M. Garrido-Baserba, Irene Barnosell, M. Molinos‐Senante
et al.
Water systems need to become more locally robust and sustainable in view of increased population demands and supply uncertainties. Decentralized treatment is often assumed to have the potential to improve the technical, environmental, and economic performance of current technologies. The techno-economic feasibility of implementing independent building-scale decentralized systems combining rainwater harvesting, potable water production, and wastewater treatment and recycling was assessed for six main types of buildings ranging from single-family dwellings to high-rise buildings. Five different treatment layouts were evaluated under five different climatic conditions for each type of building. The layouts considered varying levels of source separation (i.e., black, grey, yellow, brown, and combined wastewater) using the corresponding toilet types (vacuum, urine-diverting, and conventional) and the appropriate pipes and pumping requirements. Our results indicate that the proposed layouts could satisfy 100% of the water demand for the three smallest buildings in all but the aridest climate conditions. For the three larger buildings, rainwater would offset annual water needs by approximately 74 to 100%. A comprehensive economic analysis considering CapEx and OpEx indicated that the cost of installing on-site water harvesting and recycling systems would increase the overall construction cost of multi-family buildings by around 6% and single-family dwellings by about 12%, with relatively low space requirements. For buildings or combined water systems with more than 300 people, the estimated total price of on-site water provision (including harvesting, treatment, recycling, and monitoring) ranged from $1.5/m3 to $2.7/m,3 which is considerably less than the typical tariffs collected by utilities in the United States and Western Europe. Where buildings can avoid the need to connect to centralized supplies for potable water and sewage disposal, water costs could be even lower. Urine-diversion has the potential to yield the least expensive solution but is the least well developed and had higher uncertainty in the cost analysis. More mature layouts (e.g., membrane bioreactors) exhibited less cost uncertainty and were economically competitive. Our analysis indicates that existing technologies can be used to create economically viable systems that greatly reduce demands on centralized utilities and, under some conditions, eliminate the need for centralized water supply or sewage collection.
To remove pollutants, many methods have been used so far, including ion exchange, coagulation and reverse osmosis. Most of these methods have many disadvantages and among them, the adsorption method is considered as a useful method. The purpose of this study is to synthesize adsorbents in the form of nanocomposites based on graphene oxide and modify the surface of graphene oxide by using iminodiacetic acid ligand to remove chromium ion by adsorption method. To determine the chemical structure and characterization of functionalized magnetic graphene oxide, we used XRD, BET, FTIR and SEM analysis. After that, the factors affecting the removal rate such as adsorbent amount, time of reaction, pH and initial concentration of chromium ion were investigated. The optimal conditions for removal of chromium ion were obtained as pH of solution 2, initial adsorbent weight 30 mg, initial chromium ion concentration 15 mg/L, absorption process time of 15 minutes and removal efficiency was 92.00%. The experimental results and the results of the response surface design were in good agreement (98.8%). Reviewing kinetic and isotherm studies showed that the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. Magnetic graphene oxide functionalized with iminodiacetic acid has the highest adsorption rate and was considered as the optimal adsorbent for successful metal removal.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Shadi Najafian, Abdolreza Zahiri, Azadeh Jabbary
et al.
Control of residual chlorine concentration within a desirable range throughout water distribution systems can cause the destruction of potentially harmful pathogens without chlorine adverse health effects & its toxic by-products. Hence, optimal scheduling of booster chlorination stations in the WDSs to ensure healthy water supply with the lowest dose of chlorine consumption is vital. The aim of the present study is to develop a multi-objective optimization model in order to minimize the mass injection rate as well as the probability of chlorine violation in the WDSs, which has been implemented in the MATLAB-EPANET platform. Multi-objective krill herd and multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms have been utilized as optimizers to obtain the desired Pareto front in the real-scale Brushy Plains network. The resulted Pareto fronts showed that in most of their solutions, as long as the mass injection rate increased, the probability of chlorine violation decreased. In this study, the solution with the less PCV in each Pareto was selected as the optimal solution to assure the healthy water supply. Though the MOPSO resulted Pareto showed more solution diversity, MKH optimal solution has a better MIR function than MOPSO optimal solution with the same amount of PCV. Analyzing the residual chlorine concentration profiles of the monitoring period corresponding to the MKH optimal solution showed that the chlorine concentration of the most nodes of Brushy Plains network exist in the desirable range of 0.2 to 0.8 mg/L and the residual chlorine of 100% of nodes exist in the range of 0.2 to 1.6 mg/L. Also, the MKH results are superior to those of the previous studies in terms of the total mass injection rate. Generally, in addition to economic advantages, minimizing chlorine injection rate and the probability of chlorine violation simultaneously in the water distribution systems reduces the adverse health effects of the disinfectant by-products.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Chlorine has the high oxidation power of natural organic matter in water. Chlorine injection produces disinfection by-products as carcinogens and more dangerous (THMs). We used descriptive and hierarchical analysis to understand the characteristics and dangerous factors affecting human health in the face of DBPs in the drinking water of Tabriz City. This research was done in order to provide key and strategic information to perform managerial and practical measures to reduce the risk of cancer and non-cancer. Monitoring and analysis was done by collecting sufficient samples of this research in the dry and wet seasons of the year, focused on the relative factors of the population density of the region and the topography of the urban fabric for functional and management zoning of drinking water distribution network in Tabriz City; Also, by reading some physical and chemical parameters at the sampling site. Samples were transferred to the laboratory in the shortest possible time and samples were prepared and trihalomethane compounds were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer detector. The results showed that the highest average concentration in the Urban network, belongs to the region where a higher percentage of surface water is supplied, which is chloroform 1.3049 ppb, bromoform 2.0961 ppb, bromodichloromethane 2.7713 ppb and dibromochloromethane 4.1891 ppb, which is still less than the guidelines stated by the National Standard of Iran and USEPA and WHO. Conclusion: The results were divided into several subgroups in terms of dry or wet season, different urban areas, surface water or underground water as a source to evaluate the risk of human health. In addition, we also estimated population health risks by gender and age. In the time division, the health risk from exposure to DBPs in drinking water in the wet season was 7.3% higher than the dry season. The total cancer risk for people living in the area all their life was 7.63E-06. Also, the non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI=3.43E-02<1). It shows that there is no health risk in the present situation. In the age and gender division, the health risk assessment of men exposed to DBPs compared to women was equalized as an adult group. But there were differences between different age subgroups. The risk of developing cancer in children was 52% higher than in adults.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
What is important in the current situation it is important to pay attention to patterns of the water consumption behavior of subscribers and to identify subscribers and consumers with a higher position in the value pyramid in the field of water consumption management policy. Value pyramid is a tool that identifies valuable customers in terms of consumption, and so, has great application and importance in the field of water consumption management to identify high-consumption and low-consumption customers. Therefore, in the present study, in order to identify the patterns of consumption behavior of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company subscribers based on their consumption value pyramid and to predict the subscribers with a higher position in the value pyramid, data mining techniques have been used. In the framework of the proposed method, first, the data of water subscribers' consumption including residential, commercial and industrial subscribers, public and administrative, religious and educational sites, military and non-governmental, for two consecutive years, were extracted from the database of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. After determining the optimal number of clusters using self-organizing map and Davis Bouldin index, clustering operation is performed using K-Means algorithm. It should be noted that the indicators and criteria for subscriber clustering include the type of use, location, consumption, history of unauthorized branching, number of disconnection notices and time of payment of bills which have been identified using the opinion of experts. Then, while calculating the consumption value of subscribers in each cluster and plotting the subscriber consumption value pyramid, the decision tree algorithm is used to predict and discover the behavioral patterns of subscribers. The results show that Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company subscribers are divided into six clusters in terms of consumption behavior patterns. While drawing the consumption value pyramid, these six clusters are classified into three classes: high consumption subscribers, medium consumption subscribers and low consumption subscribers. After implementing the decision tree, the accuracy of the tree was 78.92 that, according to the results of the decision tree, the subscribers of these three classes have 11 patterns of behavior that predict the type of consumption. Thus, according to the 11 behavioral patterns of the subscribers of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company, the consumption of new subscribers can be predicted and its position in the value pyramid can be determined.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Dyes are one of the most important industrial environmental pollutants, and therefore their removal from industrial wastewater is very important. The malachite green is a very toxic dye for the environment and humans, therefore an economical and high-efficiency method to remove this dye from water solutions is necessary. In this study, the removal of malachite green was investigated using a economical and effective adsorbent, in which activated carbon from date kernel was used. Activated carbon from date kernel was modified by Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and calcium oxide. The properties and characteristics of these adsorbents were investigated using FTIR, VSM, TGA, XRD and SEM analyzes. Parameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration of malachite green were optimized. Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption process was performed using common models. The results showed optimal conditions for adsorption of malachite green using the adsorbent are: initial concentration equal to 10 mg/l, pH=7, contact time equal to 20 minutes, adsorbent dose for AC, AC/Fe3O4 and AC/Fe3O4/CaO equal to 3, 3 and 2 g/l, respectively. The Freundlich model also has a higher ability to describe process equilibrium behavior and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model has a good ability to express reaction kinetics. The Langmuir adsorption capacity of malachite green by the AC, AC/Fe3O4 and AC/Fe3O4/CaO was determined to be 50.9 mg/g, 85.7 mg/g and 107.4 mg/g respectively. The desorption and reuse ability of AC/Fe3O4/CaO was investigated up to 8 steps, which showed that the adsorbent has the ability to be reused several times in the adsorption process. The results showed that modification of activated carbon with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and calcium oxide increases its adsorption efficiency and makes it a suitable adsorbent for commercialization.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Majid Ali Seelro, Muhammad Ansari, Sanjrani Manzoor A
et al.
This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water supply system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%.
The National Plan for Basic Sanitation is based on the regulation of basic sanitation in all national municipalities, based on the principles of water supply, sewage, urban cleaning and solid waste management, ensuring the safety and health of the population. This study was based on a bibliographical review of the municipal solid waste and basic sanitation plans of the six municipalities around Babitonga Bay. All municipalities analyzed have companies responsible for water treatment. The six municipalities evaluated have a water treatment plant, with reservoir. The extension of the water network, adding all the municipalities is of 2,610,668 meters. However, it does not yet cover the entire population, which is why some residents still collect water from wells, springs, and others. Only Joinville and Araquari, have a sewage collection system with treatment plant. Although all municipalities are adapting to the effluent treatment system, none of them are consolidated in the plan, most of which have individual treatment systems (septic tank) as the final disposal of the municipalities’ sewage. All six municipalities in the vicinity of Babitonga Bay have solid waste collection and only Balneário Barra do Sul, do not have a selective collection of solid waste. Keywords: Municipal Plans; Water treatment, Basic sanitation.
In order to ensure drinking water meets the standards, utilization of novel treatment technology with low cost and minimum effects on environment is inevitable. Zero-valent-iron in micro and nano scale is extensively used to remove wide range of contaminants from water. Besides the ZVI, granular activated carbon is used in household water purification systems as a low-price, porous medium that adsorbs different contaminants (e.g. organic species and chlorine) and modifies the odor and turbidity of water. The aim of this study is investigation of the efficiency of ZVI and GAC in the treatment of tap water. In this study, the efficiency of zero-valent-iron in scales of nano (NZVI, d50=50 nm) and micro (MZVI, d50=50 µm) and granular activated carbon (GAC, d50=1 mm) in purification of tap water is evaluated. For this purpose, five experimental columns (length=50 cm and inner diameter=2 cm) filled by nano and micro ZVI, and GAC in different mass percentages are prepared, whereas continuous tap water flow of Tehran at the rate of 4.4 ml/min during 28 days (totally 177 liters) is injected through each reactive column. Temporal variations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, and total iron, as well electrical conductivity, pH in the influent waters to and effluent waters from the five reactive columns are sampled and analyzed three times over experimental time at the end of 1st, 7th, and 28th day (totally 18 samples). Simultaneously with the water sampling, the variations of pore water pressure along the columns are measured through pressure gauges. The results indicated that the reactive column containing NZVI (individually or combined with GAC) are proficient in reduction of ions concentration from the influent water in comparison to those containing MZVI and GAC. Decreasing the permeability of reactive materials, reduction of reactivity over time, release of iron into effluent water, and increase of water alkalinity are challenges accompanied by the columns containing NZVI. Results of this study reveal that combinational use of GAC and MZVI in household purification system provides a potentially promising reactive medium with acceptable pollutant removal efficacy and life-time, as well less side effects.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Zahra Kolivand, Shahrokh Ghazimoradi, Fouad Kilanehei
et al.
Human being encounters the lack of water as a main challenge in most parts of the world. As the world’s population soars and welfare levels rise, the demand for water increases. Increasing demand for this limited and valuable resource is creating new strategies for freshwater management; among these are innovative techniques for wastewater treatment. One of the new methods of wastewater treatment as well as upgrading existing treatment plants is the use of packing media within the aeration tank, i.e., a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. In this way, a bench-scale reactor possessing a volume of 15 liters has been used and the experiments with influent COD of 500 and 1500 mg/l, media filling percentages of 30%, 50%, and 70% and hydraulic retention times of 4, 8, and 12 hours have been carried out. The observed data show that the optimum bulk density and hydraulic retention time for municipal wastewater are 50% and 4 hours and for industrial wastewater is 70% and 4 hours, respectively. Also, the kinetic study of reactor performance indicates that Grau second order model, at an acceptable level, conforms to Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor observed data. MBBR experimental results including hydraulic residence time and filling percentage data mentioned above can be utilized as reliable data in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment and afterwards reuse of treated water for irrigation.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Waste management is a collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. The aim of this study was to review and assess the current status of medical waste management practices at Qutour General Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional and observational design was used. The study was conducted at Egyptian Hospitals and Case Study of Qutour General Hospital. A random sample of sixty participants from the medical and nursing staff and workers by simple randomization. One tool was used for data collection: A structured questionnaire schedule: consists of two parts, social characteristics of the study sample and a questionnaire to collect information on the management of medical waste. The results show there was proper knowledge among all health care workers related to waste segregation regarding general, infectious and sharps waste. workers have knowledge related to color-coded bags and medical waste storage and transport despite not reading the written policies of waste management. The study concluded a gap between current knowledge of hospital waste management among health-care workers and that demanded by hospital waste management implementation policies. All the storage waste rooms were inappropriate, the studied hospitals had records for delivered and received wastes but incomplete. The study recommended establishing a medical waste system to implement the existing legislation, establish a waste management team, development of in-service training programs for health care workers and written policies or clear procedures of waste management should be available at ambulatory clinics.
The article is devoted to the analysis and development of recommendations for improving the efficiency of the system of environmental and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport in the Russian Federation. The article deals with the ecological and economic aspects of the functioning of closed sanitary systems for collecting sewage from the toilets of passenger trains, stationary points for cleaning tanks-collections of environmentally friendly toilets, as well as their processing and disposal. It is shown that the system of environmentally friendly toilet complexes requires updating and improving the mechanisms of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport. The procedure for assigning waste of hazard classes I–IV to a specific hazard class is considered. The requirements for determining limits on the placement of fecal waste of railway transport are analyzed. The procedure for calculating and charging fees for the negative impact on the environment when placing fecal waste from railway transport is given. Possible regional benefits for income tax from activities related to the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of hazard class IV waste, including fecal waste from railway transport, are indicated. The rules for the transit of fecal waste from railway transport are given. The rules for regulating relations between consumers and performers in the field of services for organizing the collection and removal of fecal waste in terms of consumer protection are outlined. Recommendations are given for improving the system of environmental and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport. An approach to the formation of methods of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport, taking into account the industry risk of technological development, is proposed.
Even nowadays, sewage systems are cleaned by the manual power. Somewhere they recently stated that “More Indians were dying in cleaning sewers than fighting terrorists in Kashmir”. Sewer gas is a composite amalgamation of venomous and non-hazardous gases, which is collected in sewage systems. Predominantly it also comprises that oxide of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, ammonia and methane due to the decomposition of organic household or industrial wastes. During the maintenance practice, Sewer gases cause the health issues and fatal death to the labors also due to untreated disposal of petroleum products such as gasoline and mineral spirits. To conquer these impacts, in this proposed system, by using a set of integrated sensors MQ-4, MQ-7, MQ137 were incorporated with microcontroller unit process and LCD Display to quantify toxic gases which is produced in the system. It could be recognize the scale of toxicants and then intimated to the workers to acquire the safety precautions before entering into the manholes. The sensing range for the leak detection sensor should be from 300 ppm to 10,000 ppm. In order to reduce the toxic gases concentration, Sprinkler mechanism is provided with the resource chemical for detoxification treatment. Whenever the gas concentration level exceeds the specified threshold level, an actuator mechanism triggers the sprinkler. To upkeep the sewerage system and Prohibiting Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, labors continually taking risk in their health and life. But they were paid for merely low wages. Despite proactive orders of the Supreme Court, the implementation of the directives remains unrealized, in the wake of frequent deaths. In this special episode of Banega Swachh India campaign, we take a look at how these deaths leave the workers’ family devastated and yet no one claims responsibility for the deaths
Farzaneh Fotouhi Firoozabad, Mohammad Reza Ekhtasasi, Mohammad Sefid
et al.
In the current situation, water resources are facing quantitative and qualitative issues which leave us with no other choice except to change our perspective towards consumption management. Separating drinking water from sanitary water is one of the components of the consumption quality management. This study was carried out based on SWOT analysis and AHP. At first, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of separation of drinking water from sanitation water was obtained by survey of experts’ opinions. Priorities among SWOT factors and inconsistency rate of matrices was obtained by pairwise comparison matrices. In SWOT analysis the internal factor evaluation matrix (IFE), the external factors evaluation (EFE) and the internal and external factors (IE) were used. IFE and EFE matrices showed the final score of internal and external factors as 2.51 and 1.78, respectively. This indicated that the condition in Yazd are favorable in terms of internal factors while it is not positive in terms of using opportunities or staying away from threats. According to the internal and external factors, strategies are considered as drinking water distribution network (pipeline for drinking water) (SO), Governmental centralized drinking water distribution network (ST), private sector centralized drinking water distribution network (WO) and private sector mobile distribution systems of drinking water (WT). IE matrix showed that the Water and Sewage Company should choose the ST strategy (centralized drinking water distribution network) to avoid the threats and as a solution to water scarcity in 5- to 10-yr horizon
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
Hamid Momtazpour, Aliakbar Azimi, Sahand Jorfi
et al.
In drinking water treatments, for coagulation and sedimentation of suspended particles, several coagulants are used such as Alum, PAC and ferric chloride. In spite of their positive effect on turbidity removal, these chemicals cause some problems like corrosion and harmful by-products which result in bad effects on human and environmental health. Therefore, finding and using better and more effective materials without such adverse effects is a necessity. The aim of this research was to study the effect of chemically synthetized sodium ferrate (S.F.) in liquid state for the turbidity removal from Zayandehrud River in two conditions: normal turbidity (less than 100 NTU) and high turbidity (more than 900NTU). This research was performed in four states of 30×60, 40×60, 60×60, and 30×40; in each state, one of the water independent variables effective on water turbidity was changed. These four states were S.F. dosing rate, gentile mixing speed, rapid mixing time and pH. For the experiment design, analysis and optimization of independent variables effective on turbidity removal were used. In addition, the surface response method (RSM-D-Optimal) plus Design Expert-v10 optimization software were used for this study. Finally, in this research, according to the standard methods, the residual total Fe (due to sodium ferrate) was checked in the research in order to ensure that its value was in the allowable range for drinking water. The results showed optimum conditions as: pH of 8.5 and gentle mixing oscillating speed of 60rpm for 7min, 50rpm for 7min and 40rpm for 6min, (instead of 40rpm constant speed for 20min) and rapid mixing time of 30s with 120rpm (instead of 60s, which was conventional in Esfahan water treatment plant). In addition, the results showed that by using only 1.54mg/L of S.F. in the above-mentioned optimum condition, the water turbidity removal efficiencies were 95.17% and 99.07% for normal and high turbidity states, respectively. A comparison was made in this research between using S.F. and poly aluminum chloride (PAC) for both normal and high turbidity. The results showed the better effect of S.F. than PAC. The results also showed that the residual total Fe was in the allowable range before and after the filter (because of the reactivity of ferrate with Fe). From the results of this research, it can be concluded that using S.F. has a positive effect, technically and economically, on water turbidity removal (better effect than conventional chemicals) in both normal and high turbidity. Moreover, the results showed that residual total Fe remains in the allowable range.
Technology, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
In 1873 a Medical Officer of Health (MOH) was first appointed in a rapidly enlarging industrial northern city. This was 3 years after the 1870 Education Act which introduced 5 years primary education for all children, usually between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Once children were gathered together in the classroom, the condition of the poor, their clothes and hygiene, and above all, their health was realised. The impact of the MOH on local children’s health was studied using local sources including Council and Health Committee minutes, MOH annual reports, school records and newspaper articles. The MOH had a wide ranging remit from sewage disposal to the health of all children. He was guided by laws such as the Vaccination Acts and the 1889 Children Act, by a national network of MOHs and in addition he introduced his own local procedures. He oversaw general measures to set up the infrastructure of a modern city, such as a clean water supply, a sewerage system, and monitored air pollution and adulteration of food and took legal action to enforce compliance with guidelines. All this improved the welfare of the population, including children. Illnesses and deaths of children and infants received particular attention when MOH undertook a huge audit by introducing a local notification system for illness. This was limited in quality as diagnoses were not always accurate. Nevertheless, they were sufficient to focus treatment and preventative measures for common infectious diseases such as measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria and tuberculosis. This resulted in amngst other things, contact tracing and vaccinations for smallpox, disinfection centres for household goods and advice to school staff. The MOH also monitored and influenced services for specific groups of children, such as the deaf, blind and migratory children in canal boat families. This paper will illustrate the work of the MOH in detail, including the raw data, interpretation and measures put in place to improve the health and welfare of children in this industrial city.