Este estudio analiza los determinantes del empleo informal en Bolivia mediante una combinación de técnicas econométricas tradicionales, métodos de machine learning y enfoques híbridos. Utilizando datos de las Encuestas de Hogares 2022 y 2023, se identifican los factores individuales y del hogar que influyen en la probabilidad de pertenecer al empleo informal. Los resultados muestran que variables como la edad, el nivel educativo, el ingreso del hogar y el género son determinantes clave. El Random Forest destaca el papel central de los ingresos laborales, usualmente excluidos por problemas de endogeneidad. El Adaptive Lasso permite identificar relaciones no lineales e interacciones complejas, como las asociadas al género, la pertenencia a grupos originarios y la presencia de niños pequeños en el hogar. Se concluye que el fenómeno del empleo informal responde a dinámicas multidimensionales que requieren enfoques analíticos integradores para el diseño de políticas públicas más efectivas y focalizadas.
Expert domain writing, such as scientific writing, typically demands extensive domain knowledge. Although large language models (LLMs) show promising potential in this task, evaluating the quality of automatically generated scientific writing is a crucial open issue, as it requires knowledge of domain-specific criteria and the ability to discern expert preferences. Conventional task-agnostic automatic evaluation metrics and LLM-as-a-judge systems, primarily designed for mainstream NLP tasks, are insufficient to grasp expert preferences and domain-specific quality standards. To address this gap and support realistic human-AI collaborative writing, we focus on related work generation, one of the most challenging scientific tasks, as an exemplar. We propose GREP, a multi-turn evaluation framework that integrates classical related work evaluation criteria with expert-specific preferences. Our framework decomposes the evaluation into smaller fine-grained dimensions. This localized evaluation is further augmented with contrastive examples to provide detailed contextual guidance for the evaluation dimensions. Empirical investigation reveals that our framework is able to assess the quality of related work sections in a much more robust manner compared to standard LLM judges, reflects natural scenarios of scientific writing, and bears a strong correlation with the assessment of human experts. We also observe that generations from state-of-the-art (SoTA) LLMs struggle to satisfy validation constraints of a suitable related work section.
We review Euler's work on spherical geometry. After an introduction concerning the general place that trigonometric formulae occupy in geometry, we start by the two memoirs of Euler on spherical trigonometry, in which he establishes the trigonometric formulae using different methods, namely, the calculus of variations in the first memoir, and classical methods of solid geometry in the other. In another memoir, Euler gives several formulae for the area of a spherical triangle in terms of its side lengths (these are ``spherical Heron formulae''). He uses this in the computation of numerical values of the solid angles of the five regular polyhedra, which is his goal in his memoir. We then review memoirs in which Euler systematically starts by establishing a theorem or a construction in Euclidean geometry and then proves an analogue in spherical geometry. We point out relations between Euler's memoirs on spherical trigonometry and works he did in astronomy, on the problem of drawing geographical maps, and in geomagnetism. We also review some other works of Euler involving spheres, including a memoir on the three-dimensional Apollonius problem and others concerning algebraic curves on the sphere. Even though these works are not properly on spherical geometry, they show Euler's interests in various questions related to spheres and we think that they are worth highlighting in such an overview. Beyond spherical geometry, the reader is invited to discover in this article an important facet of the work of the great Leonhard Euler. This article will appear as a chapter in the book ``Spherical geometry in the eighteenth century, I: Euler, Lagrange and Lambert'', Springer, 2026.
Adenauro Martini, Renato Ribeiro Guimarães, Dulce Maria Strieder
A abordagem dos aspectos históricos no Ensino de Ciências tem sido apresentada na literatura como um importante recurso pedagógico para promover a Educação Científica. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os principais aspectos históricos presentes nos livros didáticos, buscando compreender como as perspectivas e argumentos históricos estão incorporados no Ensino de Física. O estudo é norteado pela seguinte questão: Quais são os principais elementos históricos abordados na apresentação do conteúdo 'Leis de Newton' nos livros didáticos do Ensino Médio e suas implicações para o Ensino de Física? A pesquisa apresenta uma discussão teórica de natureza qualitativa, pautada metodologicamente numa Análise Documental. Os dados foram explorados por meio de categorias baseadas na Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, 2016. A análise de livros didáticos evidenciou, em sua maioria, a ausência de contextualização dos aspectos históricos, fragilidades na indicação de fontes bibliográficas e na apresentação de histórias secundárias, essenciais para uma Educação Científica completa e para preparar os estudantes para enfrentar os desafios do século XXI. Os principais resultados mostram que existem desafios a serem enfrentados, como a necessidade de uma maior integração interdisciplinar e a inclusão de múltiplos atores históricos para uma visão mais abrangente da construção do conhecimento científico.
This paper examines the direct and spatial impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on China’s OFDI globally and tests the moderating effect of the BRI, considering economic development, resources and institution quality for 186 countries from 2008 to 2019. The results imply that the BRI has significantly improved China’s OFDI globally, with a much larger effect in Asia and Africa. This study finds that institutional quality has no direct impact on OFDI, with the exception of the corruption index, where China’s OFDI seem to favour countries with higher corruption. However, when institutional quality is used as an interactive term that controls heterogeneity, the results suggest that institutional quality significantly strengthens the effects of the BRI on OFDI. In other words, in countries that engage with BRI, higher institutional quality positively improves the attractiveness of China’s OFDI. The results also reveal that the impact of the BRI is moderated by higher levels of economic development but not by resource-rich host countries. Interestingly, the increasing Chinese OFDI in BRI countries has a spatial suppression effect on OFDI in non-BRI countries, suggesting industrial agglomeration effects due to the BRI. The results are validated by various robustness tests, and this study concludes with policy implications.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Teachers continuously make numerous judgments and engage with various educational stakeholders, whose perspectives are eventually integrated into their judgments. Given the differing viewpoints of these stakeholders, one may ask how receptive teachers are to diverse perspectives. In the present study, a German adaption of the Minson's Receptiveness to Opposing Views scale for German-speaking teachers and non-teachers was introduced as the first German instrument for cross-cultural comparisons. To evaluate the scale, a cross-cultural comparison was conducted (358 US and German teachers). After the validity and reliability of the German version of the Receptiveness to Opposing Views scale were confirmed, English- and German-speaking teachers significant differences between their overall scale results and their results for the subscales of Intellectual Curiosity, Derogation of Opponents, and Taboo Issues were found. A research agenda and its implications for practice, teacher development, and education is presented.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Adonías Julia Villa Calderón, Edwin Daniel Félix Benites, Jorge Augusto Gutiérrez Mendoza
et al.
El presente estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de analizar la percepción que los docentes tienen de su desempeño, en relación con los cambios curriculares. En cuanto a la metodología, esta se orientó al enfoque cualitativo bajo un diseño de estudio de caso; como técnica de recopilación se usó la entrevista. Como resultado, los docentes sienten que el constante cambio curricular les demanda mucho tiempo y menoscaba su voluntad para gestionar actividades, debido a diferencias sobre concepciones que entienden como adecuadas y que están sujetas a la educación tradicional. Como conclusiones se detectó que la percepción docente conlleva a una experiencia negativa que incide en su ejercicio profesional y se desarrolla en condiciones que les impiden participar de manera activa como gestores creativos del proceso de enseñanza. El valor principal del presente artículo es impulsar el seguimiento sobre el currículo como orientador del proceso educativo actual.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Jose Aurelio Medina-Garrido, Jose Maria Biedma-Ferrer, Jaime Sanchez-Ortiz
Among the main causes of absenteeism are health problems, emotional problems, and inadequate work-family policies (WFP). This paper analyses the impact of the existence and accessibility of WFP on work absenteeism, by considering the mediating role of the well-being, which includes emotional as well as physical or health problems, that is generated by these policies. We differentiate between the existence of the WFP and its accessibility, as the mere existence of the WFP in an organisation is not enough. Additionally, workers must be able to access these policies easily and without retaliation of any kind. The model includes the hierarchy and the gender as moderating variables. To test the proposed hypotheses, a structural equation model based on the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is applied to a sample of employees in the service sector in Spain. On the one hand, the findings show that the existence of WFP has no direct effect on absenteeism; however, accessibility to these policies does have a direct effect on absenteeism. On the other hand, both the existence and accessibility of WFP have positive direct effects on emotional well-being. In addition, emotional well-being is positively related to physical well-being which, in turn, promotes a reduction in absenteeism. Finally, significant differences in the relationship between the existence of WFP and emotional well-being confirm the special difficulty of female managers in reconciling family life and work life.
Asymmetric electrochemical catalysis, an emerging frontline in asymmetric catalysis and electro-organic synthesis, is summarized. Representative works are classified, with respect to the external chiral resources, including chiral media, chiral mediator, chiral catalyst, and chiral electrode. This concept article is expected to provide readers with the general concepts and perspectives of each chiral electrochemical catalysis mode, and to indicate the potential and future development of asymmetric electrochemical catalysis.
We study topological groups of monotonic autohomeomorphisms on a generalized ordered space $L$. We find a condition that is necessary and sufficient for the set of all monotonic autohomeomorphisms on $L$ along with the function composition and the topology of point-wise convergence to be a topological group.
In this study, edited on the basis of a critical review of domestic and foreign literature, as well as authors’ own analyzes, previously presented in several articles (Słodowa-Hełpa 2015; Gorynia 2021 and 2022), mainly in two shorter texts published in popular magazines with a range of Poland (Gory-nia and Słodowa-Hełpa 2022a, 2022b), selected aspects of the concept of the common good from the perspective of the Covid-19 pandemic were presented.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) promises to be a major event. Along with its many potential benefits, it also raises serious safety concerns. The intention of this paper is to provide an easily accessible and up-to-date collection of references for the emerging field of AGI safety. A significant number of safety problems for AGI have been identified. We list these, and survey recent research on solving them. We also cover works on how best to think of AGI from the limited knowledge we have today, predictions for when AGI will first be created, and what will happen after its creation. Finally, we review the current public policy on AGI.
In this article, we review recent theoretical works on the Schwingermechanism of particle production in external electrical fields. Although the non-perturbative Schwinger mechanism is at the center of this discussion, many of the approaches that we discuss can cope with general time and space dependent fields, and therefore also capture the perturbative contributions to particle production.
Symmetric teleparallel gravity theories, in which the gravitational interaction is attributed to the nonmetricity of a flat, symmetric, but not metric-compatible affine connection, have been a topic of growing interest in recent studies. Numerous works study the cosmology of symmetric teleparallel gravity assuming a flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, while working in the so-called "coincident gauge", further assuming that the connection coefficients vanish. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that both of these assumptions rely on the freedom to choose a particular coordinate system in order to simplify the metric or the connection, and that they may, in general, not be achieved simultaneously. Here we construct the most general symmetric teleparallel geometry obeying the conditions of homogeneity and isotropy, without making any assumptions on the properties of the coordinates, and present our results in both the usual cosmological coordinates and in the coincident gauge. We find that in general these coordinates do not agree, and that assuming both to hold simultaneously allows only for a very restricted class of geometries. For the general case, we derive the energy-momentum-hypermomentum conservation relations and the cosmological dynamics of selected symmetric teleparallel gravity theories. Our results show that the symmetric teleparallel connection in general contributes another scalar quantity into the cosmological dynamics, which decouples only for a specific class of theories from the dynamics of the metric, and only if the most simple geometry is chosen, in which both assumed coordinate systems agree. Most notably, the $f(Q)$ class of theories falls into this class.
Cristine Brandenburg, Jocyana Cavalcante da Silva Maciel, Miriam Viviane Baron
et al.
O estudo teve como objetivo explicitar a opinião de diretores escolares quanto à influência da COVID-19 no aspecto sócio-emocional-afetivo de alunos, professores, coordenadores e comunidade escolar a fim de contribuir com políticas públicas no âmbito da saúde e educação, em redes públicas de ensino. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório transversal realizado em uma rede de ensino pública municipal e estadual, em uma capital brasileira, no período de 02/06/2020 a 02/07/2020. Participaram da pesquisa 172 diretores, que responderam um formulário eletrônico via Google Form, enviado por e-mail. Os dados foram tratados por meio de estatística descritiva simples pelo programa IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 para Windows 10. Na percepção dos diretores da rede de ensino municipal e estadual, a COVID-19 “influenciou muito” nos aspectos sócio-emocional-afetivo de alunos, professores, coordenadores e comunidade escolar. É necessário, pois, trabalhar em rede com aportes vinculados às novas tecnologias e à saúde emocional na Educação.