Hasil untuk "Economics as a science"

Olga Gennadievna Vasilyeva

Pál Czeglédi

Az alábbi rövid esszé célja az, hogy megemlékezzen Jászay Antalról, vagyis Anthony de Jasay-ről, aki a politikai filozófia és a közösségi választások elméletének határmezsgyéjén alkotott nagyot, és 2025-ben van születésének 100. évfordulója. Viszonylagos ismeretlensége magyarázható egyrészt azzal, hogy a tudományos világ intézményeit kerülte, másrészt filozófiája ,,konzervatív anarchista”' következtetéseivel. Jasay azonban a közösségi választások elméletének olyan klasszikusa, akit nem kellene elfelejtenünk – amihez persze előbb meg kellene ismernünk. JEL kód: D70, B25

L. BUTUZOVA, S. DMYTRIEVA

У статті проаналізовано концептуальні теорії та підходи до вивчення психолого-педагогічних умов використання комп’ютерних технологій у логопедичній та корекційно-розвивальній роботі з дітьми із порушеннями мовлення. Висвітлено багатоаспектну систему, спрямовану на цілісний розвиток дитини, її соціалізацію та емоційну підтримку. Впроваджено програму логопедичної корекції порушень мовлення із використанням ІКТ на основі виокремлених психолого-педагогічних умов та доведено її ефективність для успішної інтеграції дитини у загальноосвітнє середовище.

Erić-Nielsen Jelena, Nikolić Jelena, Dukanac Milica

The innovativeness of the employees is a prerequisite for the development of new products, as well as maintaining and improving the market competitive position. The innovativeness of employees depends on numerous factors, some of which are internal, operating under control and jurisdiction of management. The research topic in this paper are internal organizational factors: technological equipment, availability of financial resources, culture and compensation system, as well as formal aspects of innovation. The main research goal is to show that these factors have a significant and uneven influence on the innovativeness of employees in organizations. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 81 respondents employed in companies in the Republic of Serbia. The research results indicate that culture and the compensation system have the highest degree of influence on the innovativeness of employees, in relation to the four observed variables, but other interesting relationships were discovered, as well. They are described and explained through discussion, aiming to connect theoretical concepts and practical results. At the end of the paper, adequate conclusions were drawn and guidelines for future research provided.

Pascal Petit

E. V. Nazarova, O. A. Zhdanova

The paper presents the rationale for exploring the possibilities of practical use of the model to optimize the investment portfolio in conditions of pronounced uncertainty including the Russian financial market.

Dmytro Isaienko

Проаналізовано динаміку розвитку будівельної галузі за останні 10 років. Проведено ретроспективний аналіз системи ціноутворення в будівництві за роки незалежності України та у радянський період. Проаналізовано сутність реформи будівельної галузі, яка була проведена Міністерством у справах будівництва та архітектури. Виділено основну проблему сучасної системи ціноутворення у будівництві, яка полягає у відсутності належного і постійного державного моніторингу оптимально-мінімальних показників матеріальних ресурсів в розрізі регіонів відповідно до технічного рівня та показників, які визначаються проектною документацією. Вказано на небезпеку прийняття нормативних актів, що можуть призвести до зловживань та неефективного використання державних коштів. Рекомендовано продовжити чинність стандартів з питань ціноутворення в будівництві мінімум на два роки та повернути зазначені стандарти до сфери Міністерства розвитку громад та територій України; створити у сфері діяльності даного міністерства структуру для моніторингу вартісних показників на матеріальні та технічні ресурси; започаткувати механізм регулювання заробітної плати для працівників, які здійснюють проектування та будівництво об’єктів, що зводяться за державні кошти.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

The differential cross-section of prompt inclusive production of long-lived charged particles in proton-proton collisions is measured using a data sample recorded by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of ${\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}}$. The data sample, collected with an unbiased trigger, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of ${5.4\,\mathrm{nb}^{-1}}$. The differential cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity in the ranges ${p_\mathrm{T} \in [0.08, 10)\,\mathrm{GeV}\,c^{-1}}$ and ${η\in [2.0, 4.8)}$ and is determined separately for positively and negatively charged particles. The results are compared with predictions from various hadronic-interaction models.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

The branching fraction of the rare $B^0_s\rightarrowφμ^+μ^-$ decay is measured using data collected by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of $7$, $8$ and $13\,\rm{TeV}$, corresponding to integrated luminosities of $1$, $2$ and $6\,{\rm fb}^{-1}$, respectively. The branching fraction is reported in intervals of $q^2$, the square of the dimuon invariant mass. In the $q^2$ region between $1.1$ and $6.0\,{\rm Ge\kern -0.1em V}^2\!/c^4$, the measurement is found to lie $3.6$ standard deviations below a Standard Model prediction based on a combination of Light Cone Sum Rule and Lattice QCD calculations. In addition, the first observation of the rare $B^0_s\rightarrow f_2^\prime(1525)μ^+μ^-$ decay is reported with a statistical significance of nine standard deviations and its branching fraction is determined.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

The first observation of the $Ω_b^- \to Ξ_c^+ K^- π^-$ decay is reported using $pp$ collision data at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13\,$\mathrm{TeV}$ collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9\,$\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. Four excited $Ω_c^0$ baryons are observed in the $Ξ_c^+ K^-$ mass projection of the $Ω_b^- \to Ξ_c^+ K^- π^-$ decays with the significance of each exceeding five standard deviations. They coincide with the states previously observed in prompt \proton\proton and $e^+e^-$ production. Relative production rates, masses and natural widths of the states are measured, and a test of spin hypotheses is performed. Moreover, the branching ratio of $Ω_b^- \to Ξ_c^+ K^- π^-$ is measured relative to the $Ω_b^- \to Ω_c^0 π^-$ decay mode and a precise measurement of the $Ω_b^-$ mass of \mbox{$6044.3 \pm 1.2 \pm 1.1^{\,+0.19}_{\,-0.22}\,\mathrm{MeV}$} is obtained.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

An improved measurement of the decay $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and searches for the decays $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ$ are performed at the LHCb experiment using data collected in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7,~8$ and $13$ TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1, 2 and 6 fb$^{-1}$, respectively. The $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ branching fraction and effective lifetime are measured to be ${\mathcal{B}}(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-)=\left(3.09^{+0.46+0.15}_{-0.43-0.11}\right)\times 10^{-9}$ and $τ(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-)=(2.07\pm 0.29\pm 0.03)$ ps, respectively, where the uncertainties include both statistical and systematic contributions. No significant signal for $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ$ decays is found and the upper limits $\mathcal{B}(B^0\toμ^+μ^-)<2.6\times 10^{-10}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ)<2.0\times 10^{-9}$ at 95% confidence level are determined, where the latter is limited to the range $m_{μμ} > 4.9$ GeV$/c^2$. Additionally, the ratio between the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ branching fractions is measured to be $\mathcal{R}_{μ^+μ^-}<0.095$ at 95% confidence level. The results are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

Branching fraction and effective lifetime measurements of the rare decay $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and searches for the decays $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ$ are reported using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of $7$ TeV, $8$ TeV and $13$ TeV, corresponding to a luminosity of $9$ fb$^{-1}$. The branching fraction ${\mathcal{B}}(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-)=\left(3.09^{+0.46+0.15}_{-0.43-0.11}\right)\times 10^{-9}$ and the effective lifetime $τ(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-)=(2.07\pm 0.29\pm 0.03)$ are measured, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. No significant signal for $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ$ decays is found and upper limits $\mathcal{B}(B^0\toμ^+μ^-)<2.6\times 10^{-10}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-γ)<2.0\times 10^{-9}$ at the 95% CL are determined, where the latter is limited to the range $m_{μμ} > 4.9$ GeV$/c^2$. The results are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations.

R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta, T. Ackernley et al.

This Letter reports the first measurement of prompt $χ_{c1}$ and $χ_{c2}$ charmonium production in nuclear collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies. The cross-section ratio $σ(χ_{c2}) / σ(χ_{c1})$ is measured in $p$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV, collected with the LHCb experiment. The $χ_{c1,2}$ states are reconstructed via their decay to a $\rm{J}/ψ$ meson, subsequently decaying into a pair of oppositely charged muons, and a photon, which is reconstructed in the calorimeter or via its conversion in the detector material. The cross-section ratio is consistent with unity in the two considered rapidity regions. Comparison with a corresponding cross-section ratio previously measured by the LHCb collaboration in $pp$ collisions suggests that $χ_{c1}$ and $χ_{c2}$ states are similarly affected by nuclear effects occurring in $p$Pb collisions.

John A. List, F. Momeni, Y. Zenou

IZA DP No. 13966 DECEMBER 2020 The Social Side of Early Human Capital Formation: Using a Field Experiment to Estimate the Causal Impact of Neighborhoods* The behavioral revolution within economics has been largely driven by psychological insights, with the sister sciences playing a lesser role. This study leverages insights from sociology to explore the role of neighborhoods on human capital formation at an early age. We do so by estimating the spillover effects from a large-scale early childhood intervention on the educational attainment of over 2,000 disadvantaged children in the United States. We document large spillover effects on both treatment and control children who live near treated children. Interestingly, the spillover effects are localized, decreasing with the spatial distance to treated neighbors. Perhaps our most novel insight is the underlying mechanisms at work: the spillover effect on non-cognitive scores operate through the child’s social network while parental investment is an important channel through which cognitive spillover effects operate. Overall, our results reveal the importance of public programs and neighborhoods on human capital formation at an early age, highlighting that human capital accumulation is fundamentally a social activity. JEL Classification: C93, I21, R1

A. Omran, Odile Schwarz-Herion

A. Oshchepkov, A. Shirokanova

Multilevel modeling (MLM, also known as hierarchical linear modeling, HLM) is a methodological framework widely used in the social sciences to analyze data with a hierarchical structure, where lower units of aggregation are ‘nested’ in higher units, including longitudinal data. In economics, however, MLM is used very rarely. Instead, economists use separate econometric techniques including cluster-robust standard errors and fixed effects models. In this paper, we review the methodological literature and contrast the econometric techniques typically used in economics with the analysis of hierarchical data using MLM. Our review suggests that economic techniques are generally less convenient, flexible, and efficient compared to MLM. The important limitation of MLM, however, is its inability to deal with the omitted variable problem at the lowest level of data, while standard economic techniques may be complemented by quasi-experimental methods mitigating this problem. It is unlikely, though, that this limitation can explain and justify the rare use of MLM in economics. Overall, we conclude that MLM has been unreasonably ignored in economics, and we encourage economists to apply this framework by providing ‘when and how’ guidelines

V. V. Lazarev

Objective: to study the Constitution as a stabilizing factor of social development.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena that allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the article attempts to comprehend the role of the Constitution as a stabilizing factor of social development. The reason for the theoretical analysis was the amendments to the text of the current Russian Constitution initiated by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The author proposes a threefold vision of the Constitution, recognizes the probable dissonance between the image of the Constitution in public opinion, the legal and actual (valid) Constitution, and focuses on those fundamental provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 14 March 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public authorities”, which reveal the dynamic or static function of law. The Constitution in all its manifestations is conditioned by the statics and dynamics of political and legal life, and science is obliged to discover, again and again, the symbolic (linguistic) means of the harmonious and relatively stable development of the material and ideal.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article analyzes the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 14 March 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public authorities”, identifies their strengths and weaknesses in view of the upcoming nationwide voting on approval of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and formulates proposals on improving the constitutional norms for the progressive development of the Russian society and state.Practical significance: the conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific, law-making and law enforcement activities, as well as in the educational process of higher educational institutions.

Ina Syarifah, Muhammad Kholid Mawardi, Mohammad Iqbal

Penelitian ini difokuskan pada pelaku UMKM Songkok di Kabupaten Gresik, untuk menguji pengaruh modal manusia terhadap orientasi pasar, pengaruh modal manusia terhadap kinerja UMKM, dan pengaruh orientasi pasar terhadap kinerja UMKM. Penelitian ini mengolah data primer yang diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada 163 pelaku UMKM. Sampel penelitian dipilih menggunakan metode penyampelan probabilitas dan metode yang digunakan dalam penarikan sampel probabilitas dalam penelitian ini adalah penyampelan klaster. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal manusia berpengaruh terhadap orientasi pasar, modal manusia berpengaruh terhadap kinerja UMKM, dan orientasi pasar berpengaruh terhadap kinerja UMKM.

Waldemar Stronka

Perverse incentives are ubiquitous in different economic settings. In sports, they often take the form of temptation to deliberately lose matches (the phenomenon known as tanking or sandbagging). In practice, there were even such pathological situations as when a soccer team intentionally scored an own goal. We show how and when the temptation is generated by the current pair matching method, the one applied after the first phase of many popular tournaments, including the most prestigious soccer championships. If the organizers of important sporting contests do not introduce any organizational innovations, they risk serious match-fixing scandals. We introduce an alternative procedure and show that its practical implementation could radically mitigate the risk. We perform a comparative analysis of the methods. We analyze the format “Winners and Runners-up Advancing from Two Adjacent Groups”, particularly its FIFA World Cup variant. In order to quantify the benefits of switching from the current method to the proposed one, we refer to simulation results. The expected decrease in temptation probability is about 83% and could be even about 90% if we additionally implement the suggested scheduling innovation.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, C. Abellán Beteta et al.

The only anticipated resonant contributions to $B^+\to D^+D^-K^+$ decays are charmonium states in the $D^+D^-$ channel. A model-independent analysis, using LHCb proton-proton collision data taken at centre-of-mass energies of $\sqrt{s}=7,8,$ and $13$ TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{-1}$, is carried out to test this hypothesis. The description of the data assuming that resonances only manifest in decays to the $D^+D^-$ pair is shown to be incomplete. This constitutes evidence for a new contribution to the decay, potentially one or more new charm-strange resonances in the $D^-K^+$ channel with masses around 2.9 GeV$/c^2$.