The article is devoted to systematizing the criminal-law characteristics of the victim and formulating practical guidelines for their application in the qualification of criminal offenses, sentencing, and the use of incentive-based legal mechanisms. The author substantiates a conceptual understanding of the content and functions of the criminal-law features of the victim. Based on the analysis of doctrinal approaches, legislative constructions, and the practical needs of criminal justice, a multi-level classification of victim-related characteristics is proposed. It is structured according to: their criminal-law significance; their role within the structure of the corpus delicti; the distinction between general and special categories of victims; the type of offense composition; the form of guilt; the degree of legislative specification; the level of normative definition; the quantitative characteristics of victims; and the source of regulatory determination. It is demonstrated that mandatory characteristics perform a constructive function within the structure of a criminal offense, while optional characteristics ensure the individualization of punishment and influence the application of incentive norms. The study shows that in qualified and especially qualified offense compositions, special characteristics of the victim increase the degree of social harm of the act, while in privileged compositions certain attributes or behavior of the victim, conversely, tend to mitigate the criminal-law assessment of the act. Differences in the functioning of these characteristics depending on the form of guilt are highlighted: in intentional offenses they personalize the direction and focus of the unlawful act (including the offender’s awareness of specific features of the victim), whereas in negligent offenses they indirectly influence the assessment of consequences and the degree of liability. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a comprehensive classification of victim-related characteristics that integrates substantive (functional) criteria with criteria of legislative technique and the source of legal regulation, as well as in establishing practical guidelines on the limits of literal, restrictive, and expansive interpretation. The practical significance of the work lies in enhancing the predictability of law enforcement, unifying approaches to legal qualification, providing proper differentiation of liability, and reducing the risk of errors arising from the competition of norms.
Our paper focuses on the topic of false friends approached in a teaching context. False friends have been frequently examined from various perspectives, such as translation studies, lexicology, and semantics. In addition, the phrase “false friends” may be found in various languages. There are many compendiums and specialized dictionaries dealing with false friends; nevertheless, this concept does not have a clear and conclusive definition. Broadly speaking, false friends are understood as doublets having an identical or similar form, but different meanings. In fact, such concepts are called “false friends” according to the frequency of errors and confusions that they generate. In other words, false friends are linguistic “traps”, especially for language learners. Based on our teaching experience, we propose a typology of false friends (“intralinguistic” and “interlinguistic” false friends, respectively) and we discuss some comprehension and translation difficulties encountered by Romanian learners of legal French.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
У статті досліджено еволюцію нормативно-правового регулювання кримінального процесуального законодавства в частині відкриття матеріалів кримінального провадження іншій стороні. Зокрема автори проаналізували діюче кримінальне процесуальне законодавство та практичні проблеми реалізації прав та гарантій сторони захисту відповідно до норм КПК від 1960 року. Вказано на законодавчі прогалини та недоліки, практичні проблеми, які виникали з огляду на поточний стан нормативної регламентації процедури доступу до матеріалів сторони захисту. Акцентовано увагу, що до прийняття КПК у 2012 році, доступ сторони захисту до матеріалів кримінального провадження був обмежений дискреційними повноваженнями сторони обвинувачення та містив низку правових інструментів для порушення прав обвинуваченого та інших учасників кримінального процесу. Встановлено, що зміни процедури відкриття матеріалів іншій стороні за часів незалежності України були поетапними в рамках правового реформування кримінального провадження в Україні. Зміни полягали у доповненні гарантійними положеннями статті 218 КПК України від 1960 року. Стверджено, що на рівні відокремленого інституту відкриття матеріалів іншій стороні набуло повноцінного розвитку в кримінальному процесі після прийняття КПК 2012 року, норми якого посилили змагальні засади, рівність та забезпечення права на захист в кримінальному провадженні. В статті досліджено питання повноти та обсягу матеріалів, які надавались стороні захисту для ознайомлення після завершення досудового розслідування, врегулювання строків для ознайомлення з матеріалами, права на виготовлення копій матеріалів кримінальної справи, запровадження судового контролю.
Як підсумок, автори дійшли висновку, що відкриття матеріалів досудового розслідування є важливою гарантією забезпечення права на захист підозрюваного, обвинуваченого та його захисника. Процедура доступу сторони захисту до матеріалів кримінального провадження еволюціонувала за останні десятиліття від обмежених можливостей сторони захисту до повноцінної змагальності та рівності сторін у кримінальному процесі.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Newtons Laws of Motion form the basis of classical mechanics, but misconceptions about their interrelationships persist in pedagogy. A prevalent misunderstanding is that Newtons First Law is a trivial consequence of the Second Law. This paper argues that the First Law serves a logically distinct foundational role that defines the context in which the Second Law is valid. This conceptual distinction is clarified through classical thought experiments and further supported by insights from relativistic mechanics. Furthermore, the paper discusses the notion of the zeroth Law. It evaluates several candidates, including the absoluteness of space and time, the conservation and additivity of mass, and the locality of force in time. By articulating the details of the logical structure of Newtons Laws, this article offers theoretical clarity and pedagogical value for the teaching and interpretation of Newtonian mechanics.
Legal regulation of deadlines and terms in civil law is a key element in ensuring legal certainty, the stability of contractual and other legal relations, and effective protection of the rights and interests of participants in civil turnover. Defining deadlines in law is a necessary condition for regulating the lawful conduct of the parties, establishing the boundaries for exercising rights and fulfilling obligations, as well as for protecting the interests of individuals who may face negative consequences if these deadlines are not adhered to. The article discusses theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concepts «deadline» and «term», their differentiation and classification in the system of civil law. It is noted that deadlines are divided into imperative and dispositive, which directly affects their ability to be altered by agreement of the parties or by judicial correction. An important aspect is the analysis of the legal consequences of missed deadlines, including the possibility of their renewal or interruption in cases provided for by law. The article analyzes contemporary approaches to the classification of deadlines in Ukrainian civil law and their practical application. The authors consider the impact of deadlines on the realization of rights and the fulfillment of obligations, as well as their role in legal proceedings. Special attention is given to the issues of calculating deadlines, their renewal, suspension, and interruption, which are crucial in the context of ensuring legal certainty. Scientific approaches to defining deadlines and their functions in civil law are generalized. Based on the analysis of regulatory acts, judicial practice, and scientific sources, proposals are made for improving the legal regulation of deadlines in Ukrainian civil law. In Ukraine, despite the existence of general rules concerning deadlines, there are no sufficiently detailed provisions on their suspension in emergency situations, which creates legal uncertainty for citizens and businesses. The research aims to develop conceptual approaches to improving the mechanisms for regulating deadlines and terms, which will enhance the effectiveness of judicial protection, ensure a balance between legal certainty and the protection of the rights of individuals who, due to objective reasons, were unable to exercise their rights within the prescribed deadlines.
Large plume-like features within the Greenland Ice Sheet disrupt radiostratigraphy and complicate the use of isochrones in reconstructions of past ice dynamics. Here we use numerical modeling to test the hypothesis that convection is a viable mechanism for the formation of the large (>1/3 ice thickness) englacial plume-like features observed in north Greenland. Greater horizontal shear and snow accumulation impede formation of convection plumes, while stable and softer ice encourages them. These results potentially explain the dearth of basal plumes in the younger and higher-accumulation southern ice sheet. Leveraging this mechanism to place bounds on ice rheology suggests that -- for north Greenland -- ice viscosity may be ~9-15 times lower than commonly assumed. Softer-than-assumed ice there implies significantly reduced basal sliding compared to standard models. Implementing a softer basal ice rheology in numerical models may help reduce uncertainty in projections of future ice-sheet mass balance.
We consider the problem of statistical inference on parameters of a target population when auxiliary observations are available from related populations. We propose a flexible empirical Bayes approach that can be applied on top of any asymptotically linear estimator to incorporate information from related populations when constructing confidence regions. The proposed methodology is valid regardless of whether there are direct observations on the population of interest. We demonstrate the performance of the empirical Bayes confidence regions on synthetic data as well as on the Trends in International Mathematics and Sciences Study when using the debiased Lasso as the basic algorithm in high-dimensional regression.
Maxwell equal area law is an important and traditional analytical tool in thermodynamic phase transition, especially in the calculation of gas-liquid phase transition, which reconciles the theoretical calculation with the experimental results. Undoubtedly, its importance is also self-evident for the black hole thermodynamic system. In this study, we construct a generalized Maxwell equal area law, which allows different states of thermodynamic systems to be within the generalized free energy. The black hole thermodynamic characteristics are spontaneously emerged in the free energy landscape. Furthermore, by analytic continuation, we utilize the properties of analytical functions to investigate some universal characteristics of thermodynamic phase transitions in black holes, and preliminarily establish the counterpart of thermodynamic phase transitions in the complex domain.
Au Canada, la pandémie de COVID-19 a forcé la fermeture sans précédent des tribunaux. La solution du gouvernement ontarien a été de mener les procédures judiciaires virtuellement. Longtemps présentée comme un moyen d’élargir l’accès à la justice, certains craignent que l’utilisation des technologies audiovisuelles ne réduise en fait l’accès à la justice à certains égards. Cette recherche s’intéresse à la migration vers un environnement virtuel pendant la pandémie et à ses impacts sur l’accès à la justice, conçu ici comme la capacité des justiciables à accéder aux tribunaux et à leurs avocats. La recherche repose sur des méthodes ethnographiques dans les tribunaux criminels de l’Ontario qui combinent observations et entrevues auprès de juges et d’avocats. Les résultats révèlent que bien que le passage en mode virtuel ait pu contribuer à un meilleur accès aux tribunaux pour une majorité de justiciables, il a aussi pu compliquer l’accès pour les justiciables vivant en région éloignée, ceux qui ne sont pas représentés par un avocat ou ceux qui sont incarcérés. L’article aborde ces enjeux avant de discuter de l’avenir de ces technologies dans les tribunaux dans une ère post-pandémie.
Hassan Basari V. T., P. B. Krishna, Titus K. Mathew
We derive a unified expansion law for our universe from the first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon, where entropic evolution depicts the emergence of cosmic space. The derivation advances a general form for degrees of freedom on the surface and bulk, which provides a natural generalization for the expansion law proposed by Padmanabhan. The general expression for the surface degrees of freedom differs from the natural expectation, $ N_{sur }= 4S $ in the emergent gravity paradigm for general theories of gravity. The derivation also provides justification for the selection of Gibbons-Hawking temperature in the original expansion law and for the use of areal volume in the non-flat FRW universe. Since the unified expansion law exclusively depends on the form of entropy, the method is applicable to obtain the expansion law in any gravity theory without any additional ad hoc assumptions. From the general expansion law, we have obtained the expansion law corresponding to different theories of gravity like (n+1) Einstein, Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock, and Horava-Lifshitz. We also obtained the expansion law for non-extensive entropy like Tsallis entropy from the unified expansion law.
We prove a recursive formula for plethysm coefficients of the form $a^μ_{λ,(m)}$, generalising results on plethysms due to Bruns--Conca--Varbaro and de Boeck--Paget--Wildon. From this we deduce a stability result and resolve two conjectures of de Boeck concerning plethysms, as well as obtain new results on Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups for the prime 2. Further, letting $P_n$ denote a Sylow 2-subgroup of $S_n$, we show that almost all Sylow branching coefficients of $S_n$ corresponding to the trivial character of $P_n$ are positive.
В статье изучены национальные и международные правовые основы регулирования отношений в сфере физической культуры и спорта. Установлено, что изучение и учет положительного зарубежного опыта эффективного регулирования отношений, возникающих в сфере физической культуры и спорта, важны для совершенствования норм национального спортивного права, в том числедля проведения кодификации спортивного законодательства России, и выступает одной из важныхпричин, обусловливающих развитие международного сотрудничества Российской Федерации с зарубежными странами. Другой важной причиной выступает необходимость проведения гармонизации и унификации национального законодательства России в области физической культуры и спортас нормами международного права. Развитие международного сотрудничества России с зарубежнымистранами и международными организациями в направлении обеспечения национальной безопасности особенно актуально в условиях осуществления давления на российских спортсменов в последнеедесятилетие на спортивных соревнованиях и мероприятиях различного уровня. Сделан вывод о необходимости для России развивать все направления международного сотрудничества, так как физическая культура и спорт на национальном и международном уровнях выступает важным инструментомобеспечения устойчивого социально-экономического развития стран, инструментом личностногоразвития человека, инструментом, обеспечивающим межкультурное, партнерское и дружественноеразвитие межгосударственного общения и служит мощным стимулом повышения конкурентоспособности каждой страны в условиях мировой глобализации.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Z kolizją pomiędzy wolnością zgromadzeń różnych grup mamy do czynienia wtedy, gdy mają się odbyć dwa lub więcej antagonistyczne zgromadzenia w tym samym miejscu i czasie. Możliwe są dwa modele podejścia do tego zagadnienia: model równouprawnienia wszystkich zgromadzeń i model władczego rozstrzygania kolizji poprzez ograniczenie wolności zgromadzeń. Oba są dopuszczalne na gruncie Konstytucji RP. W polskim ustawodawstwie żaden z nich nie jest realizowany w pełni. W przypadku niektórych kolizji ustawodawca przewiduje możliwość ich władczego rozstrzygnięcia w oparciu o zróżnicowane kryteria. Zastosowane regulacje wydają się w niektórych wypadkach niespójne i niekonsekwentne, a w jednej sytuacji – nieproporcjonalne.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We continue the work of a previous paper \cite{LJL} to derive the dispersion relations of the periodic quantum graphs associated with the remaining 5 of the 11 Archimedean tilings, namely the truncated hexagonal tiling $(3,12^2)$, rhombi-trihexagonal tiling $(3,4,6,4)$, snub square tiling $(3^2,4,3,6)$, snub trihexagonal tiling $(3^4,6)$, and truncated trihexagonal tiling $(4,6,12)$. The computation is done with the help of the symbolic software Mathematica. With these explicit dispersion relations, we perform more analysis on the spectra.
Giordano De Marzo, Andrea Gabrielli, Andrea Zaccaria
et al.
The rank-size plots of a large number of different physical and socio-economic systems are usually said to follow Zipf's law, but a unique framework for the comprehension of this ubiquitous scaling law is still lacking. Here we show that a dynamical approach is crucial: during their evolution, some systems are attracted towards Zipf's law, while others presents Zipf's law only temporarily and, therefore, spuriously. A truly Zipfian dynamics is characterized by a dynamical constraint, or coherence, among the parameters of the generating PDF, and the number of elements in the system. A clear-cut example of such coherence is natural language. Our framework allows us to derive some quantitative results that go well beyond the usual Zipf's law: i) earthquakes can evolve only incoherently and thus show Zipf's law spuriously; this allows an assessment of the largest possible magnitude of an earthquake occurring in a geographical region. ii) We prove that Zipfian dynamics are not additive, explaining analytically why US cities evolve coherently, while world cities do not. iii) Our concept of coherence can be used for model selection, for example, the Yule-Simon process can describe the dynamics of world countries' GDP. iv) World cities present spurious Zipf's law and we use this property for estimating the maximal population of an urban agglomeration.
<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>Widespread human interaction in the world provides opportunities for marriage between different nations of citizenship. Intermarriage is not uncommon among nations raises a problem, in terms of one's country of origin where the country in which she gave birth or born adopts the same nationality, it will not cause problems. However, when the two countries concerned have different systems, they can lead to circumstances that cause a person holds the status double nationality (bipatride) or instead became stateless altogether (apatride).</em></p><p><em>The issue of citizenship and non-citizenship, whether it concerns the procedure of obtaining and losing citizenship that is behind the author to do this research. This study aimed to analyze the concept of citizenship that apply in the constitutional system of the Republic of Indonesia and also to analyze the loss of citizenship based on Law No. 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia. To achieve this goal, this research is done by using normative legal research method with prescriptive model. The collected legal material will be studied comprehensively and analyzed deductively by systematic presentation.</em></p><p><em>The results of research and discussion concluded that: First, the concept of citizenship in the constitutional system prevailing in Indonesia based on Law No. 12 of 2006 on Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia has to clarify and reinforce the position and legal certainty for every citizen of Indonesia, which is in conformity with mandated in the provisions of Article 26 paragraph (1) and Article 6 paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945. Second, the loss of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia based on Law No. 12 of 2006 on citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia may occur due to loss of citizenship by itself, Loss of citizenship with a request, and loss of citizenship due to a marriage. In addition, based on the analysis of jurisdiction over the events lose citizenship Arcandra Tahar and Gloria Natapradja Hamel, it can be concluded that in accordance with the legislation on citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia, materially Arcandra Tahar has no citizenship and against Gloria Natapradja Hamel is a juridicial as a foreign citizen.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong><em>: Republic of Indonesia, Citizenship, Losing Citizenship</em></p>
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
В стaтье рaссмaтривaется понятие противодействия, окaзывaемого в ходе досудебного рaсследовaния. Конфликт, конфликтнaя ситуaция являются чaстью противодействия, в который вступaют
субъекты противодействия. Субъектaми противодействия являются следовaтель и другие зaинтересовaнные в создaнии помех при рaс-
следовaнии уголовного делa лицa. В стaтье рaссмaтривaются рaзличные мотивы. Вaжным является устaновление мотивов окaзaния противодействия для прaвильного выборa поведения лицa, преодолевaющего это противодействие.
Ключевые словa: противодействие рaсследовaнию, воспрепятствовaние рaсследовaнию, конфликт, конфликтнaя ситуaция, мотив, истинa.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis transaksi terapeutik sebagai sarana perlindungan hukum bagi pasien. Transaksi terapeutik adalah perjanjian antara dokter dengan pasien yang memberikan kewenangan kepada dokter untuk melakukan kegiatan memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien berdasarkan keahlian dan keterampilan yang dimiliki oleh dokter tersebut. Hubungan hukum dalam transaksi terapeutik tersebut, menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban yang harus dipatuhi dan dilaksanakan oleh masing-masing pihak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan sumber data utama adalah data sekunder yang didukung data primer. Data primer diperoleh secara langsung melalui wawancara dan data sekunder berupa bahan hukum, baik primer, sekunder dan tertier yang akan dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui pengkoleksian data, mereduksi data, bahwa Transaksi terapeutik memposisikan kedudukan dokter dan pasien, pada hubungan yang sederajat dengan harapan akan dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak, namun pada kenyataannya norma-norma tersebut belum dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum.Hal itu terjadi disebabkan karena belum adanya pengaturan pelaksanaan transaksi terapeutik secara konsisten.
Kata Kunci : transaksi terapeutik, perlindungan hukum
----
This paper aims to know and analyze therapeutic transactions as a means of legal protection for patients. Therapeutic transactions are agreements between physicians and patients who authorize the physician to perform activities to provide health services to patients based on the skills and skills possessed by the doctor. The legal relationship in such therapeutic transactions creates rights and obligations that must be obeyed and implemented by each party. This research uses normative juridical approach method with primary data source is secondary data supported by primary data. Primary data is obtained directly through interviews and secondary data in the form of legal materials, both primary, secondary and tertiary which will be analyzed qualitatively through data obtained that therapeutic transactions position physicians and patients, on equal relations in the hope of providing legal protection for the parties, but in fact these norms have not been able to provide legal protection. That happens because there is no arrangement of the implementation of transactions therapeutic consistently.
Keywords: therapeutic transactions, legal protection
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article describes the claim of article 17 N° 8 of Law N° 20.600, re-viewing the main problems that have faced in its judicial process, then analyze the sentenc-es related to administrative invalidation, pausing in those that have received the claims sought. Furthermore, the decisions of the environmental court is reviewed and the term in which the rule is emitted, analyzing whether these procedures ensure effective judicial access in environmental matters. It also examines the possibility that the environmental pro-tection action may be erected as a more efficient legal remedy considering the problems identified in the claim action of article 17 No. 8 of Law No. 20.600. For this, we review the rulings of 2017 that modify the current jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, which was deferent to the specialized judiciary. Finally, a solution is presented to the problems identi-fied, through the application of the principle pro actione, according to which the environ-mental courts should prefer the substantive and definitive solution of the controversies that come to their knowledge, solving the substance of the request of invalidation, leaving only for exceptional cases the return of knowledge to the administration.