Hasil untuk "History"

I. Lakatos

G. Irwin, A. Hopkins

This is the standard account of the economic history of the vast area conventionally known as West Africa. Ranging from prehistoric time to independence it covers the former French as well as British colonies.

D. Reznick, J. Endler

S. Sutera, R. Skalak

J. Klein

P. Fine

R. Takaki

J. Avise

Mitochondrial (mt) DNA data on the comparative phylogeographic patterns of 19 species of freshwater, coastal, and marine species in the southeastern U.S.A. are reviewed. Nearly all assayed species exhibit extensive mtDNA polymorphism, although still orders-of-magnitude less than predicted under neutrally theory if evolutionary effective population sizes of females are similar to current census sizes. In both the freshwater and marine realms, deep and geographically concordant forks in intraspecific mtDNA phylogenies commonly distinguish regional populations in the Atlantic versus Gulf Coast areas. These concordant phylogeographic patterns among independently evolving species provide evidence of similar vicariant histories of population separation, and can be related tentatively to episodic changes in environmental conditions during the Pleistocene

Natalie Coulter

D. Lacapra

Peter E. Rossi, R. McCulloch, Greg M. Allenby

Helmut Wautischer

Lev Semënovič Vygotskij, R. Rieber

Christopher Ocker

This forum contribution voices its appreciation for the journal's original inspiration as a platform for the social history of religions. It suggests that theology, rather than standing opposite to JBR's project, should be a part of it, under specific terms and conditions.

A. Cox, C. Der

R. Holman, J. Stanley

MARTIN JAY

ABSTRACT Appealing to history, rather than to God, to provide an ultimate judgment about human actions can have a justificatory or consolatory function. The former grants proleptic absolution for acts that may be morally dubious because of their benign consequences, while the latter enables victims in the present to gain a measure of relief by imagining they will be honored by posterity. In both cases, problematic assumptions about “history” and “judgment” call into question the belief that future generations will vindicate present‐day struggles. The first of these assumptions is that “history” conveys worth by what might be called “victors’ justice,” in which success proves that the winner was morally superior. The second is that “history” is an impersonal process that can be recounted in a single metanarrative rather than an ongoing series of different narratives that are themselves variable depending on who is doing the narrating. When “history” means the community of historians who recount and analyze the past, there is rarely, if ever, a grand consensus agreed upon by all. Finally, whereas the judgment of God is assumed to be qualitative and individualized, and thus perfect for each case, human judgment depends either on deontological rules, which may not be universal, or on analogies that are only roughly equivalent. In either case, the judgment can never transcend the fallibilities of those doing the judging and approach the perfection of a divine Last Judgment. Perhaps the most plausible version of “history will judge” is the realization that we are judged in the present by the still admirable aspirations of the past, which have yet to be realized.

Qide Jin, Yeping Wang, Kun Zhang et al.

Abstract Daphnia can avoid predation by sensing fish kairomones and producing inducible defenses by altering the phenotype. In this study, the results showed that the morphological and life‐history strategies of two Daphnia species (Daphnia pulex and Daphnia sinensis) exposed to Aristichthys nobilis kairomones. In the presence of fish kairomones, the two Daphnia species exhibited significantly smaller body length at maturity, smaller body length of offspring at the 10th instar, and longer relative tail spine of offspring. Nevertheless, other morphological and life‐history traits of the two Daphnia species differed. D. pulex showed a significantly longer relative tail spine length and earlier age at maturity after exposure to fish kairomones. The total offspring number of D. sinensis exposed to fish kairomones was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas that of D. pulex was significantly lower. These results suggest that the two Daphnia species have different inducible defense strategies (e.g., morphological and life‐history traits) during prolonged exposure to A. nobilis kairomones, and their offspring also develop morphological defenses to avoid predation. It will provide reference for further exploring the adaptive evolution of Daphnia morphology and life‐history traits in the presence of planktivorous fish.

Algirdas Toliatas

Įžangos žodis

Merrick Anderson

Abstract This introduction offers a preliminary discussion of the place of εὐδαιμονία in ancient Greek philosophy and further discusses the author’s choice to translate this Greek word with the English term ‘prospering.’ The introduction concludes with a chapter-by-chapter summary of the argument to follow.