чи сумісні націоналізм та інтернаціоналізм, патріотизм і космополітизм? Чи можливо «перевиховати» або якось вплинути на набуті шляхом насильства явища манкуртизму (сучасного «яничарства»)? Яке співвідношення патріотизму і релігії, зокрема християнства? Які шляхи переоцінки нав’язаних стереотипних переконань, почуттів, що склалися внаслідок багатовікового імперського «програмування»? Чи можливо і яким чином консолідувати різнополярне українське суспільство?
Мета – філософсько-теоретичне осмислення патріотизму як засобу самозбереження майбутніх поколінь українського народу та обґрунтування важливості його українознавчих досліджень в умовах російсько-української війни.
Висновки. Патріотизм однаковою мірою залежить як від природних, так і від виховних чинників, у яких гармонійно поєднуються емоційний та раціональний аспекти людської душі. Наголошено на діяльнісному аспекті патріотизму, при якому відбувається трансформація людських почуттів (любові до рідної країни) у конкретні справи. Стверджується, що нагальним завданням держави має стати відновлення історичної справедливості в усіх галузях життя, забезпечення рівності громадян перед Законом, тоді повернення довіри до інституту влади своєю чергою сприятиме зростанню поваги людей до своєї держави і зміцненню патріотичних почуттів.
The purpose of the article is to refine the data of the initial statistical study, “Women in the Lithuanian Partisan War, 1944-1953”, by examining the biographies of the female partisans in the Northeastern Lithuania partisan region according to targeted biographical parameters, and to present an objective picture of the female partisan. The paper analyses the reasons for women getting involved in the partisan movement, examines the social cross-section of the female fighters, and investigates the marital status and fates of the female partisans. After conducting the research, it was found that more than half of the female fighters chose this path because they had been influenced by their immediate environment, i.e. their relatives were actively involved in the armed resistance. This insight confirms the relationship between women’s motivation and the activities of their relatives imparted in historiography. One tenth of the female partisans examined became involved in the armed resistance for political reasons. This trend correlates with the insight that political engagement was low among women. Examination of the social cross-section revealed that most of the female partisans came from farming families, i.e. belonged to the main social group of the Republic of Lithuania population. Empirical data confirmed the opinion that the partisan resistance was essentially a struggle of the rural part of society against the Soviet regime. An analysis of the marital status of the female partisans revealed that more than 60 per cent of the female fighters were single, while 30 per cent were married and 18 per cent had children. The study of the fates of the female fighters imparts that these women either died/committed suicide or were arrested and convicted. There were only a few isolated cases of female partisans becoming legal. In this case, a clear difference is evident between the fates of women and men. Men became legal both individually and in groups. The Soviet repressive system treated male and female partisans equally – they were called “bandits” and punished according to Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
Ramon Canal, Stefano Di Carlo, Dimitris Gizopoulos
et al.
Among the key contributions of Vitamin-V (2023-2025 Horizon Europe project), we develop a complete RISC-V open-source software stack for cloud services with comparable performance to the cloud-dominant x86 counterpart. In this paper, we detail the software suites and applications ported plus the three cloud setups under evaluation.
To move towards a low-carbon society by 2050, understanding the intricate dynamics of energy systems is critical. Our study examines these interactions through the lens of hydrogen storage, dividing it into 'direct' and 'indirect' hydrogen storage. Direct hydrogen storage involves electrolysis-produced hydrogen being stored before use, while indirect storage first transforms hydrogen into gas via the Sabatier process for later energy distribution. Firstly, we utilize the PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30-path model to capture the interactions within the energy system. The model is an hour-level, one node per country system that encompasses a range of energy transformation technologies, outlining a pathway for Europe to reduce carbon emissions by 95 percent by 2050 compared to 1990, with updates every 5 years. Subsequently, we employ both quantitative and qualitative approaches to thoroughly analyze these complex relationships. Our research indicates that during the European green transition, cross-country flow of electricity will play an important role in Europe's rapid decarbonization stage before the large-scale introduction of energy storage. Under the paper cost assumptions, fuel cells are not considered a viable option. This research further identifies the significant impact of natural resource variability on the local energy mix, highlighting indirect hydrogen storage as a common solution due to the better economic performance and actively fluctuation pattern. Specifically, indirect hydrogen storage will contribute at least 60 percent of hydrogen storage benefits, reaching 100 percent in Italy. Moreover, its fluctuation pattern will change with the local energy structure, which is a distinct difference with the unchanged pattern of direct hydrogen storage and battery storage.
The purpose of the article. The article aims to analyse archeological monuments depicted on a little-known cartographic source – the land map of the Oleshnya district of the first half of the 18th century.
Scientific novelty. A 1724 land map authored by geodesist Borys Baturyn is introduced into scientific circulation. It depicts the Oleshnya District as of the first third of the 18th century. The map contains images of administrative boundaries and settlements. However, in our opinion, the image of two hillforts of the Ancient Rus era and an ancient rampart is the most interesting. On the map, it runs from the Kukuyeve hillfort to the village of Stanova in the upper reaches of the Buimer.
Conclusions. The studied map is one of the series of “Partied el’Ukraine”, which were compiled by geodetic surveyors from 1721 to 1725. The map is a little-known but quite informative source for the location and names of settlements in the district, as well as archaeological monuments. It is the result of several years of work by two cartographers – Borys Baturyn and Ivan Khrushchev, who worked in several districts located in the territory of the modern Sumy region.
The two hillforts pictured on the map were well-known landmarks at the time, mentioned in administrative documents of the second half of the 17th century. The greatest attention was paid to the localization and definition of the third archaeological object, which was drawn during the compilation of the map. This is an ancient rampart that has not been discovered so far and is mentioned only in this source. The authors assume its emergence on the map.
This article uses decisions about voting, including the decision not to vote, as a prism to consider what it means to be Gaddi in 21st-century Himachal Pradesh (H.P.). While the results of polls can tell us how people voted, they say little about the background to electoral decision-making—the reasoning by which interests, identities, and ideologies are compressed into the simple choice between candidates. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in rural Chamba district, the article tracks participation in elections for the H.P. State Legislative Assembly and a local Panchayat from 2000 to 2022. The paper concludes by presenting electoral contests as arenas in which the performance of citizenship is entangled with shifting forms of identity combining the social, administrative, and political.
The purpose of the paper is to investigate the development of pottery in the Lower Bug region and its role in urbanization processes on the basis of historiographical, archaeological and paleogeographical data at the 6th century BCE.
Scientific novelty. For the first time the ceramic production are comprehensively considered into account the raw material base of the pottery of the ancient settlement on the example of Borysthenes. The relationship between social and natural factors in the development of pottery has been established. The role of this craft in the context of urbanization processes in the North-Western Black Sea region is determined. The early production of ceramics in Lower Bug is considered, covering different categories of sources. A method of studying the local pottery making in the ancient centres of the region is proposed.
Methodology. The study was based on a comprehensive analysis of historiographical and archaeological data and paleogeographical methods. The field stage of the research included the survey of sites with unsoddy deposits of various geological periods as potential pottery raw materials. A stratigraphic dissection of deposits, their macromorphological description and samples were taken from each sites for further laboratory research. The laboratory research included a micromorphological analysis of ceramic products to compare its characteristics with potential raw materials, as well as a granulometric analysis of the selected samples to determine their physicochemical properties.
Conclusions. Pottery as an independent type of craft was distinguished in Hellenic culture quite early and came to the centres of the Northern Black Sea region as an already formed occupation. Spatially, workshops were situated at the large cities, where the manufactured products not only satisfied local demand, but also served as goods for sale. As archaeological materials showed, the earliest evidence of local pottery production was discovered on Berezan island and date from the middle of the 6th century BCE. The active development of the settlement, i.e. the intensification of the urbanization of the space, belongs around the same period. Therefore, the development of crafts, in particular pottery, is a component of this multifaceted process.
Paleopedological studies, micromorphological and granulometric analyzes of potential pottery raw materials with the micromorphological features of ceramics allow us to talk about local production. It was found that craftsmen could use local raw materials to create the moulding mass, which was obviously multi-component. The materials mainly of the first half of the 6th century BCE from site “T” of Berezan settlement confirmed the assumption about the predominance of grey ceramics (“greyware”) in the local pottery making at that time. Probably, the tradition of its production existed for a long time.
Philip Kaaret, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Stefano Silvestri
et al.
How astrophysical systems translate the kinetic energy of bulk motion into the acceleration of particles to very high energies is a pressing question. SS 433 is a microquasar that emits TeV gamma-rays indicating the presence of high-energy particles. A region of hard X-ray emission in the eastern lobe of SS 433 was recently identified as an acceleration site. We observed this region with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and measured a polarization degree in the range 38% to 77%. The high polarization degree indicates the magnetic field has a well ordered component if the X-rays are due to synchrotron emission. The polarization angle is in the range -12 to +10 degrees (east of north) which indicates that the magnetic field is parallel to the jet. Magnetic fields parallel to the bulk flow have also been found in supernova remnants and the jets of powerful radio galaxies. This may be caused by interaction of the flow with the ambient medium.
Fabian Neumann, Elisabeth Zeyen, Marta Victoria
et al.
Electricity transmission expansion has suffered many delays in Europe in recent decades, despite its significance for integrating renewable electricity into the energy system. A hydrogen network which reuses the existing fossil gas network could not only help to supply demand for low-emission fuels, but could also to balance variations in wind and solar energy across the continent and thus avoid power grid expansion. We pursue this idea by varying the allowed expansion of electricity and hydrogen grids in net-zero CO2 scenarios for a sector-coupled and self-sufficient European energy system with high shares of renewables. We cover the electricity, buildings, transport, agriculture, and industry sectors across 181 regions and model every third hour of a year. With this high spatio-temporal resolution, the model can capture bottlenecks in transmission networks, the variability of demand and renewable supply, as well as regional opportunities for the retrofitting of legacy gas infrastructure and the development of geological hydrogen storage. Our results show consistent system cost reductions with a pan-continental hydrogen network that connects regions with low-cost and abundant renewable potentials to demand centres, synthetic fuel production and cavern storage sites. Developing a hydrogen network reduces system costs by up to 26 billion Euros per year (3.4%), with the highest benefits when electricity grid reinforcements cannot be realised. Between 64% and 69% of this network could be built from repurposed natural gas pipelines. However, we find that hydrogen networks can only partially substitute for power grid expansion. While the expansion of both networks together can achieve the largest cost savings of 10%, the expansion of neither is truly essential as long as higher costs can be accepted and regulatory changes are made to manage grid bottlenecks.
During the first period of bringing the Soviet armed forces into the country, Soviet officers remained neutral in Lithuania for some time, however, they violated the Lithuanian border on the frontier, kidnapped our ordinary citizens and officials under the false pretext and tried to obtain information about the Lithuanian Armed Forces from them. After Germany had launched an attack on France, the situation changed and the behaviour of the Soviet military officers became more impudent; they used their deserters as a means of blackmail and pressure on Lithuania. Soviet military documents stored in the Lithuanian Special Archives show that it was on the third and the fourth of June, 1940 that the Soviet armed forces were started to be concentrated to occupy Lithuania. It becomes clear that the fate of the Lithuanian State was decided during the first days of June already. In the evening of 15 June, in the territory of Belarus, a new agreement signed on the deployment of the new Soviet military divisions established the occupation. The title of the reporting package of the Soviet documents Description of Combat Work of 3 Military Units and Divisions of the Armed Forces in the Baltics Campaign proves that this was a military operation of the Soviet Union – to occupy Lithuania and other Baltic countries. Utterances and statements of high-ranking Soviet officers claiming that Lithuania surrendered and accepted the ultimatum also confirm that. Instructions, prohibitions and orders issued by the Soviet military officers to the military of Lithuania, self-will and abuse of Soviet military disregarding all laws of Lithuania clearly show that the Soviet armed forces behaved as an occupying army.
The old historical wounds of Europe are century-old wounds like the “Northern Ireland conflict”, the Russia–Finland conflict, the Poland–Germany–Russia conflict, the long-lasting conflict between Ottomans, Hungary, and later, the Habsburg and the Russian Empire, but also the thousand-year-old religious borderline between Eastern and Western culture. Moreover, the first half of the 20th century in (the Christian) Europe is characterized by wars and genocide in a terrible, hitherto unknown dimension. About 10 million people died in World War I and about 50 million in World War II. Countries all over Europe like Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine were involved in these war-related events. Many unhealed mental wounds are still deeply rooted in the hearts of individuals and peoples. Unhealed wounds also remained concerning the genocides of the 20th century, like the Armenian genocide, the Holodomor in Ukraine, the Holocaust against Jews and Gypsies, the genocide against Tatars in the Crimean region. Finally, let us remember the million fold wounds that arose from the communist dictatorships. After World War II, we have to mention the wounds inflicted by many additional European conflicts like the ones between Azerbaijan and Armenia, Georgia and Russia, Ukraine and Russia, the Bosnia–Croatia–Serbia conflict regarding the dissolution of the old state of Yugoslavia, the conflict between Greeks and Turks regarding Northern Cyprus, the Moldova–Russia conflict regarding Transdniestria etc.
“The need for healing and reconciliation in our broken world cannot be overemphasized. The pain and burden of memories of ongoing, recent and past conflicts haunt and hamper normal life and progress. The process for ‘Healing of Memories’ is designed to advocate for, develop and promote healing of memories and other healing and reconciliation processes in Churches and faith communities, so as to strengthen their role as channels of hope, healing and reconciliation in our world today.”
This was part of the final message of the WCC “European Ecumenical and Interreligious Consultation on ´Healing of Memories’ on 4th-6th May 2010”, in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. On the one hand, the Bible leads us to peace and reconciliation, like in Prov 16:7 in the Old Testament: “When a man’s ways are pleasing to the Lord, he makes even his enemies to be at peace with him”, or in the new Testament, when in Cor 5:18, Paul says “All this is from God, who through Christ reconciled us to himself and gave us the ministry of reconciliation.” Moreover, the European Protestant, Orthodox, Anglican, and Catholic churches avowed in the Final Document of the Second European Ecumenical Assembly in Graz 1997: “The church communities must confess that throughout history they often showed themselves as a bad example for the Christian message of reconciliation and ´religions and churches became themselves part of the problem´.” Therefore, the European churches signed in their common Charta Oecumenica in chapter 3: “In the spirit of the Gospel, we must reappraise together the history of the Christian churches, which has been marked by many beneficial experiences, but also by schisms, hostilities and even armed conflicts.” There have been several church initiatives of reconciliation in Europe, like the Stuttgart Church Confession of Guilt, the reconciliation process between the Polish Ecumenical Council and the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Czechian and German church reconciliation process, the reconciliation process between the Church of Norway and the Sámi, the reconciliation process in Northern Ireland, the process called „Reconciliation in Europe between the Churches in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and Germany”, the Anglican–Orthodox Dialog, the Porvoo process between the Anglican and the Lutheran Churches, the Pro Oriente reconciliation process regarding the schism of the “Unions of Brest and Transylvania”. The “Healing of Memories” (HoM) process – originally developed in South Africa as a counselling methodology for the healing of personal emotional wounds after the apartheid – was further developed in South Eastern Europe on behalf of CPCE, CEC, and WCC into a process between cultures and religions. Healing of Memories between cultures and religions is a methodology to help overcome frozen history and “hi-stories” by putting emphasis on voices that were not heard, ignored or not acknowledged so far. According to its methodology, HoM is a “process of the generations” that implicates the three steps of “walking together through history”, “sharing the pain of others”, and “preparing the future together”. The HoM process between cultures and religions adds to the above “three historical steps” the previous step: “Interdisciplinary researching of the history of the nations, cultures and religions and/or communities.” For these HoM processes, special training courses have been developed in Romania in order to train facilitators, which have been recognised and adopted in the meantime as master courses at the universities of Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár, Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár, and Sibiu/Nagyszeben.
The history of the earliest transmission of Indian Buddhism to Tibet in the 7th– 8thcenturies is in essence the story of the transmission of its scriptures. Tibetan translations of Sanskrit texts from the early imperial period, along with manuscripts translated from the 11thcentury onwards, contributed to the formation of Buddhist scriptural collections. Today different versions of the Tibetan Kangyur survive in the interior and at the margins of the Tibetan cultural world. This Perspectives piece serves as a modest introduction to the illustrated Prajñāpāramitā manuscripts and handwritten Buddhist canons preserved in the Indian north-western Himalayas. Their further study will undoubtedly advance our knowledge of Ladakh’s cultural and religious heritage and offer critical insights in the formation of Tibetan canonical literature. The purpose of this overview is to highlight the results of initial findings, explain how they relate to existing knowledge, and raise important themes for additional enquiries.
Proper utilization of geothermal energy for power generation is still ignored in India even after having it's enough potential as much as the equivalent to the other nonconventional energy resources of the country. A major thrust is required in this field of technology. The source of geothermal energy is the decay of the radio-nuclei, such as Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium inside the Earth's crust apart from the primordial heat source. The noble gas 4He is also produced during the radioactive disintegration process. Therefore, measuring the amount of 4He gas generated in the terrestrial radioactive process along with some other geochemical parameters in an Indian geothermal reservoir, the potential of the reservoir can be evaluated without performing conventional and detailed geochemical & geophysical techniques. Mathematical calculations relating to the radioactive disintegration to estimate the geothermal potential of the Bakreswar geothermal area at eastern India utilizing the concept of the 4He exploration technique has been described here. The study showed that the heat energy generated by the radioactive decay of 238Th, 238U and 235U inside Bakreswar geothermal reservoir was evaluated as 38 MW only considering the He emanated from the Agni Kunda hot spring. In addition, the depth of the geothermal reservoir was also evaluated to be about 1,100 m using some geophysical characteristics of the reservoir at the study area. Furthermore, the suitable locations of deep drilling for the installation of the probable geothermal power plant are also identified by investigating the resistivity survey profile of the study area.
Power systems are undergoing a transformation toward a low-carbon non-synchronous generation portfolio. A major concern for system planners and operators is the system dynamics in the high renewable penetration future. Because of the scale of the system and numerous components involved, it is extremely difficult to develop high PV dynamic models based upon actual power system models. The main contribution of this paper is providing an example of developing high PV penetration models based on the validated dynamic model of an actual large-scale power grid - the U.S. Eastern Interconnection system. The displacement of conventional generators by PV is realized by optimization. Combining the PV distribution optimization and the validated dynamic model information, this approach avoids the uncertainties brought about by transmission planning. As the existing dynamic models can be validated by measurements, this approach improves the credibility of the high PV models in representing future power grids. This generic approach can be applied to develop high PV dynamic models for other actual large-scale systems.