Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Susanne Härtel

In this essay, I seek to illustrate the workings of rabbinic authority by means of a concrete historical example, a decision taken by Rabbi Elijah Mizraḥi (c. 1450–1526) in a particular constellation in Ottoman Constantinople around 1500. The insights of a historian of Jewish history may also be of interest to scholars of Ottoman Studies, at best stimulating interdisciplinary collaborations as well as comparative studies. After a brief introduction to the genre of responsa literature and its value as a source for political history, a specific conflict is presented, which was sparked by the question of whether Rabbanite Jews were allowed to teach Karaite Jews in religious and secular subjects. An appraisal of Mizraḥi’s reasoning reveals that the scholar who permitted the teaching espoused a rather liberal position. It was supported by halakhic tradition, but did not automatically follow from it. If Mizraḥi’s arguments are then placed in their historical context, the decision’s likely effects become visible, allowing a reconstruction of the rabbi’s strategies: an overall conciliatory approach appears to have enabled him to gain recognition of his authority among various groups of the city’s generally heterogeneous Jewish population. The example at hand thus offers an illuminating vantage for examining Jewish politics under the impress of continued migrations in the Ottoman lands and the Mediterranean region of the following 16th century.

DR. AFSHAN BATOOL

This article explores the concept of mystical love in Arabic Muslim literature with special reference to Ibn al-‘Arabi’s ‘Tarjuman al-Ashwaq’. It highlights how Muslim literature, rooted in the Qur’an and Hadith, emphasizes truth, spirituality, and human refinement. Unlike secular literary traditions, Muslim poets and writers fuse artistic expression with moral and spiritual values, making literature a means of personality formation and social development. Within this framework, Ibn al-‘Arabi emerges as a towering figure who profoundly shaped Islamic mystical thought. Born in Andalusia, he is revered as al-Shaykh al-Akbar for his influential writings on Sufism and philosophy, including ‘Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya’, ‘Fusus al-Hikam’, and ‘Tarjuman al-Ashwaq’. His doctrine of wahdat al-wujud (Unity of Being) interprets all existence as manifestations of ‘ Tarjuman al-Ashwaq’, Ibn al-‘Arabi presents his mystical experiences through symbolic and allegorical love poetry. Although critics accused him of romanticism, he clarified that his verses veil profound spiritual truths expressed through the language of love. Ultimately, his conception of love transcends the personal and embodies the eternal quest for Divine proximity, shaping Muslim literary expression and the symbolic tradition of the Urdu ghazal.

فائزه عرب یوسف آبادی

رمان جزیرۀ سرگردانی نوشتۀ سیمین دانشور، با روایتی چندلایه، تجربه‎های روایی شخصیت‎ها را در بستر چالش‎های اجتماعی، فرهنگی و تاریخی ایران معاصر بازتاب می‎دهد. این اثر با تمرکز بر تعاملات شخصیت‎ها و بازاندیشی در باورهایشان، فضایی برای تأمل در فرایند فهم انسانی و تحول آگاهی فراهم می‎کند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل چگونگی بازنمایی مفاهیم پیش‎بینی، گفت‎وگوی هرمنوتیکی و امتزاج افق‎ها در ساختار روایی و شخصیت‎پردازی رمان، براساس نظریه هرمنوتیکی هانس-گئورگ گادامر انجام شده‌است. روش تحقیق کیفی است و با تحلیل محتوای دقیق روایت، گفتگوها و زمینه‎های تاریخی، کارکرد مفاهیم گادامری در متن بررسی شده‌است. یافته‎ها نشان می‎دهد که شخصیت‎ها، به‎ویژه «هستی»، از طریق تعامل با دیگران و مواجهه با دیدگاه‎های متفاوت، وارد فرایند تأویل می‎شوند. این فرایند که از گفت‎وگوهای میان شخصیت‎ها با باورهای سنتی و مدرن شکل می‎گیرد، به بازاندیشی در پیش‎بینی‎ها و درنهایت به امتزاج افق‎ها می‎انجامد. این امتزاج، به معنای آمیختگی دیدگاه‎های متفاوت و خلق فهمی نوین، در تحول فکری و عاطفی شخصیت‎ها نمود می‎یابد. درنتیجه، جزیرۀ سرگردانی هم به‎عنوان اثری ادبی و هم به‎عنوان فضایی هرمنوتیکی برای فهم متقابل و بازسازی آگاهی انسانی قابل‌توجه است. این رمان، با نمایش کشاکش میان سنت و مدرنیته، عقلانیت و عرفان، و فردیت و جمع، آیینه‎ای از گفت‎وگوی فرهنگی و تاریخی ایران در آستانۀ تحولات اجتماعی است.

Yusuke Inoue, Yuji Komatsu

While a language assigns a value of either `yes' or `no' to each word, a lattice language assigns an element of a given lattice to each word. An advantage of lattice languages is that joins and meets of languages can be defined as generalizations of unions and intersections. This fact also allows for the definition of positive varieties -- classes closed under joins, meets, quotients, and inverse homomorphisms -- of lattice languages. In this paper, we extend Pin's positive variety theorem, proving a one-to-one correspondence between positive varieties of regular lattice languages and pseudo-varieties of finite ordered monoids. Additionally, we briefly explore algebraic approaches to finite-state Markov chains as an application of our framework.

Kun Yuan, Min Woo Sun, Zhen Chen et al.

There is a growing interest in developing strong biomedical vision-language models. A popular approach to achieve robust representations is to use web-scale scientific data. However, current biomedical vision-language pretraining typically compresses rich scientific figures and text into coarse figure-level pairs, discarding the fine-grained correspondences that clinicians actually rely on when zooming into local structures. To tackle this issue, we introduce Panel2Patch, a novel data pipeline that mines hierarchical structure from existing biomedical scientific literature, i.e., multi-panel, marker-heavy figures and their surrounding text, and converts them into multi-granular supervision. Given scientific figures and captions, Panel2Patch parses layouts, panels, and visual markers, then constructs hierarchical aligned vision-language pairs at the figure, panel, and patch levels, preserving local semantics instead of treating each figure as a single data sample. Built on this hierarchical corpus, we develop a granularity-aware pretraining strategy that unifies heterogeneous objectives from coarse didactic descriptions to fine region-focused phrases. By applying Panel2Patch to only a small set of the literature figures, we extract far more effective supervision than prior pipelines, enabling substantially better performance with less pretraining data.

Jay Lee

It is well-known that abstract interpreters can be systematically derived from their concrete counterparts using a "recipe," but developing sound static analyzers remains a time-consuming task. Reducing the effort required and mechanizing the process of developing analyzers continues to be a significant challenge. Is it possible to automatically retarget an existing abstract interpreter for a new language? We propose a novel technique to automatically derive abstract interpreters for various languages from an existing abstract interpreter. By leveraging partial evaluation, we specialize an abstract interpreter for a source language. The specialization is performed using the semantics of target languages written in the source language. Our approach eliminates the need to develop analyzers for new targets from scratch. We show that our method can effectively retarget an abstract interpreter for one language into a correct analyzer for another language.

Anita M. Borghero

Heesterman (1962), moving away from the hypothesis of a non-Aryan background for the Vrātyas, went far beyond the brahmanical-grounded heterodox interpretation of their culture (see also Candotti and Pontillo 2015, Pontillo and Dore 2016, Vassilkov 2016). The Vrātyas are usually associated with the cult of Rudra (see, e.g., Charpentier 1911, Hauer 1927, Falk 1986) who is regarded as an outsider god. Dore (2015: 55; 2016) remarks that there is no reason to “consider the relationship between the Vrātya and Rudra as being more important or more revelatory compared to the relationship with Indra.” Taking for granted the influence of both gods on the culture and on the literary representation of the culture of this group, the present paper focuses on the analysis of Vedic textual traditions dealing with the bow associated with the leader of the Vrātyas, in order to understand to what extent such a weapon represents evidence of their aggressiveness.

Majid Mushtaq Dr

Urdu litreture has many genres like Gazal Nazam, Novel, short story and Drama.Sadarshan is one of the earlier renowned short story writers in Urdu, having potential of drama writing equally. His stories have romantic aura.  Parbala is one of his importent charector of his drama Parbal.He wrote this dramma in 1925. In This article using the close reading methods, the salient features of this characters are brought forth. It is argued that despite the social and cultural bounds of his time, Sudrashan has created a feminine character that has courageous personality and who had the capcity to turn the tables. In Parbla we can find a balance between hard core femininism and sublime qualities of traditional culture.        

نسیم عظیمی‌پور, علی محمدی

لطایف فی الاصول (تاریخ تألیف: 696 هجری قمری) از محمد بن محمد مرغینانی معروف به شمس دبیران کهن‌ترین دانشنامۀ منظوم فارسی است که به دست ما رسیده است. این منظومۀ 4897 بیتی در دو موضوعِ اصلی «علم اصول» (شامل معرفت صفات و افعال حق و نبوّت انبیا) و «اصول اشعار» (شامل صنایع ادبی، عروض و قافیۀ فارسی) سروده شده است. مؤلف که از ادبا و علمای اهل سنّتِ ماوراءالنهر بوده، این منظومه را پس از اقامت ده‌ساله در آسیای صغیر در سنین پیری برای ارشاد فرزندان خویش ساخته و به وزیر مقتدر ایلخانی، صدرالدین احمد خالدی زنجانی ملقّب به صدر جهان (متوفی رجب 697) تقدیم داشته است. در مقالۀ حاضر یگانه نسخۀ خطی این کتاب که به خط شاعر است، خود شاعر، مهدی‌الیه کتاب و موضوعات و علوم مطروحه در آن معرفی شده است. لطایف فی الاصول مرجعی است برای آگاهی از تنوّعات نسبی و سنن گاه متفاوت در طبقه‌بندی علوم، به‌ویژه علوم دینی، و سیر تحوّلات آن در میان دانشمندان اسلامی. تمرکز این مقاله اما بر وجوه ادبی متن است.

Tayyebeh Sheikhveisi, Mahdi Nikmanesh, Seyyed Mahdi Tabatabaei

"Ma'arif al-Haqayiq fi Tahqiq al-Daqayiq" falls under the category of mystical writings. The author, Mirpadshah, identifies himself in his book as a descendant of Mir Haider Kasbi, a sheikh of the Naqshbandi sect. Mir Haider Kasbi's grave is now a shrine in the province of Nakhshab (currently Qarshi). He is a relative of Khwaja Saad and the author of "Ma'arif al-Haqayq" and "Izah al-Istlahat Va Tafsil Al-Maqamat". Written in 1003 AH during the reign of Abdullah Bahadur Khan, "Ma'arif al-Haqayq" is a commentary on "Lama'at" by Fakhr al-Din Iraqi, inspired by a man named Mirak Sufi. The author defines and explains mystical concepts at the beginning of the book. He also adds his explanations while writing Iraqi's words, whom he calls Musannef. He writes down the words of the Iraqi in red and his explanations in black. This document lacks history, including articles, dissertations, and books; however, Iraqi's existing explanations are given as background. The thorough definitions of mystical terminology are found in the preface of the version and in the section preceding the main text, which are not found in other explanations and are considered innovative. There are no duplicate manuscripts for this version. It is readable, written by the author, and contains very few omissions. The detailed description of the text "Lamaat" combined with the thorough explanations of the mystical terms, the detailed explanations of mystical terms, the elegant and eloquent choice of words, the use of literary structures such as similes, the abundance of adjectives and the information of the Naqshbandi sect make this description an effective example. During the time regarded as the decline of Persian prose, it is of great importance for prose. The command of mystical topics and the coherence of the author's writing remind me of Lahiji's account of Shabestari’s "Golshan Raz." It must therefore be corrected, in order to provide the audience with a comprehensive description of the Lamaat, in addition to the richness of spiritual literature.

محمد نصری, حیدر نصرت زاد, شهرام مدرس خیابانی

پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با تکیه بر منابع کتابخانه‌ای و همچنین استفاده از دیدگاه زبان‌شناختی معناشناسی ساختارگرا سعی در بررسی موضوع باهم‌آیی و ابهام واژگانی در متون بانکی مربوط به اعتبار اسنادی از بانکداری بین‌الملل (مقررات و دستورالعمل‌ها) و مشکلات و نارسایی‌های مرتبط با معادل‌گزینی (سازی) فارسی آن‌ها با انتخاب پنج کتاب ترجمه‌شده مقابله‌ای دارد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهند که باهم‌آیی‌های موجود در بخش تخصصی این متون ویژگی‌هایی چون بافتی (واژگان و دستوری)، ساده، قابل انتظار، بی‌فاصله، پربسامد، واژه‌محوری، موقعیتی، معنایی و همنشین بودن را دارند که مترجمان این باهم‌آیی‌ها را گاه با چندین و گاه تنها با یک معادل ثابت به زبان فارسی برگردان نموده‌اند که گزینش و یا ساخت معادل ثابت برای این باهم‌آیی‌ها از برای یکسان‌سازی و ایجاد زبان خاص فنی فارسی در زمینه‌ی اعتبار اسنادی از بانکداری بین‌الملل بسیار مناسب به نظر می‌رسد. درخصوص ویژگی‌های مربوط به چندمعنایی (ابهام)‌های واژگانی موجود در این متون نیز این نتیجه حاصل گردید که در بخش تخصصی متون بانکی برگزیده واژه‌های بسیاری وجود دارند که اغلب به دلیل کاربرد ویژه و با به-کارگیری جدید آن‌ها در حرفه‌ی بانکداری همراه با ایجاد معنای جدید به وجود آمده‌اند و دلالت چندگانه معنایی دارند. اما این دلالت‌های چندگانه باتوجه به بافت زبانی (روابط دستوری و معنایی یک واژه با دیگر واژه‌های قبل و بعد خود) و باهم‌آیی‌های خاصی که واژه چندمعنا همراه با آن‌ها به‌کار می‌رود همچون واحدی تک‌معنا و بدون ایجاد ابهام عمل می‌کنند.

طاهره ایشانی, مریم عاملی رضایی, علی جانمحمدی

سبک‌شناسی انتقادی با تحلیل لایه‌های مختلف متن در پی شناسایی مفاهیم پنهان در زیر سطح زبان و کشف ایدئولوژی حاکم بر آن و شبکه‌های قدرت در متن است. با توجه به آنکه درویشیان نویسنده‌ای ایدئولوژی‌محور و معترض و منتقد به وضع زمانه است، شناخت ایدئولوژی‌ها و در نتیجه، نابسامانی‌های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی روزگار او اهمیّت زیادی دارد. هدف از این پژوهش - که به روش توصیفی، تحلیلی و آماری و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است - آن است که مشخّصه‌های سبک‌شناسی انتقادی و ایدئولوژی پنهان و روابط قدرت در مجموعه داستان‌ آبشوران آشکار شود. این جستار، به شیوۀ لایه‌ای انجام شده و ابتدا کلان‌لایۀ بافت به صورت کلّی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و سپس دو کلان‌لایۀ روایت و متن، با نظر به رویکرد مریم درپر در سبک‌شناسی انتقادی، تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. بررسی مؤلفه‌های سبک‌شناسی انتقادی در مجموعه داستان‌ آبشوران، حکایت از آن دارد که کانونی‌سازی از نوع بیرونی و درونی و نیز مؤلفۀ تقابل، از ویژگی‌های سبکیِ برجستۀ این مجموعه داستان است و آنچه اهمیّت دارد این است که این مؤلفه‌های سبکی، ابزاری برای بیان دو مفهوم ایدئولوژی و قدرت هستند. ‌ایدئولوژی مورد نظر نویسنده، شامل «مبارزه با فقر»، «مبارزه با جهل»، «مبارزه با بی‌عدالتی» و «مبارزه با سنّت» است. همچنین، چنانکه از داستان‌های درویشیان برمی‌آید، قدرت در این آثار، مقوله‌ای زنجیره‌وار، پیچیده و لایه‌لایه در تمام سطوح جامعه است.

Gabriel Orlanski, Kefan Xiao, Xavier Garcia et al.

Current benchmarks for evaluating neural code models focus on only a small subset of programming languages, excluding many popular languages such as Go or Rust. To ameliorate this issue, we present the BabelCode framework for execution-based evaluation of any benchmark in any language. BabelCode enables new investigations into the qualitative performance of models' memory, runtime, and individual test case results. Additionally, we present a new code translation dataset called Translating Python Programming Puzzles (TP3) from the Python Programming Puzzles (Schuster et al. 2021) benchmark that involves translating expert-level python functions to any language. With both BabelCode and the TP3 benchmark, we investigate if balancing the distributions of 14 languages in a training dataset improves a large language model's performance on low-resource languages. Training a model on a balanced corpus results in, on average, 12.34% higher $pass@k$ across all tasks and languages compared to the baseline. We find that this strategy achieves 66.48% better $pass@k$ on low-resource languages at the cost of only a 12.94% decrease to high-resource languages. In our three translation tasks, this strategy yields, on average, 30.77% better low-resource $pass@k$ while having 19.58% worse high-resource $pass@k$.

Manuel Delgado, Jaume Usó i Cubertorer

There is a one-to-one and onto correspondence between the class of numerical semigroups of depth $n$, where $n$ is an integer, and a certain language over the alphabet $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ which we call a Kunz language of depth $n$. The Kunz language associated with the numerical semigroups of depth $2$ is the regular language $\{1,2\}^*2\{1,2\}^*$. We prove that Kunz languages associated with numerical semigroups of larger depth are context-sensitive but not regular.

رجب اسفندیاری, قاسم وادی پور, محمد باقر شعبانی

با تکیه بر نظریه استعاره مفهومی (لیکاف و جانسون،2003 ) در چارچوب نظری مدل شناختی (فلاور و هیس، ۱۹۸۰)، محققان تلاش کردند تا از طریق خلق کنش متقابل بین سیستم ادراکی نگارنده و تجارب طبیعی که سازه های اصلی بدنه ی متن را تشکیل می دهند تمایلات عاطفی زبان آموزان نسبت به نگارش به زبان انگلیسی را بهبود بخشند. بدین منظور، 120 دانشجوی دختر و پسر کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی از مرکز زبان های خارجی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی کرج داوطلبانه در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. داوطلبان سپس به طور تصادفی به دو گروه برابر زن و مرد تقسیم شدند .گروه آزمایشی از آموزش رویکرد شناختی و گروه کنترل از آموزش رویکرد سنتی بهره مند شدند.با استفاده از مدل آماری تحلیل کواواریانس دوطرفه ، محققان نتایج پس آزمون هردو گروه را مورد ارزیابی قرار دادند. تجزیه و تحلیل حاکی از یک تغییر معنادار در نمرات پس آزمون نگرش نوشتاری و خودکارآمدی نگارش در گروه شناختی بود. یافته های پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ عملی و نظری برای معلمان نگارش زبان انگلیسی از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردارمی باشد. معلمان می توانند استعاره های مفهومی را به عنوان یک استراتژی شناختی به منظور بهبود تمایلات عاطفی زبان آموزان که موفقیت آنان را در نگارش تحت الشعاع قرار داده است را در برنامه های آموزشی خود قرار دهند.

Hadi Vakili

The book Mysticism, East and West by Rudolf Otto, is one of the most important examples of comparative studies of mysticism in the world. The discussion of the East and the West and how they relate to each other is at least for Otto one of the pillars of the philosophy of religion that has been reflected in this book. Otto sees mysticism as the kinship of the east and west. The term “Nominus/ Sacred”, more than anything else, makes it possible for the Eastern-Western look to be used because it can go beyond the history and geography of religions. The nature of the western-eastern philosophy of the comparative religion of Otto first appeared in 1923, in the form of the book of the Holy Idea: The study of the irrational factor in the idea of the divinity and its relation to the rational, and then published more widely and deeply in the Mysticism, East and West, published in 1926. The book, reminding Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s famous book titled West–östlicher Divan (West–Eastern Diwan), discusses mysticism as a phenomenon that is East-West in its nature. Explaining this Western-Eastern phenomenon, Otto compares the Hindu Mystic Shankara to represent eastern mysticism and the Christian Mystic Eckhart to represent western mysticism and seeks to provide a model for understanding the truth of the religion and comparing religious thinkers.

Mohamad Reza Nasr Isfahani, Marziyeh Alsadat Fatemi

Suspension and prospect both are elements of fiction literature, obliging the audience to continue the process of reading the story. This technique is mostly used in modern stories. It is also the most outstanding matter for making attraction and delisting the text for the reader. This research is a survey of suspension in the novel Anna Karenina by Leon Tolstoy, a well-known Russian thinker and novelist in the 19th century. Anna Karenina belongs to the perfect period of Tolstoy, especially after the period of the novel War and Peace. It is a story about the life of a lady named "Anna" who falls in mortal love after her marriage and having a child. She left her family because of her love and made some events as a result. We try to explain Anna's social position from the point of ethical and familial behavior in the text of Tolstoy. This research is descriptive and analytical. The factors causing the suspension are classified into two linguistic and non-linguistic sections, and then they are analyzed.   1- The main elements of the suspension  Good writing is a collection of images and the use of writing tricks. A successful writer has a strong imagination and uses such techniques correctly because, between the right and wrong use of these tricks, the border is narrow.  There is a possibility that the text may be vulgarized at any time by using them inappropriately or in excess. Suspension elements can be divided into two groups: linguistic elements and non-linguistic elements (each of which is divided into sub-sections):  A) Linguistic elements: short sentences and answers, repetition of a word or sentence, ambiguous use of language  B) Non-linguistic elements: rapid return to the past or future, step by step intensifying the conflict of the story, conflict and confrontation, sudden change of character, fear of an accident or the future, unusual plot or acting contrary to expectations, expectation and fear, symbols and signs Anna Karenina: The story takes place in several aristocratic Russian families of the 19th century when princes held a high position in society and aristocratic customs were considered the most important factor of social principle.  The main plot of the story is the adventure of Anna Arkadyonna's love.  She is the wife of Alexei Karenin, a Russian aristocrat, and falls in love with Alexei Krylovich Vronsky, a young army officer and the son of a St. Petersburg aristocrat.    2- Suspension in the novel Anna Karenina  1-2. Asking a general ambiguous theory or question  The author challenges the reader by asking a general question or a general theory, and raises many questions and draws him in. 2-2. Ambiguity and suspension in the character  Anna, Vronsky, Loin, Katie, Loin's mother (absent character) 3-2. Suspension in the accident This kind of fictive suspension happens through accidents as is the case with the death of a worker at a train station where Anna and Vronsky meet for the first time. Bringing this topic at first seemed pointless to the reader, while it was a prelude to expressing the nature of Anna's death and the end of Anna and Vronsky's love where it began. 4-2. Suspension in the plot  Sometimes the events and their causes are unexpected for the reader. In their opinion, it is unreasonable and irrational because, in the real world, such conditions are impossible or rare. 5-2. Suspension in space and mood  By describing a stressful and ambiguous space, the author could also convey the atmosphre to the reader. This atmosphere often becomes heavier when a character wants to make a decision or do something and encourages the reader to continue. 6-2. Suspension in place  Sometimes the reader realizes and follows this secret in the places of events from the content of the author's words. The main suspense frequency of the story (suspension in the form), like other masterpieces in the world, was related to the superstructure and movement of narratives, narrative action, and the characters' complexity. There is, of course, a kind of content and intellectual suspension throughout the story, which happens in a problem or question form.  This model of fictive suspension is shown through characters who have Tolstoy ideas. The story's theme is love, about a woman who has children and belongs to a believing family. The story is complex because of the actions and behaviors performed by Anna, her husband, and her lover.

Tomoyuki Yamakami

We study the computational complexity of finite intersections and finite unions of deterministic context-free (dcf) languages. Earlier, Wotschke [J. Comput. System Sci. 16 (1978) 456--461] demonstrated that intersections of $(d+1)$ dcf languages are in general more powerful than intersections of $d$ dcf languages for any positive integer $d$ based on the separation result of the intersection hierarchy of Liu and Weiner [Math. Systems Theory 7 (1973) 185--192]. The argument of Liu and Weiner, however, works only on bounded languages of particular forms, and therefore Wotschke's result is not directly extendable to other non-bounded languages. To deal with a wide range of languages for the non-membership to the intersection hierarchy, we circumvent the specialization of their proof technics and devise a new and practical technical tool: two pumping lemmas for finite unions of dcf languages. Since the family of dcf languages is closed under complementation and also under intersection with regular languages, these pumping lemmas help us establish the non-membership relation of languages formed by finite intersections of target languages. We also concern ourselves with a relationship to deterministic limited automata of Hibbard [Inf. Control 11 (1967) 196--238] in this regard.