Xi Long, Paul P. Plucinsky, Terrance J. Gaetz
et al.
We present results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory Large Project (878 ks in 28 observations) of the Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant N132D. We measure the expansion of the forward shock in the bright southern rim to be $0.\!^{\prime\prime}10 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ over the $\sim14.5$ yr baseline, which corresponds to a velocity of $1620\pm400~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ after accounting for several instrumental effects. We measure an expansion of $0.\!^{\prime\prime}23 \pm 0.\!^{\prime\prime}02$ and a shock velocity of $3840\pm260~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ for two features in an apparent blowout region in the northeast. The emission-measure-weighted average temperature inferred from X-ray spectral fits to regions in the southern rim is $0.95\pm0.17$ keV, consistent with the electron temperature implied by the shock velocity after accounting for Coulomb equilibration and adiabatic expansion. In contrast, the emission-measure-weighted average temperature for the northeast region is $0.77\pm0.04$ keV, which is significantly lower than the value inferred from the shock velocity. We fit 1-D evolutionary models for the shock in the southern rim and northeast region, using the measured radius and propagation velocity into a constant density and power-law profile circumstellar medium. We find good agreement with the age of $\sim2500$ years derived from optical expansion measurements for explosion energies of $1.5-3.0 \times 10^{51}\,\mathrm{erg}$, ejecta masses of $2-6 \,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and ambient medium densities of $\sim0.33-0.66$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the south and $\sim0.01-0.02$ $\mathrm{amu~cm}^{-3}$ in the northeast assuming a constant density medium. These results are consistent with previous studies that suggested the progenitor of N132D was an energetic supernova that exploded into a pre-existing cavity.
We inspect the deductive connection between the neural scaling law and Zipf's law -- two statements discussed in machine learning and quantitative linguistics. The neural scaling law describes how the cross entropy rate of a foundation model -- such as a large language model -- changes with respect to the amount of training tokens, parameters, and compute. By contrast, Zipf's law posits that the distribution of tokens exhibits a power law tail. Whereas similar claims have been made in more specific settings, we show that the neural scaling law is a consequence of Zipf's law under certain broad assumptions that we reveal systematically. The derivation steps are as follows: We derive Heaps' law on the vocabulary growth from Zipf's law, Hilberg's hypothesis on the entropy scaling from Heaps' law, and the neural scaling from Hilberg's hypothesis. We illustrate these inference steps by a toy example of the Santa Fe process that satisfies all the four statistical laws.
We establish a concavity principle for solutions to elliptic and parabolic equations on locally symmetric spaces with nonnegative sectional curvature, extending the results of Langford and Scheuer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general concavity principle established on spaces with non-constant sectional curvature.
Real estate investment is one of the investment tools that can be adopted in achieving economic development. This has called for many states to organize it carefully with special legislation. However, as a result of the lack of regulation by private legislation by some countries such as Iraq, the difference appeared in its legal adaptation between a named and an unnamed contract. Because this regulation in laws related to investment and real estate development. It is an unnamed contract in Iraqi law, and it is named in French, Egyptian, Emirati, Qatari, and Bahraini law. As a result of organizing this contract in the formula of prepared forms in advance by the first party that does not accept negotiation and changes in its terms in the contract, it can be adapted as a contract of compliance. And since registration is a fundamental pillar of the contracts contained in real estate transactions in Iraqi legislation, we can say that real estate investment contracts contained in incompletely constructed real estate are nothing but incomplete external contracts. On the contrary, with regard to legislation that adopts the principle of transfer of ownership as soon as the contract is concluded, such as the French Civil Code, which does not consider formality as a pillar or condition in the transfer of real estate ownership. In addition, this contract is of a special, independent nature, which distinguishes it from other contracts that are similar to it, and the seller’s obligation in it is an obligation to achieve a result, and not an obligation to exercise care, and this result is represented in the delivery of the real estate unit agreed upon, according to the specifications set by the two parties before. If one of the parties breaches the contract, the responsibility of defaulting party will follow through with the realization of his contractual responsibility, which can be defined as - the legal system that aims to redress the damage that occurs to the injured person from the investment contract as a result of the action of the other party and according to the legal controls. The aim of proving this responsibility is to remove the effect of The harmful act by means of compensation. And if the responsibility of the investment companies is achieved through the realization of its pillars, its legal effects must be followed, and perhaps the most prominent effects achieved from it are the liability lawsuit and the consequences of this lawsuit that have been clarified in the research.
Hammurabi’s code shows the social relations of that time, although most of these relations were regulated by the Law of Contract. The Code covers a variety of legal matters: it regulates very complex property, family, obligatory and criminal-legal relations including the judiciary provisions. The Code expresses the class character of the society, because it primarily protects the interests of the ruling class and punishes the members of the ruling and subordinate classes differently for the same crimes. The Code was carved in a stone pillar and it was found by M. Morgan in 1901. This masterpiece of a human’s thought, almost four millennia old, was engraved in the stone of Babylon (Hammurabi) for the temple of Sippar (now the ruins of Abu Dhabi near Baghdad). An undamaged inscription of the Code is kept in the British Museum.
Md Nazmul Alam, Joseph R. Matson, Patrick Sohr
et al.
Heterostructures including the members of the 6.1Å semiconductor family (AlSb, GaSb, and InAs) are used in infrared optoelectronic devices as well as a variety of other applications. Short-period superlattices of these materials are also of interest for creating composite materials with designer infrared dielectric functions. The conditions needed to create sharp InAs/GaSb and InAs/AlSb interfaces are well known, but the AlSb/GaSb interface is much less well-understood. In this article, we test a variety of interventions designed to improve interface sharpness in AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices. These interventions include substrate temperature, III:Sb flux ratio, and the use of a bismuth surfactant. Superlattices are characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. We find that AlSb/GaSb short-period superlattices have a wide growth window over which sharp interfaces can be obtained.
Sivakumar Vishnuvardhan Mambakkam, Saadia Nasir, Wilder Acuna
et al.
The discovery of topological insulators (TIs) and their unique electronic properties has motivated research into a variety of applications, including quantum computing. It has been proposed that TI surface states will be energetically discretized in a quantum dot nanoparticle. These discretized states could then be used as basis states for a qubit that is more resistant to decoherence. In this work, prototypical TI Bi2Se3 nanoparticles are grown on GaAs (001) using the droplet epitaxy technique, and we demonstrate the control of nanoparticle height, area, and density by changing the duration of bismuth deposition and substrate temperature. Within the growth window studied, nanoparticles ranged from 5-15 nm tall with an 8-18nm equivalent circular radius, and the density could be relatively well controlled by changing the substrate temperature and bismuth deposition time.
[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to establish using the methods of legal linguistics, synthesis and analysis of information the mechanism of formation of the conceptual sphere of cybersecurity and its representation in the texts of regulations. [Methodology] The methodological basis of the study was determined by the hermeneutic approach to jurisprudence which is mainly focused on methodology, legal technique, the logical and semantic interpretation of certain provisions of various branches of law. In the process of research, methods of analysis and synthesis of information, the comparative analysis also were used. [Findings] The authors note that the use of the system of civil law relations affects both the civil sphere directly and the procedural aspects of relations and partially the criminal branch of law. The synergistic nature of informatisation of civil law relations and consider it as a part of the system of general cybersecurity of the state as a whole were emphasized. The use of this concept and its legal construction was revealed. [Practical Implications] The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of forming an integrated system of using the mechanism for predicting the development of information and communication technologies to form an equilibrium environment for ensuring the rule of law. [Originality] The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that information and communication technologies are understood as components of a larger system of ensuring legal security in a country as a whole.
The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution of December 21, 2017 No. 54 “On some issues of application of the provisions of Chapter 24 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the change of persons in an obligation on the basis of a transaction", which sets out important clarifications regarding the application standards contained in this chapter. At the same time, not all issues related to the assignment of the claim were resolved by the above resolution. One of these issues is the definition of the term “essential value of the identity of the creditor” or approximate criteria for such a value in the context of the need to obtain the latter’s consent to the assignment of rights. The presence of this problem is rightly indicated in the scientific literature [3, p. 549–655, 688–713]. The Author examines the Model Rules of European Private Law and the UNIDROIT principles in order to find a solution to the problem. Attention is drawn to the problem of determining the essential value of the creditor for the debtor in the case of assignment of the right of claim, as well as to the consequences of making the assignment without the consent of the debtor under an obligation in which the identity of the creditor was essential.In the Author's opinion, the identity of the creditor is recognized as essential for the debtor when the connection between the debtor and the creditor arose as a result of the conclusion of a transaction that has a personallyconfidential nature, or if the connection arose during the conclusion of other transactions in the case when the connection was broken during the execution assignment of rights entails or may entail a significant deprivation for the debtor of what he had the right to count on when concluding a transaction with the creditor.In addition, situations are considered that are an exception to the presumption of the absence of a significant value of the creditor's personality for the assignment of claims for monetary obligations. The author also points out that the consequence of the transaction on the assignment of rights without the consent of the debtor in the context of paragraph 2 of Art. 388 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is the nullity of the transaction on the basis of paragraph 2 of Art. 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
< p >Rotterdam Rules by expanding the jurisdiction and arbitration scope, took an important step towards the unified application of international rules governing the Carriage of Goods by Sea. At the same time, the extended scope of competent authority in this Convention to hear a case by different and numerous authorities would bring divergent interpretations while they are still valid interpretations of international rules. Therefore it may defeat the main purpose of codification of international conventions supported in Rotterdam Rules. In this regard, the interpretation of international rules by national authorities gains the utmost importance in unification of international rules. The question is that whether national authorities in the judicial process are obligated to apply the rules codified in international conventions? Or when parties to a dispute have expressed their mutual consent on the applicability of a specific rule, can national authorities disregard international rules or can they set aside the agreement of the parties to a dispute? It seems that the prior development of domestic law is crucial to unified application on international rules governing the Carriage of Goods by Sea and this is possible only through interpretation of international conventions in its own framework.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender os limites da regra da ponderação com pretensão otimizante proposto por Alexy, em face da função dos direitos fundamentais de manutenção da diferenciação funcional dos sistemas sociais na modernidade. Alexy cria uma teoria dos princípios que busca racionalizar a aplicação dos direitos fundamentais e a solução dos conflitos inerentes à solução de casos à luz das normas princípio com base em uma ponderação com pretensão otimizante. Em uma sociedade complexa em que o dissenso valorativo é estrutural, há um risco de desdiferenciação funcional em face da expansão de determinado sistema funcional sobre os demais, o que demanda a aplicação dos direitos fundamentais para manter a sustentabilidade dos sistemas sociais. Ocorre que, através de nossa pesquisa bibliográfica, diagnosticamos alguns problemas na teoria da ponderação de Alexy, principalmente a partir das críticas de Marcelo Neves, e identificamos outros problemas de aplicação da técnica da ponderação no Brasil que vêm reduzindo o cumprimento da função sustentável dos direitos fundamentais.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law
Pedro L. Ramos, Luciano da F. Costa, Francisco Louzada
et al.
The Roman Empire shaped Western civilization, and many Roman principles are embodied in modern institutions. Although its political institutions proved both resilient and adaptable, allowing it to incorporate diverse populations, the Empire suffered from many internal conflicts. Indeed, most emperors died violently, from assassination, suicide, or in battle. These internal conflicts produced patterns in the length of time that can be identified by statistical analysis. In this paper, we study the underlying patterns associated with the reign of the Roman emperors by using statistical tools of survival data analysis. We consider all the 175 Roman emperors and propose a new power-law model with change points to predict the time-to-violent-death of the Roman emperors. This model encompasses data in the presence of censoring and long-term survivors, providing more accurate predictions than previous models. Our results show that power-law distributions can also occur in survival data, as verified in other data types from natural and artificial systems, reinforcing the ubiquity of power law distributions. The generality of our approach paves the way to further related investigations not only in other ancient civilizations but also in applications in engineering and medicine.
We study long-range Bernoulli percolation on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ in which each two vertices $x$ and $y$ are connected by an edge with probability $1-\exp(-β\|x-y\|^{-d-α})$. It is a theorem of Noam Berger (CMP, 2002) that if $0<α<d$ then there is no infinite cluster at the critical parameter $β_c$. We give a new, quantitative proof of this theorem establishing the power-law upper bound \[ \mathbf{P}_{β_c}\bigl(|K|\geq n\bigr) \leq C n^{-(d-α)/(2d+α)} \] for every $n\geq 1$, where $K$ is the cluster of the origin. We believe that this is the first rigorous power-law upper bound for a Bernoulli percolation model that is neither planar nor expected to exhibit mean-field critical behaviour. As part of the proof, we establish a universal inequality implying that the maximum size of a cluster in percolation on any finite graph is of the same order as its mean with high probability. We apply this inequality to derive a new rigorous hyperscaling inequality $(2-η)(δ+1)\leq d(δ-1)$ relating the cluster-volume exponent $δ$ and two-point function exponent $η$.
El ámbito económico internacional de las naciones ha sufrido cambios acelerados desde el final del siglo XX hasta nuestros días. El aislacionismo económico característico de siglos anteriores al nuestro ha quedado en el pasado y, así, las instituciones internacionales adquieren protagonismo en lo que respecta a la toma de decisiones fiscales con repercusiones a nivel local.
En un primer momento, el autor revisa y cuestiona los fundamentos democráticos sobre los que se sostiene la imposición fiscal de los organismos internacionales hacia los Estados nacionales en tiempos de la economía digital. El artículo revisa, asimismo, los conceptos de legitimidad y soft law, así como los principios de consenso a la imposición y reserva de ley. En un segundo momento, se examina el fenómeno de la elusión y evasión fiscal inevitablemente producido por las diferencias entre los varios sistemas fiscales y, consecuentemente, la centralidad estatal frente al impuesto personal como el mejor modelo de función redistributiva.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law
Sumeru Nayak, Ahmet Kizilkanat, Narayanan Neithalath
et al.
This paper presents fracture response of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars with up to 30% (by volume) of slag being replaced by waste iron powder which contains a significant fraction of elongated particles. The elongated iron particles act as micro-reinforcement and improve the crack resistance of AAS mortars by increasing the area of fracture process zone (FPZ). Increased area of FPZ signifies increased energy-dissipation which is reflected in the form of significant increase in the crack growth resistance as determined from R-curves. Fracture response of notched AAS mortar beams under three-point bending is simulated using extended finite element method (XFEM) to develop a tool for direct determination of fracture characteristics such as crack extension and fracture toughness in particulate-reinforced AAS mortars. Fracture response simulated using the XFEM based framework correlates well with experimental observations. The comprehensive fracture studies reported here provide an economical and sustainable means towards improving the ductility of AAS systems which are generally more brittle than their conventional ordinary portland cement counterparts.
We re-examine the likelihood for alien civilizations to develop communication technology on the basis of the general assumption that life elsewhere could have a non-carbon chemical foundation. We particularized the discussion to a complex silicon-based biochemistry in a nitrogen solvent, and elaborate on the environment in which such a chemistry is feasible, and if so, on what scales. More concretely, we determine the region outside the habitable zone where such organisms can grow and flourish and after that we study how our findings impact the recently derived upper limit on the fraction of living intelligent species that develop communication technology $\langle ξ_{\rm biotec} \rangle$. We also compare this new restriction on $\langle ξ_{\rm biotec} \rangle$ with that resulting from the extension of the habitable zone to accommodate subsurface exolife, originating in planets with subsurface (water) oceans.
Transportation infrastructure of a country is one of the most important indicators of its economic growth. Here we study the Airport Network of India (ANI) which represents India’s domestic civil aviation infrastructure as a complex network. We find that ANI, a network of domestic airports connected by air links, is a small-world network characterized by a truncated power-law degree distribution and has a signature of hierarchy. We investigate ANI as a weighted network to explore its various properties and compare them with their topological counterparts. The traffic in ANI, as in the World-wide Airport Network (WAN), is found to be accumulated on interconnected groups of airports and is concentrated between large airports. In contrast to WAN, ANI is found to be having disassortative mixing which is offset by the traffic dynamics. The analysis indicates possible mechanism of formation of a national transportation network, which is different from that on a global scale.