Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Lale Diklitaş

Debates in the 1940s surrounding the state-sponsored translation into Turkish of a central orientalist reference work, the Encyclopaedia of Islam, gave marginalized ulema and their supporters the opportunity to (re)claim interpretive authority over Islam and to attain political influence. Through the publication of a rival encyclopaedia, the İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi, alongside a journal, the İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası (1940–1948), these ulema expressed their own claim to expertise and aimed to revive their scholarly and intellectual tradition in the face of representatives of the last generation of Ottoman ulema gradually passing away. For this purpose, they used several strategies on two levels, aimed firstly at asserting their own expertise and secondly at denying expertise to their rivals, the ‘orientalists and missionaries,’ such as invoking their own biographies and credentials, the complexity of their field, or their international impact on the one hand, and analysing methods, political aims, power dynamics and alleged neutrality and universalisms on the other hand. My case study demonstrates that the enactment of expertise always takes place within existing ideological debates and socio-political dynamics, as the ulema counteracted the ascription of expertise to orientalists to demand more resources, authority, and power for themselves in the long run.

Boris Filippov

Hayyam Celilzade

Bu makalenin konusunu Nurettin Topçu’nun felsefesi, sorunsalını ise onun kim(ler)den etkilendiği meselesi oluşturur. Nurettin Topçu’nun felsefesinde her ne kadar ahlâkî meseleler merkeze alınmış olsa da si­ya­setten dine, sanattan tarihe birçok alanda çalışmaları bulunur. Bina­ena­leyh ele aldığı her meselede insandan yola çıkar. Nurettin Top­çu’­ya göre insan, muhtaç olduğunu idrak ettiği an harekete başlar. İnsa­nın idrak etmesi ve harekete geçmesi onun iradeye sahip olduğunu gösterir. İnsan iradesinin hareket gayesi nedir? Nurettin Topçu’ya göre hareketin gayesi Tanrı’ya ulaşmaktır. Dolayısıyla Tanrı’ya ulaştırmayan hareket, insanı gerçek hedefe ulaştırmamış olur. Nurettin Topçu’nun kimlerden etkilendiğine dair yapılan araştırmalar onun Fransa’daki fel­se­fe eğitimini, Bergson, Blondel ve Massignon’un Nurettin Topçu üze­rin­deki etkilerini konu eder. İşbu etkileri irdelemekle başlayan çalış­ma­ların ulaştıkları neticeyse çoğunlukla şu yöndedir: Nurettin Topçu, Batı fel­sefesinden özellikle Bergson mistisizminden çok etkilenmiş, Blon­del’in “hareket düşüncesi” bütün felsefesine hâkim olmuş ve Mas­signon sayesinde sufileri tanımıştır. Nurettin Topçu’nun kim­(ler)­den etkilendiği sorunsalını merkeze alarak önce İslâm düşünce gele­nek­leriyle sonra ise hocalarının görüşleriyle onun görüşleri arasında mu­kayese yapacağım. Mukayesenin sonucuyla birlikte Nurettin Top­çu’nun hangi düşünce geleneğinin devamında konumlandırılabileceği sorusu da cevaplanmış olacak. Blondel’den asırlar önce hareket kav­ra­mı­nın geliştirildiği, Bergson’dan asırlar önce tasavvuf metafiziğinde sez­gi kavramının merkezi yer tuttuğu olgusu söz konusu çalışmalarda ya unutulur ya da es geçilir. Makalemizin temel tezi bu çalışmaların ek­sik ve hatalı olduğu yöndedir. Nurettin Topçu’nun felsefesinin temel kav­ramlarının analiziyle makaleyi bitireceğim.

Дамир Мухетдинов

Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению дискуссионных воп­ро­сов взаимоотношений Мухаммада Али Мирзы (Александра Ка­симовича) Казем-Бека (1802–1870) и Хусаина Фаизханова (1823–1866), к которым относится вопрос о времени начала их зна­комства и вопрос о степени глубины их контактов. Известные ис­точники, из которых можно извлечь какие-либо сведения об этом, ограничены и давно привлечены исследователями. В дан­ной ра­боте обращено особое внимание на архивные документы, пред­ставляющие собой рукописи, которые были переписаны Х. Фаизхановым в связи с его сотрудничеством с Императорской Ака­демией наук в Санкт-Петербурге. Также значительное вни­ма­ние уделено вопросам хронологии казанского периода жизни Х. Фаиз­ханова, которую можно реконструировать, исходя из со­во­куп­ности всех данных. Обобщение материала позволяет опро­верг­нуть некоторые выдвигавшиеся ранее предположения о роли Шихабутдина Марджани (1818–1889) в становлении контактов меж­ду М.А. Казембеком и Х. Фаизхановым, поскольку этот ва­риант не соответствует формальной хронологии в биографии каж­дого из упомянутых деятелей. Кроме того, имеющиеся сведения о взаимоотношениях М.А. Казембека с Х. Фаизхановым позволяют нас­таивать на предположении, что именно М.А. Казембек спо­соб­ствовал решению Х. Фаизханова на переезд из Казани в Санкт-Петербург с тем, чтобы начать сотрудничество с Императорской Ака­демией наук, что, следовательно, также опровергает ранее выд­вигавшуюся гипотезу о том, что переезд Х. Фаизханова в сто­лицу Российской империи был связан с предстоящим открытием Фак­ультета восточных языков в Санкт-Петербургском Импе­ра­тор­ском университете.

Irem Islek, Sule Gunduz Oguducu

Recommendation systems can provide accurate recommendations by analyzing user shopping history. A richer user history results in more accurate recommendations. However, in real applications, users prefer e-commerce platforms where the item they seek is at the lowest price. In other words, most users shop from multiple e-commerce platforms simultaneously; different parts of the user's shopping history are shared between different e-commerce platforms. Consequently, we assume in this study that any e-commerce platform has a complete record of the user's history but can only access some parts of it. If a recommendation system is able to predict the missing parts first and enrich the user's shopping history properly, it will be possible to recommend the next item more accurately. Our recommendation system leverages user shopping history to improve prediction accuracy. The proposed approach shows significant improvements in both NDCG@10 and HR@10.

Corinna Del Bianco

Historic centres globally are facing issues they have never encountered before, such as climate change and, for some, mass tourism. Over time, the relationship between nature and culture is one of conflict, with nature seen as a threat to the conservation of tangible heritage; at the same time, tourism has upset the reality of historic centres, compromising their fruition for both residents and tourists. In this context of great changes, the public space role of historic centres has been overturned. These public spaces, conceived as a set of elements that make up the urban scene and represent the identity of a community, have already changed significantly; on the one hand, they must respond to the needs of users who are mainly tourists and who arrive in larger numbers than originally envisaged, while on the other hand, they are experiencing the effects of climate change, with rising temperatures, heat islands, variations in the distribution and consistency of rainfall, and other site-specific issues. Historic centres and culture can contribute to sustainable development goals, and conservation plays an important role in creating projects in synergistic relationships with the natural environment. Following an overview of the themes and current literature on tourism in historic centres and on experiences with nature-based solutions applied to conservation, this paper reports two positive instances of conservation and the regeneration of public space in the UNESCO Historic Centre of Florence, which were aimed at responding to the critical issues of the area and to enhancing its historic urban landscape.

Joern Ploennigs, Markus Berger

Recent generative AI platforms are able to create texts or impressive images from simple text prompts. This makes them powerful tools for summarizing knowledge about architectural history or deriving new creative work in early design tasks like ideation, sketching and modelling. But, how good is the understanding of the generative AI models of the history of architecture? Has it learned to properly distinguish styles, or is it hallucinating information? In this chapter, we investigate this question for generative AI platforms for text and image generation for different architectural styles, to understand the capabilities and boundaries of knowledge of those tools. We also analyze how they are already being used by analyzing a data set of 101 million Midjourney queries to see if and how practitioners are already querying for specific architectural concepts.

Nejc Krevs

The article outlines the importance of Judaism for the existence and development of the ideology of Zionism, which played a key role in the creation of modern state of Israel. The Jewish national movement was based on the direct relationship between nation, religion and land. Without Judaism, such a vivid political involvement of the Zionists would not have been possible. They initially developed their ideas in Europe, and in 1948, their dreams came true in the land of Zion and Jerusalem. The article also presents the political influence of religious orthodox parties in Israel. These have strong power, especially the following two parties: UTJ (United Torah Judaism) and Shas. They are both parties of Orthodox Jews from different political background, but always with desire to participate in the right wing government, which in recent years has been led by the Prime Minister and leader of party Likud, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu. By shedding light on the influence of religious parties, the paper also indicates the wide socio-political significance of Orthodox Jews in Israel. Their number is increasing year by year, which also affects the balance of power in the 120-member parliament, the Knesset.

Asuncion Fresnoza-Flot

The Thai migration to Belgium is numerically a woman-led phenomenon, which has captured social attention for the last decades. This attention entails stereotypes about Thai migrant women as ‘workers’ in the intimate industry and/or ‘exotic wives’ of Belgian men. To challenge these stereotypes, the present paper explores the often-ignored dimension of Thai women’s sociality. Specifically, it examines the transmission dynamics occurring in their Buddhist social spaces, which shape and reinforce their sense of belonging. To do so, it draws from ethnographic fieldwork with Thai migrant women and key social actors within the Thai population in the country. Data analysis unveils that these women engage in multiform modes of transmission in their Buddhist social spaces. First, they transmit good deeds from the material world to the spiritual realm through merit-making practices and by seeking spiritual guidance in the temple. Second, they pass their socio-cultural ways of belonging to their children by engaging in different socializing activities. And third, they involve themselves in sharing religious faith, material symbols, and tastes described as part of Thai culture. Through this multiform transmission, Thai migrant women confront in subtle ways the common-held views about them at the intersection of their various identities as spouses, mothers, citizens, and Buddhist devotees.

mostafa chamani moghadam, mohamad nabi salim, mirzamohamd hasani

The growth of capitalist relations in the 19th century and the effects of the growth of socialism led to a shift in women's social status, women's participation, and the rise of feminism in the West. A movement that led to the unification of women around the world and the struggle for equal rights with men. In the 20th century, the use of women force by communist and fascist regimes, along with the growing nationalist tendencies, increased the scope of women's activism in developing societies influenced by relations with the West, such as Iran. As a result, at the same time as the constitutional movement, Iranian women, in an effort to gain a share of their social rights, took steps that had already been seen in the process of the European women's movement. From 1285 to 1342, the spread of modernist and Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question of how nationalism in contemmovement and what is the relationship between nationalism and women's rights? The research findings show that nationalism and anti-colonial and anti-authoritarian actions paved the way for women to enter society, and despite the nationalists' enjoyment of women's participation and the affirmation of their social and political freedom, the rights that women demanded; They were not granted, and this led the women's movement to pursue other methods of obtaining their rights. Other legal and socio-cultural practices that have kept Iranian women dynamic in the current century.

Zhuo Xu, Masayoshi Tomizuka

In this extended abstract, we investigate the design of learning representation for human intention inference. In our designed human intention prediction task, we propose a history encoding representation that is both interpretable and effective for prediction. Through extensive experiments, we show our prediction framework with a history encoding representation design is successful on the human intention prediction problem.

abdolah safarzaie

The English after arriving in India at the beginning of the seventeenth century, gradually took control of the Indian subcontinent and colonized it.They undertook several civil works in this land for complete control and easier control of India, the most important of which was the construction of the railway. As the rivalry between the European colonial powers continued and intensified, and then the start of the First World War and numerous arrangements in the eastern regions of Iran and the territories leading to India, the British began their civil works in the regions. They extended east and southeast of Iran. One of the British measures in this regard was the construction of a railway from Kuwait to Noshki and then from Noshki to Mirjavah and Dozdab in the early twentieth century. The causes and factors that forced Britain to build this railway, and how to build this railway and its consequences, are the most important issues. No independent research has been done on this issue so far. The purpose of this article is to explain the purpose of the British construction of this railway and how it was built and its consequences. This writing has been done using library sources, oral history, historical documents, travelogues, and especially the confidential reports of the British Consulate in Sistan and Baluchestan, in a historical-descriptive-analytical manner

Elnura Azizova

Ülke ve toplumların siyasî tarihinden daha az olmayan önemle onların sosyo-kültürel tarihinin araştırılmasında, kültürel tarih malzemesi bakımından en zengin kaynaklardan sayılan seyahatnameler, hatıratlar ve günlükler günümüz tarih araştırmacılarının zorunlu kaynakları arasındadır. Fakat siyasî tarih yazıcılığında başvurulan birinci el kaynak eserlerin yazarları kadar, seyahatname ve günlük sahiplerinin de kimliğinin önem taşıdığı bir gerçektir. Tarihi süreç içerisinde çeşitli dini ve etnik kimliklere ev sahipliği yapan Osmanlı Devleti’nin son çeyreğinde iç ve dış politikasında önemli bir konuya çevrilmiş Ermeni sorunu bağlamında yabancı seyyahların kayıtlarına yaklaşımla ilgili konu daha da hassasiyet kazanmaktadır. Müslüman Osmanlı’da gayr-i müslim tebaanın çoğunluğunu oluşturan Hıristiyanların içinde bulundukları siyasî, kültürel ve dinî durum, asırlar boyu Hıristiyanlığın hamisi vasfıyla Avrupalı dindaşları için önem arz etmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru çoğunlukla dış güçlerin kışkırtması sonucu vuku bulan Ermeni ayaklanmaları dolayısıyla yabancı diplomat ve seyyahların konuya olan ilgisi daha da artmıştır. Bu makalede Birleşik Krallığın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda tarihinin en ağır yenilgilerinden birini yaşadığı, 29 Nisan 1916 yılında Bağdat yakınlığında vuku bulan Kûtu’l-Amâre savaşı sonrası esir düşmüş İngiliz askerlerin günlük ve hatıratlarında Osmanlı tebaası olarak Ermenilerin politik, sosyal ve kültürel durumuyla ilgili veriler değerlendirilmektedir. Charles Towshend’in My Campaign, Barber’in Besieged in Kut and After, Bishop’un A Kut Prisoner, Sandes’in In Kut and Captivity with the Sixth Indian Division, Mousley’in The Secrets of a Kuttite isimli hatıratı araştırmanın başlıca kaynaklarını oluşturacaktır.

Olga Izotova

This article analyses various aspects of the patriarch’s ministry in the corpus of letters of St. Theodore the Studite. St. Theodore’s statements about the pope and the four eastern patriarchs are studied in the light of various opinions of scholars as to the role of St. Theodore in approving the primacy of the Roman see and the system of the pentarchy. Attitude to St. Theodore, as a defender of the primacy of Rome, turns out to be insuffi ciently grounded, since neither the addresses to popes in the preambles of the letters, nor the magnifi cent praises to them, look unique if one compares them both with the addresses to the other four patriarchs by St. Theodore and the traditional addresses to patriarchs in Byzantine epistolography in general. Special attention which St. Theodore the Studite pays to the Roman and Jerusalem patriarchs also fi nds its explanation in the historical context of the period. It is just from these hierarchs that St. Theodore could expect real help facing persecution by the iconoclast emperors. The doctrine of St. Theodore about the “fi ve-headed (????????????) body of the Church” implies the special role of the patriarchs as heirs of the apostles in resolving issues of faith. The ministry of the patriarch is fundamentally diff erent from the ministry of an ordinary bishop, which is understood by St. Theodore primarily in relation to his congregation and in terms of following the canons. Correction of a patriarch who has fallen into heresy is possible only by his equals and is not subject to the will of the emperor or of all Orthodox emperors. The assembly of patriarchs, the fi ve heads of the body of the church, is independent from emperors and from those whose subjects they are in the earthly dimension. The existence of this assembly does ensure the preservation of the dogmata of the faith.

Jan Brunson, Suman Raj Tamrakar

Elena Shushkanova

This article studies a general state of rural parishes in Russia with Enisei diocese of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries as an example. The research draws on previously unpublished archival documents and materials from repositories of the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Region. The aim of the research is to broaden the range of problems in determining the nature of the revolutionary crisis of 1917 and its consequences. The author of the article supposes that the origins of the revolution were associated, among other factors, with the spiritual state of the rural population, which can be assessed from the viewpoint of the study of parish church life. The article analyses the participation of farmers in church services, religious processions, their observation of church holidays, participation in parish life as well as other indicators of religiosity. Facts provide evidence that the level of religiosity in rural areas was decreasing. The question about the extent to which clergy could resist the danger of tumults in the state is answered drawing on the analysis of standards of life of parish priests. The article looks at their quality of life, which did not correspond properly to their social status. Special attention is paid to relations between rural population and rural clergy. According to the study, there were many problems in the life of the Orthodox parish before the February Revolution which were never solved by authoroties. It is not a pure coincidence that not only farmers but a sizeable proportion of clergy supported the revolution of 1917 and the overthrow of monarchy in Russia.

Wei-Ming Dai, Yin-Zhe Ma, Zong-Kuan Guo et al.

We investigate the constraints on the reionization history of the Universe from a joint analysis of the cosmic microwave background and neutral hydrogen fraction data. The $\tanh$ parametrization and principal component analysis methods are applied to the reionization history respectively. The commonly used $\tanh$ parametrization is oversimplistic when the neutral hydrogen fraction data are taken into account. Using the principal component analysis method, the reconstructed reionization history is consistent with the neutral hydrogen fraction data. With the principal component analysis method, we reconstruct the neutral hydrogen fraction at $z=9.75$ as $x_{\text{HI}}=0.69^{+0.30}_{-0.32}$ for $6<z<20$ range reconstruction, and $x_{\text{HI}}=0.76^{+0.22}_{-0.27}$ for $6<z<30$ range reconstruction. These results suggest that the Universe began to reionize at redshift no later than $z=10$ at a $95\%$ confidence level.

مرتضی ابراهیمی, سهیلا ترابی فارسانی

Conrtol and regulation of urban markets have been among the areas that government put their influence at the area of Reza Shah. He used different tools to regulate the market. One of these was 'Baladieh'. A newborn organization which was used in the area of pahlavid I as a tool to repair society and was an important element. One of the functions of Baladiyeh was regulating the market and preventing from famine and shortage of basic goods. As such, Baladiyeh developed the physical aspect of Bazar and took control of some of ies elements. In so doing, it also prevented from blocking the pass ways, controlled the health system of Bazar and most notably regulated the selling of basic goods such as bread and meat. Baladiyeh had some people who opposed it while some others favored it and asked for more control.     This descriptive-analytical study strives to use the documents and newspapers from first pahlavi period. The aim of the study is to examine the activities of the new born Baladiyeh in relation to production and distribution of basic goods as well as the regulation of the market. It also aims to answer what modifications were made in the people life by Baladiyeh activities? To answer this question, clear tasks of Baladiyeh are reported and then its functions in controlling the basic goods of people are studied. Finally, complaints of people are examined and the results of Baladiyeh performance are reported.

Mehmet Çalışkan

Medinedöneminin dokuzuncu yılında indiği kabul edilen Hucurât suresi, iman ve ahlâkbağlamında sosyal ilişkilerin anlatıldığı özel bir muhteviyata sahiptir.Hicretle başlayan Medine dönemi, İslâm toplumunun ilk defa devlet olaraksahneye çıkış dönemidir. Medine islam devlet, evrensel adalet ve ahlak ilkeleriüzerine inşa edilmiştir. İlahi vahyin himayesinde oluşturulan bu devletintemelinde, takva bulunmaktadır. Sûrede sosyolojik, psikolojik ve ahlaki yöndenyapılan karakter tahlilleri, bir toplumun gerek olaylar gerekse birbirine karşınasıl bir tavır içerisinde bulunmaları gerektiğine dair önemli ilkeleriçermektedir. Takva kavramının çalışmamıza başlık yapılmasının sebebi, sureninilk ayetinin sonunda bu lafza işaret etmiş olması ve suredeki diğer ayetlerinde bu esas üzerine bina edilmesinden dolayıdır.

Norbert Mette