Enhancing carbon emission efficiency is a critical pathway for advancing global climate governance and achieving the “Dual Carbon” goals. Precisely mapping the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of carbon emission efficiency in urban agglomerations and thoroughly analyzing the underlying driving mechanisms are of paramount importance for optimizing the nation’s overall carbon neutrality pathway. This study examines 26 cities within the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2005 to 2023. Employing methods such as the Super-EBM model, exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis, and the Tobit model, it delves into the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emission efficiency and its influencing factors. Key findings include: (1) Overall carbon emission efficiency remained stable at approximately 0.85 during the study period, with minor fluctuations. (2) Significant spatial disparities in carbon emission efficiency emerged, exhibiting gradually increasing convergence. (3) Local spatial structures of carbon emission efficiency were relatively dynamic yet demonstrated strong spatial dependence, while overall spatial structures remained stable with pronounced spatial cohesion. (4) Urbanization level, economic development level, population density, degree of openness, and technological innovation have a significant impact on improving carbon emission efficiencye, whereas industrial structure and environmental regulation showed no significant promotional impact.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a major atmospheric pollutant with adverse health effects on humans. Moreover, CO can indirectly prolong the lifetime of methane and contribute to global warming. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution of CO emissions is crucial for designing much-needed strategies to control this pollutant. In this work, a hybrid Weather Research & Forecasting–stochastic time-inverted Lagrangian transport (WRF-STILT)–Bayesian inversion framework was constructed to correct CO emissions over the Greater Bay Area (GBA) for February 2019 and February 2020. After adjusting CO emissions, the average root mean squared error (RMSE), normalized mean error (NME), and correlation coefficient (R) for the simulated CO concentrations in February 2019 and 2020 changed from 0.31 ppm to 0.12 ppm (a 61% reduction), 0.35 to 0.13 (a 63% reduction), and 0.47 to 0.87 (an 85% increase), respectively. The updated CO emissions were then used as input for the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), a Eulerian model, to further validate the method. The results again indicated that the simulation performance was improved substantially, with a 58% increase in the average R value, a 62% reduction in the RMSE, and a 68% reduction in the NME. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed method in correcting CO emissions. According to the updated emission data, CO emissions over the GBA during the Spring Festival and the COVID-19 lockdown period were 8.3% and 19.6% lower than during normal periods, respectively. These results highlight the importance of accounting for such atypical events in emission estimation and air quality modeling. Analysis of the source areas contributing to CO concentrations in population centers of major GBA cities showed that the average contributions from local emissions and emissions from other GBA cities were 45.5% and 38.8%, respectively. The method developed in this work can be further used for CO adjustment in other regions and contribute to a deeper understanding of the characteristics of this important pollutant.
Environmental sciences, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Sasha T. Manso González, Rocío C. Gambaro, Analía I. Seoane
et al.
Las células cancerígenas están muy adaptadas y suelen ser resistentes a los agentes antitumorales, lo cual impedimenta una terapia efectiva contra el cáncer. Sin embargo, en estas células se encuentran factores que pueden modificar la respuesta al tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Resultados previos, obtenidos en células tumorales HeLa, demostraron que el ácido fólico (AF) combinado con el carboplatino (CBP) permitía bajar la dosis de CBP utilizada y aumentar la actividad del compuesto platinado. En este sentido, es imprescindible evaluar los efectos de dicho tratamiento en las células sanas. Por este motivo, se analizó el efecto del tratamiento combinado de AF y CBP in vitro sobre la viabilidad celular (ensayo MTT) utilizando sangre periférica de mujeres sanas. Los cultivos se realizaron por 48 horas a 37°C, durante las últimas 24 horas se efectuaron los tratamientos: 1. control negativo (CN); 2. control AF (900 nM); 3. control CBP (40,4 mM); 4. control de manitol (ML 40,4 mM); 5. combinado AF-CBP (900 nM-40,4 mM); 6. combinado AF-ML (900 nM-40,4 mM); 7. control positivo (CP etanol 10%). Los cultivos que recibieron la combinación AF-CBP presentaron una viabilidad similar a la observada para el CN. Por el contrario, en los cultivos que recibieron el tratamiento sólo con CBP la viabilidad disminuyó de manera estadísticamente significativa respecto de dicho control. Estos hallazgos podrían resultar un aporte explorando el uso del AF en protocolos basados en agentes platinados, con el fin de reducir las dosis en el tratamiento de pacientes y la aparición de efectos secundarios.
Laughter Closed up in Horror: The Case of the Hungarian Ballad about a Walled-up Woman
The paper is dedicated to a paradox. By approaching the topic of violence, I am actually trying to answer the question of whether and how it is possible to combine it with laughter. I was inspired to adopt this perspective by research on the different types of humorous recycling of one of the most popular works of Hungarian folk literature, the ballad Kőmives Kelemenné [Kelemen Mason’s Wife], which is a story of men’s violence against a woman: the walling-up of the master mason’s wife so that the husband and his team could build a durable castle and receive the agreed payment for their work. The article is based on a rich material base, including both short lexical jokes and longer satires and humorous sketches that have been produced in Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to written texts, it refers to humorous drawings published in newspapers and magazines and to versions of the ballad that are present in the internet space. Based on theoretical works by, among others, S. Freud, V. Raskin, R. A. Martin, it seeks an answer to the question of the image of Hungarian society that the analysed materials reflect.
Humor zamknięty w horrorze. Przypadek węgierskiej ballady o zamurowanej kobiecie
Artykuł poświęcony jest pewnemu paradoksowi. Podejmując temat przemocy, w istocie próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy i jaki sposób jest możliwe jej połączenie ze śmiechem. Do przyjęcia takiej perspektywy skłaniają badania nad różnymi rodzajami humorystycznego recyklingu jednego z najpopularniejszych utworów węgierskiej literatury ludowej – ballady Kőmives Kelemenné [Żona Kelemena Murarza]. Ballada opowiada o zamurowaniu żony mistrza murarskiego, aby mąż i jego współpracownicy mogli zbudować trwały zamek i otrzymać wysoką zapłatę za swoją pracę. Artykuł opiera się na bogatej bazie materiałowej, obejmującej zarówno krótkie żarty leksykalne, jak i dłuższe satyry i humorystyczne skecze, które powstawały na Węgrzech od początku XX wieku do czasów współczesnych. Oprócz tekstów pisanych odwołuje się do humorystycznych rysunków publikowanych w gazetach i czasopismach oraz do wersji ballady obecnych w przestrzeni internetowej. Biorąc za podstawę prace teoretyczne m.in. S. Freuda, V. Raskina, R. A. Martina, autor poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie o obraz społeczeństwa węgierskiego, jaki odzwierciedlają analizowane materiały.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Pablo Virgolino Freitas, João Henrique Macedo Sá, Tales Abreu Tavares de Sousa
et al.
O saneamento básico é crucial para uma vida saudável e sustentável, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde o esgotamento sanitário e o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, como os pneus inservíveis, são desafios. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de pesquisa de natureza aplicada, com a implantação inovadora e de baixo custo, de um sistema individual de tratamento de esgoto sanitário residencial que utiliza pneus inservíveis (TIRE-ATS) em substituição às paredes de alvenaria. O estudo foi dividido em quatro fases: (I) levantamento de dados locais e seleção de uma residência-piloto; (II) concepção e dimensionamento do sistema; (III) implantação do sistema; e (IV) análise das vantagens financeira e ambiental. O município estudado apresenta sérias deficiências em relação aos pneus inservíveis, como a não aplicação da logística reversa, a queima desses resíduos em área de lixões, e a inexistência de esgotamento sanitário. O sistema provou ser eficaz, demandando 18 pneus inservíveis em sua construção, o que retiraria 64.782 pneus do meio ambiente para o beneficiamento de um bairro, fomentando a economia verde, com unidades seguras, de alta durabilidade e estanque. A vantagem financeira do TIRE-ATS em relação ao sistema de alvenaria foi de 18%, bastante atraente para a população local que, em sua maioria, é carente. A sustentabilidade do reaproveitamento de pneus representa uma vantagem ambiental notável, avançando em direção aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Organização das Nações Unidas.
Ansley J. Brown, Allan A. Andales, Timothy K. Gates
Abstract The global extent of salt‐affected agricultural land, 20% of which is deemed gypsiferous, results in billions of dollars of annual economic loss, a serious problem deserving of attention. However, the analysis of gypsiferous saline soils, such as in the irrigated Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) of Colorado, can result in an inflated estimation of soil salinity when using the traditional soil saturated paste extract electrical conductivity (ECe), leading to inaccurate crop yield loss predictions and misguided decisions for remediation. Sparingly soluble gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) in these soils dissolves more readily during laboratory preparation of saturated paste extracts because of excess soil water dilution coupled with sample disturbance. We present a pragmatic linear‐regression approach to correct for this phenomenon, calibrated using two adapted methods for correcting ECe on an individual sample basis. The novel approach used electrical conductivity of pore water samples from saline fields to evaluate the accuracy of the correction methods. The approach was applied on soil samples from two surface‐irrigated, saline fields in the LARV, which were mapped using electromagnetic induction data and analysis of covariance linear regression, calibrated for ECe and ECe corrected for excess gypsum dissoultion (ECeg). Average ECeg values are as much as 26% lower than uncorrected ECe in gypsum‐biased portions of the fields. Estimation of corn salinity hazard in these gypsum‐affected areas using ECeg in lieu of ECe in a traditional yield response function generated mean relative yield values that are higher by up to 13 percentage points. We discuss lessons learned and suggest enhancements to the techniques.
Allotment gardens are an ideal place to analyse the links between plant diversity and social diversity. This study aims to characterise the cultivated and spontaneous plant diversity of allotments and to analyse its links with the socio-demographic characteristics of the gardeners. On the basis of data from 150 allotment garden plots in two cities in the Loire region, we first analyse the complex interweaving of spaces and actors in allotment gardens and describe the socio-demographic diversity of gardeners. We then show the contrast between the high diversity of cultivated plants and the limited diversity of spontaneous flora and micro-habitats in the plots, and identify the effects of gender, social background, residential situation and rural or urban origin of gardeners on plant diversity. The responsibility of the gardening norms transmitted by the managers and the uniqueness of the food function of these spaces is underlined.
<p>Determining the sources of water provisioning streams, soils, and vegetation can provide important insights into the water that sustains critical ecosystem functions now and how those functions may be expected to respond given projected changes in the global hydrologic cycle. We developed multi-year time series of water isotope ratios (<span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup></span>O and <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>2</sup></span>H) based on twice-monthly collections of precipitation, lysimeter, and tree branch xylem waters from a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest in the southeastern Andes mountains of Peru. We then used this information to determine indices of the seasonal origins, the young water fractions (<span class="inline-formula"><i>F</i><sub>yw</sub></span>), and the new water fractions (<span class="inline-formula"><i>F</i><sub>new</sub></span>) of soil, stream, and tree water. There was no evidence for intra-annual variation in the seasonal origins of stream water and lysimeter water from 1 m depth, both of which were predominantly comprised of wet-season precipitation even during the dry seasons. However, branch xylem waters demonstrated an intra-annual shift in seasonal origin: xylem waters were comprised of wet-season precipitation during the wet season and dry-season precipitation during the dry season. The young water fractions of lysimeter (<span class="inline-formula"><</span> 15 %) and stream (5 %) waters were lower than the young water fraction (37 %) in branch xylem waters. The new water fraction (an indicator of water <span class="inline-formula">≤</span> 2 weeks old in this study) was estimated to be 12 % for branch xylem waters, while there was no significant evidence for new water in stream or lysimeter waters from 1 m depth. Our results indicate that the source of water for trees in this system varied seasonally, such that recent precipitation may be more immediately taken up by shallow tree roots. In comparison, the source of water for soils and streams did not vary seasonally, such that precipitation may mix and reside in soils and take longer to transit into the stream. Our insights into the seasonal origins and ages of water in soils, streams, and vegetation in this humid tropical montane cloud forest add to understanding of the mechanisms that govern the partitioning of water moving through different ecosystems.</p>
Áron Horváth, Eszter Ferentzi, Kristóf Schwartz
et al.
Background: Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual's ability to perceive proprioceptive information, that is, the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system, which originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors located in the skin. Proprioceptive accuracy appears to be an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning; however, no widely accepted standard assessment exists. In this systematic review, our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy. Methods: A literature search was conducted in 5 different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink). Results: Overall, 1139 scientific papers reporting 1346 methods were included in this review. The methods assess 8 different aspects of proprioception: (a) the perception of joint position, (b) movement and movement extent, (c) trajectory, (d) velocity, and the sense of (e) force, (f) muscle tension, (g) weight, and (h) size. They apply various paradigms of psychophysics (i.e., the method of adjustment, constant stimuli, and limits). Conclusion: As the outcomes of different tasks with respect to various body parts show no associations (i.e., proprioceptive accuracy is characterized by site-specificity and method-specificity), the appropriate measurement method for the task needs to be chosen based on theoretical considerations and/or ecological validity.
Asfoor H.M.A., AL-Jandeel A.A.T., Igorevich K.K.
et al.
There are many heritage residential neighborhoods in Baghdad some of them belong more than thousand years because this city is taken the important cultural and social place for hundreds years. In last decades, the issue of preserving, rehabilitating and investing heritage residential neighborhoods has received increasing attention at all political, cultural and academic studies. The biggest problem that prevent the developing design in these places are the historical privacy, the weakness in the structures, the high cost because the rehabilitation and maintenance require the high and special skills experiences. Because of the historical and cultural value and what it represents a wealth of all humanity, the studies and researches that studied these subjects avoided the wading in make bold decisions to get the new design of these places , but limited their interest to the study of job investment in those neighborhoods in particular. In addition to, the role of maintenance and rehabilitation operations in supporting this investment, and from the reality of the shortcomings in the study of economic investment policies in dealing with these neighborhoods and the mechanism of protecting them. The importance comes of studying the maintenance and investment policies of these neighborhoods.
Zofia Pietrzak, Martyna Stefaniak, Piotr Dzikowski
et al.
Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the nervous system, characterized by the occurrence of recurrent and unprovoked seizures, which are an expression of abnormal brain activity associated with sudden and excessive bioelectric discharges. Partial seizures come from specific areas of the brain. They can run with motor, autonomic, sensory, and psychological symptoms. Currently, new active substances are sought that can be used in the treatment of drug-resistant partial seizures.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cenobamate in the treatment of patients with uncontrolled, partial seizures. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases. In order to find the proper publications, the search has been conducted with the use of a combination of keywords like: “cenobamate”, “focal seizures”, “cenobamate in epilepsy”. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 10 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.
Studies have shown that treatment with cenobamate significantly improved seizure control in adults with uncontrolled focal seizures. Long-term use of cenobamate is safe and well-tolerated by patients. Most adverse events are mild or moderate.
This paper aims to highlight some issues, challenges and trends caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the drug scene and the system of drug prevention in Ukraine. This article is based on the official statistics, available qualitative and quantitative studies conducted by the Institute for Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Ukrainian National Focal Point), the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Ukrainian researchers. Of course, some studies are not representative of the general population; however, they give some information on the drug scene in Ukraine during the pandemic. The data used in the article were collected mainly in 2019–2020. Every actor on the drug scene had to adapt to the new reality caused by anti-pandemic measures. Drug sellers proposed “stable work” during lockdown; drug dealers dropped ordered substances closer to the customer’s place. At the same time, OST facilities implemented home-treatment, and many private facilities appeared. OST patients misused methadone and sold it on the illicit market, while drug users started to find substitutes of their main drug and notably increased drug-related deaths.
PURPOSE This study comprehensively compared the perception and interaction of player–coach in the development of mental toughness in soccer. METHODS Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews from 12 participants (6 athletes and 6 coaches), analyzed using the grounded theory by Strauss and Corbin, and they were compared to the group of athletes and coaches, respectively. RESULTS The following results were obtained: (1) Both athletes and coaches recognized that the experience of coping with the pressure present in competition was a central phenomenon in the development of mental toughness. (2) Regarding the situation and condition that lead to coping with pressure, the athletes emphasized the individual's goal orientation in the context of competitive situations and environmental conditions, while the coaches emphasized the athletic attitude toward competition and development in childhood. (3) The athlete–coach interaction was identified as an intervening condition affecting the experience of coping with pressure. (4) As the action–reaction strategy for the development of mental toughness, the optimistic thinking was emphasized for athlete and achievement-oriented thinking for coach; thus, it differed in the characteristics of mental toughness. CONCLUSIONS This study presented the results of an integrated comparison of mental toughness, which can vary depending on the contextual specificity (soccer) and the subject of perception (athlete– coach), especially indicating the importance of the player–coach interaction, which can contribute to the strategy to be used in mental toughness development.
Ageyeva Natalia, Tikhonova Anastasia, Biryukova Svetlana
et al.
The article is devoted to the research of the makeup of phenolic compounds and fatty acids of grape pomace. The phenolic compounds were identified in skin and seed extracts and in extracts of skin-and-seed mixtures; the fatty acids – in grape oil generated by direct pressing. It was established that anthocyanins were present mainly in the skins. Low concentrations of ten components of the anthocyanin complex were identified in the Saperavi seeds. Maximum amounts of anthocyanins were found in the Saperavi skins. The concentration of quercetin distinguished by a PP-vitamin activity was by 1.5 to 2.0 times higher in the skin-andseed mixtures, especially of Roesler grapes, than in the skin itself. Maximum amounts of flavan-3-ols, hydroxy-cinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids and oligomeric procyanidins, as well as the highest antioxidant activity were observed in the skin-and-seed mixture. The highest value of the correlation factor was observed in cases of interaction of antioxidant activity and concentration of procyanidins (r = 0.83), antioxidant activity and concentration of anthocyanins (r = 0.78), and antioxidant activity and concentration of flavan-3-ols (r = 0.75). Among the flavan-3-ols, it was (+)-D-Catechin that prevailed in grape seeds, with its concentration in the Pinot Noir extract (OAO APF Fanagoria) reaching 468 mg/dm3. Maximum concentration of Epigallocatechin-gallate was observed in the Saperavi and Pinot Noir seeds. As regards the concentration of hydroxy-cinnamic acids in the seeds, n-coumaric acid (Ancellotta, Saperavi) stood apart among the others; gallic acid (Saperavi, Ancellotta) came forward among the hydroxy-benzoic acids. In the reviewed samples of grape seeds, procyanidins of groups В1 , В2 and В3 distinguished by high antioxidant activity prevailed. Prevalence of linoleic and oleic acids was established for grape oil extracted from the seeds of such red grape varieties as Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir and Saperavi. Maximum concentrations of oleic acid were found in the Pinot Noir and Riesling seeds. Palmitic and stearic acids were also available in rather high concentrations in the grape oil.
Historia y Memoria en piedra y bronce. El Monumento a la Bandera en la ciudad de Rosario.
Gimenez, Carlos Gustavo, Navarro, Ángel y Van Deurs, Adriana. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Diseño, 2015, 188 páginas.
The profession of teacher in Poland, as it follows from the analysis of pedagogical literature, is creative, connected with the fulfillment of a social mission. It requires professional orientation, which is expressed by a certain level of formal education and its improvement in the process of various forms of retraining and advanced training, the presence of a system of various professional competences, motivation. It is of particular importance for future teachers of engineering and computer science! Application of interactive methods in teaching that optimizes the development of their skills, strengthens the creative process and critical thinking, Achieving common goals with other students and educators.
India’s land transport GHG emissions are small in international comparison, but growing exponentially. Understanding of geographically-specific determinants of GHG emissions is crucial to devise low-carbon sustainable development strategies. However, previous studies on transport patterns have been limited to socio-economic context in linear and stationary settings, and with limited spatial scope. Here, we use a machine learning tool to develop a nested typology that categorizes all 640 Indian districts according to the econometrically identified drivers of their commuting emissions. Results reveal that per capita commuting emissions significantly vary over space, after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, and are strongly influenced by built environment (e.g. urbanization, and road density), and mobility-related variables (e.g. travel distance and travel modes). The commuting emissions of districts are characterized by unique, place-specific combinations of drivers. We find that income and urbanization are dominant classifiers of commuting emissions, while we explain more fine-grained patterns with mode choice and travel distance. Surprisingly the most urbanized areas with highest population density are also associated with the highest transport GHG emissions, a result that is explained by high car ownership. This result contrasts with insights from OECD countries, where commuting emissions are associated with low-density urban sprawl. Our findings demonstrate that low-carbon commuting in India is best advanced with spatially differentiated strategies.
Juarez Carlos Brito Pezzuti, André Pinassi Antunes, Rogério Fonseca
et al.
A caça, além de prover o sustento de populações tradicionais, indígenas e não-indígenas, em áreas remotas, vem também assumindo função socialmente estruturante nessas sociedades. Neste artigo, conceituamos a caça de subsistência para além da visão preservacionista, preponderante nos campos das ciências ambientais e jurídicas, e oferecemos uma perspectiva integrada que contempla aspectos ecológicos, sociais, econômicos e legais. Apesar de os impactos demográficos e ecossistêmicos
frequentemente atribuídos à caça de subsistência serem bem documentados, mecanismos naturais intrínsecos de recuperação populacional, tais como taxa reprodutiva, dinâmica fonte-sumidouro ou acordos locais, demonstram a resiliência dos sistemas socioecológicos à extração da fauna, constituindo uma grande janela de oportunidades para a conservação de espécies cinegéticas em sistemas de manejo in situ. Embora legalmente o “caçador de subsistência” seja explicitamente definido apenas no Estatuto do Desarmamento (Lei n° 10.826/2003), o direito à caça de subsistência é (ou deveria ser) respaldado pelo princípio universal
de dignidade da pessoa humana, previsto, mais amplamente, na Declaração dos Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas e na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88). Tal direito também é reconhecido pelo Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN), abrangendo populações humanas rurais em constante estado de necessidade, seja pela imediata necessidade de saciar a fome (conforme definição na Lei de Crimes Ambientais), seja porque tais populações residem em regiões onde caça e pesca são geralmente as principais fontes de proteína de origem animal. Por se tratar de uma das mais antigas práticas de obtenção de alimento, inerente à reprodução física e cultural das populações tradicionais, o direito de caçar encontra respaldo, no Brasil, em um arcabouço legal amplo, incluindo a adesão à Convenção 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), promulgada no Brasil pelo Decreto n° 5.051/2004, à Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais (PNPCT – Decreto n°
6.040/2007) e ao Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC – Lei n° 9.985/2000). No entanto,
as contradições legais (entre leis preservacionistas e as que promovem os direitos humanos e o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais) e sua discricionariedade interpretativa sobre termos que carecem de conceituação ou definição (“caça de subsistência”, “estado de necessidade”) permanecem, prevalecendo o caráter proibitivo e repressivo à caça de subsistência desde a publicação da Lei de Proteção à Fauna (Lei n° 5.197/1967). O resultado é a perpetuação do quadro de inseguridade social, nutricional e jurisdicional dos caçadores de subsistência. A ausência de regulamentação da prática da caça de subsistência impede o desenvolvimento
de ferramentas efetivas e participativas de conservação e manejo da fauna, e a consequente valorização dos recursos e ecossistemas naturais.