Indium selenide (In2Se3), a layered chalcogenide with multiple polymorphs, is a promising material for optoelectronic and ferroelectric applications. However, achieving polymorph-pure thin films remains a major challenge due to the complex growth space. In this work, Bayesian Optimization (BO) is successfully leveraged to guide the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of In2Se3 on Al2O3 substrates. By training a predictive Gaussian Process Regressor with sequential learning, we efficiently explored substrate temperature, indium flux, selenium flux, and cracker temperature, reducing experimental trials required for successful synthesis. A γ-In2Se3 film with 91% phase purity was achieved after fewer than ten trials. Attempts to isolate α-In2Se3 were limited by amorphous film formation at low temperatures, indicating that single-step co-deposition is unsuitable for crystalline α-In2Se3 on Al2O3. Overall, this study validates Bayesian Optimization as a powerful approach for phase-selective growth in complex materials systems.
We construct and classify all polynomial growth solutions to certain drift-harmonic equations on complete manifolds with paraboloidal asymptotics. These encompass the natural drift-harmonic equations on certain steady gradient Ricci solitons. Specifically, we show that all drift-harmonic functions with polynomial growth asymptotically separate variables, and compute the dimensions of spaces of drift-harmonic functions with a given polynomial growth rate. The proof uses an inductive argument that alternates between constructing and asymptotically controlling drift-harmonic functions.
We show that the Bryant soliton is the unique asymptotically cylindrical steady gradient Ricci soliton, in any dimension $n \geq 3$ and without any curvature assumptions. This generalizes a celebrated theorem of Brendle. We also prove that any steady gradient Ricci soliton asymptotic to a cylinder over the homogeneous lens space $\mathbb{S}^{2m+1}/\mathbb{Z}_k = L_{m,k}$, for $m \geq 1$ and $k \geq 3$, is a noncollapsed Appleton soliton on the complex line bundle $O(-k)$ over $\mathbb{CP}^m$. Specializing to dimension 4, we classify steady gradient Ricci soliton singularity models on smooth orbifolds with tangent flows at infinity of the form $(SU(2)/Γ) \times \mathbb{R}$.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian adalah efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di bawah umur di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi belum berjalan efektif sebagaimana mestinya yang diharapkan sesuai dengan yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan. Faktor-faktor penyebab tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi yaitu faktor pendidikan, faktor ekonomi, faktor sosial, dan faktor hamil di luar nikah.
Human rights, as inherent rights granted to all individuals by virtue of their existence, are enshrined in Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. In Indonesia, human rights remain a critical focus, particularly in addressing past gross human rights violations, which continue to be unresolved despite various regulations, including Presidential Letter Number 2 of 2023 and Presidential Decree Number 17 of 2022. These measures, aimed at non-judicial settlement of past violations, have sparked controversy, particularly regarding their compatibility with MPR Decree Number XXV/MPRS/1966. This research explores the challenges and implications of granting special rights to descendants of the PKI, raising the question of whether they are entitled to such privileges. The granting of these rights has provoked both positive and negative reactions within civil society, with the government's central policy seen as a step toward future improvements. Utilizing a normative legal research methodology, this research analyzes various sources such as books, journals, and newspapers, offering a comprehensive legal analysis. The research concludes that, under the principles of justice, benefit, and legal certainty, the Indonesian state’s provision of special rights to the descendants of the PKI is legally legitimate.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Tin telluride (SnTe) is an IV-VI semiconductor with a topological crystalline insulator band structure, high thermoelectric performance, and in-plane ferroelectricity. Despite its many applications, there has been little work focused on understanding the growth mechanisms of SnTe thin films. In this manuscript, we investigate the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) synthesis of SnTe (111) thin films on InP (111)A substrates. We explore the effect of substrate temperature, Te:Sn flux ratio, and growth rate on the film quality. Using a substrate temperature of 340 °C, a Te:Sn flux ratio of 3, and a growth rate of 0.48 Å/s, fully coalesced and single crystalline SnTe (111) epitaxial layers with x-ray rocking curve full-width-at-half-maxima (FWHM) of 0.09° and root-mean-square surface roughness as low as 0.2 nm have been obtained. Despite the 7.5% lattice mismatch between the SnTe (111) film and the InP (111)A substrate, reciprocal space mapping indicates that the 15 nm SnTe layer is fully relaxed. We show that a periodic interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array forms at the SnTe/InP heterointerface, where each IMF dislocation is separated by 14 InP lattice sites/13 SnTe lattice sites, providing rapid strain relaxation and yielding the high quality SnTe layer. This is the first report of an IMF array forming in a rock-salt on zinc-blende material system and at an IV-VI on III-V heterointerface, and highlights the potential for SnTe as a buffer layer for epitaxial telluride film growth. This work represents an important milestone in enabling the heterointegration between IV-VI and III-V semiconductors to create multifunctional devices.
Nanolayered post-transition metal monochalcogenides (PTMMCs) stand out as promising advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials. Beyond inheriting the general advantages associated with traditional 2D materials, they exhibit unique properties, including a wide bandgap range covering the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared spectral ranges, thickness-dependent bandgap behaviors, good nonlinear optical performance, high thermoelectric coefficients, and ferroelectricity. Consequently, these materials hold significant potential in diverse applications such as photodetectors, field effect transistors, thermoelectrics, ferroelectrics, photovoltaics, and electrochemical devices, especially in the manufacturing of nanoscale devices. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of the PTMMC family. This study provides a broad overview of the crystal structures, bandgap structures, synthesis methods, physical properties, and state-of-the-art applications of PTMMC materials with a motif of X-M-M-X (M=Ga, In, Ge, Sn; X=S, Se, Te). An outlook for the development trends is emphasized at the end, underscoring the critical importance of this work to the future exploration of nanolayered PTMMCs.
Large plume-like features within the Greenland Ice Sheet disrupt radiostratigraphy and complicate the use of isochrones in reconstructions of past ice dynamics. Here we use numerical modeling to test the hypothesis that convection is a viable mechanism for the formation of the large (>1/3 ice thickness) englacial plume-like features observed in north Greenland. Greater horizontal shear and snow accumulation impede formation of convection plumes, while stable and softer ice encourages them. These results potentially explain the dearth of basal plumes in the younger and higher-accumulation southern ice sheet. Leveraging this mechanism to place bounds on ice rheology suggests that -- for north Greenland -- ice viscosity may be ~9-15 times lower than commonly assumed. Softer-than-assumed ice there implies significantly reduced basal sliding compared to standard models. Implementing a softer basal ice rheology in numerical models may help reduce uncertainty in projections of future ice-sheet mass balance.
The system for the protection of human rights under the European Convention to Human Rights (`ECHR') represents the most complete judicial model for protecting such rights. The case law of the Court of Human Rights has elaborated and defined the substantive rights so that there is now a detailed set of standards for State conduct towards those within their jurisdiction. This completely re-written new edition of Francis Jacob's 1975 book on the Convention takes the case law of the Court as its starting point, but also offers full consideration of the Commission's case law on questions of admissability. The result is a highly readable text which both explains the procedural aspects of bringing a case to Strasbourg (including the changes contained in Protocol No. 11) and analyses the substantive law of the Convention. This book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate stuents, and practitioners interested in European Human Rights Law, International Human Rights law, domestic civil liberties.
T. Joseph W. Lazio, S. G. Djorgovski, Andrew Howard
et al.
Humanity has wondered whether we are alone for millennia. The discovery of life elsewhere in the Universe, particularly intelligent life, would have profound effects, comparable to those of recognizing that the Earth is not the center of the Universe and that humans evolved from previous species. There has been rapid growth in the fields of extrasolar planets and data-driven astronomy. In a relatively short interval, we have seen a change from knowing of no extrasolar planets to now knowing more potentially habitable extrasolar planets than there are planets in the Solar System. In approximately the same interval, astronomy has transitioned to a field in which sky surveys can generate 1 PB or more of data. The Data-Driven Approaches to Searches for the Technosignatures of Advanced Civilizations_ study at the W. M. Keck Institute for Space Studies was intended to revisit searches for evidence of alien technologies in light of these developments. Data-driven searches, being able to process volumes of data much greater than a human could, and in a reproducible manner, can identify *anomalies* that could be clues to the presence of technosignatures. A key outcome of this workshop was that technosignature searches should be conducted in a manner consistent with Freeman Dyson's "First Law of SETI Investigations," namely "every search for alien civilizations should be planned to give interesting results even when no aliens are discovered." This approach to technosignatures is commensurate with NASA's approach to biosignatures in that no single observation or measurement can be taken as providing full certainty for the detection of life. Areas of particular promise identified during the workshop were (*) Data Mining of Large Sky Surveys, (*) All-Sky Survey at Far-Infrared Wavelengths, (*) Surveys with Radio Astronomical Interferometers, and (*) Artifacts in the Solar System.
Background. Road traffic injuries remain one of the main causes of death in Ukraine even during the war. The Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (Article 2, Clause 6) recognizes a traffic accident as a type of emergency. The purpose of the study: to form a comprehensive characterization of a traffic injury as a medical and sanitary consequence of a man-made emergency. Materials and methods. Typical territorial formations of Ukraine, namely cities with a population of more than 1,000,000 people, a typical regional center and rural areas, were included in the general research model. These components were chosen in compliance with the law of large numbers, regarding the requirements of typicality and the scope of the study. To meet these requirements, we selected a total of 1,696 victims of road traffic accidents who were included in the research array from the array of 21,000 victims using the random number method, while maintaining the component proportionality criterion. This study was conducted using the methods of epidemiological natural modeling, formal logic, fractal analysis, clinical standardization and medical statistics. Results. The specific weight of men injured in road accidents is 66.86 %, which is twice the number of women injured in road accidents. A significant effect of gender on the survival rate of victims was found: men survive in 88.71 %, and women in 91.99 % of cases. In the general array, majority of patients are persons of the most working age — 21–50 years old (63.33 %). In general, there is a tendency to decrease the specific weight of road accident victims starting from the age of 21, as the age factor increases. The highest rate of survival was recorded in the group of 21–30 years — 93.81 %, and the lowest — in people over 71 years of age — 75.27 %. Pedestrians have the largest specific weight in the total array, almost 40 %, and passengers have the lowest one — 24.65 %. In general, active road users make up 75.35 % of the total number. In the array of drivers who died, the specific weight of men is 90.32 %, and the fatality rate is 5.32 %. At the same time, the mortality rate for women is 3.95 %. The specific gravity of deceased male pedestrians is 70.64 %, while the fatality rate is 18.16 %, and among women this rate is 12.75 %. In all age groups, there is a different nature of the distribution of the negative outcome of traumatic process based on participation in the movement. At the same time, in all age groups, most victims who died are pedestrians. It was found that the age has a significant influence on the occurrence of a fatal outcome in traffic participants, with its greatest influence in victims older than 50 years. Conclusions. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of victims of road accidents in Ukraine, as a medical and sanitary consequence of a man-made emergency, indicates that road traffic injuries are a significant medical and social problem in our country. This is due to the fact that they predominantly affect the most economically active segment of the population, which contributes significantly to the national product. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in Ukraine have certain aspects, unlike other countries of the world, as a reflection of the peculiarities of life of population in our country. All clinical and epidemiological signs are risk-creating factors for the occurrence of a negative outcome of traumatic process due to the presence of a probable influence on this result and require verification
of risks.
Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid
Abstract The political significance of modernist heritage architecture continues to be an unsolved question, particularly its identification and conservation. In Spain, the chronology of modernism stretches through the whole of the Spanish Civil War and Franco’s dictatorship. The passing of legislation on memory politics in Spain (i.e. the 2007 Law of Historical Memory and the 2022 Law of Democratic Memory) offers a unique opportunity to address this unsolved question by discussing two uncharted heritage debates: namely, the motivations for the heritagisation of modernist architecture in Spain and the challenges in the adaptive reuse of modernist buildings with controversial histories. The former police headquarters in Seville exemplifies the complexities of both debates and to what extent conflicting views about heritage architecture may determine debates about its reuse. Through a documentary review of the heritagisation of Seville’s former police headquarters, a discourse analysis of intervention proposals and press articles and interviews with relevant stakeholders, this study explored how the rise of memory politics in Spain has changed the interpretation of the former police headquarters’ significance in the last two decades and influenced the choices for its adaptive reuse.
Saadia Nasir, Walter J. Smith, Thomas E. Beechem
et al.
Bi$_2$Se$_3$ is a widely studied 3D topological insulator having potential applications in optics, electronics, and spintronics. When the thickness of these films decrease to less than approximately 6 nm, the top and bottom surface states couple, resulting in the opening of a small gap at the Dirac point. In the 2D limit, Bi$_2$Se$_3$ may exhibit quantum spin Hall states. However, growing coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with a controllable thickness and typical triangular domain morphology in the few nanometer range is challenging. Here, we explore the growth of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films having thickness down to 4 nm on sapphire substrates using molecular beam epitaxy that were then characterized with Hall measurements, atomic force microscopy, and Raman imaging. We find that substrate pre-treatment -- growing and decomposing a few layers of \BiSe before the actual deposition -- is critical to obtaining a completely coalesced film. In addition, higher growth rates and lower substrate temperatures led to improvement in surface roughness, in contrast to what is observed for conventional epitaxy. Overall, coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with lower surface roughness enables thickness-dependent studies across the transition from a 3D-topological insulator to one with gapped surface states in the 2D regime.
In this article, the conditions and effects of the force majeure in the amendments to the French Civil Code adopted in 2016, in order to use the solutions of the French legislature to eliminate the shortcomings of the Iranian legal system have been studied by descriptive-analytical research method. The main question is what are the conditions and characteristics of the force majeure and what is the criterion for distinguishing them, either personal or relative, and what effect does force majeure have on contracts, contractual obligations and contractual liability? A comparative study of Iranian and French law shows that the inevitability (impossibility of eliminating and repelling the accident) and the unpredictability of the accident, with a kind of relative criterion, and also the impossibility of executing the contract, with an objective criterion, are conditions for the realization of force majeure; But the externality of the accident is not an independent condition and refers to the same impossibility of preventing the accident (not being avoidable). Also, contrary to French law, the Iranian legislature did not anticipate the effects of the force majeure on the contract itself and the contractual obligations, and the effect of force majeure on contractual liability was also incompletely stated, which has led to differences between judicial decisions. Therefore, it is suggested that the legislator, in the form of a Civil Act amendment plan, in Article 227 stipulates the conditions for the realization (characteristics and criteria of distinction) of force majeure and in Article 229, the effects of force majeure on the contract and contractual obligations and compensation for non-implementation or Specify the delay in fulfilling the obligation.
Historically, the indigenous peoples have fought for the vindication of their civil rights, through the recognition of their own language, traditions, uses and customs, which have been key to the preservation of their ancestral memory as original peoples of the American continent. This is why the Muisca indigenous people have generated a great cultural and territorial appropriation, which materialized in the constitutional struggle that resulted in the establishment of the Cabildo Indígena, as a political and territorial entity that shelters them as subjects of law and possessors of the land, as well as provides them with a strategy in the preservation of their own knowledge and contributes to the cultural transcendence. Thus, allowing the indigenous people to have complete freedom in the public manifestation of their cultural identity through the exercise of their own government. Consequently, the Political Constitution stipulated a series of regulations that tend to protect those who call themselves Muiscas.
Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Citizenship in Antebellum America asks how nineteenth-century African Americans would tell the story of race and citizenship. I recognized that many historians had told this story by way of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, and that still other had concluded that citizenship was a non-story in American law before the Civil War. With antebellum black activists as guides, Birthright Citizenship explores a story that begins in the 1820s as black Americans began claiming their status as citizens as a bulwark against black laws and colonization, and concludes in the early years of Reconstruction, as citizenship is radically remade. The book examines black thought on race and law. But citizenship was not merely ideas in the antebellum United States, it was the subject of claim-making and performance. And to discover this, I have examined the records of the antebellum courthouse to explain how citizenship was enacted in everyday legal encounters. This story is then interwoven with that with which historians are better acquainted. Lawmakers also grappled with the question of free black citizenship – in legislatures, constitutional conventions, and in high courts. There conclusions were much less clear than Roger Taney's decision in Dred Scott suggests. Many openings existed for the assertion of rights claims, claims that sometimes cloaked black Americans in citizenship-like garb.
What are our responsibilities in the face of injustice? Many philosophers argue for what is called political obligation—the duty to obey the law of nearly just, legitimate states. Even proponents of civil disobedience generally hold that, given this moral duty, breaking the law requires justification. By contrast, activists from Henry David Thoreau to the Movement for Black Lives have long recognized a responsibility to resist injustice. Taking seriously this activism, this book wrestles with the problem of political obligation in real world societies that harbor injustice. It argues that the very grounds supporting a duty to obey the law—grounds such as the natural duty of justice, the principle of fairness, the Samaritan duty, and associative duties—also impose obligations of resistance under unjust social conditions. The work therefore expands political obligation to include a duty to resist injustice even in legitimate states, and further shows that under certain real-world conditions, this duty to resist demands principled disobedience. Against the mainstream in public, legal, and philosophical discourse, the book argues that such disobedience need not always be civil. Sometimes, covert, violent, evasive, or offensive acts of lawbreaking can be justified, even required. Illegal assistance to undocumented migrants, leaks of classified information, hacktivism sabotage, armed self-defense, guerrilla art, and other modes of resistance are viable and even necessary forms of resistance. There are limits: principle alone does not justify lawbreaking. But uncivil disobedience can sometimes be required in the effort to resist injustice.
Daniel Berleant, Venkat Kodali, Richard Segall
et al.
Technologies have often been observed to improve exponentially over time. In practice this often means identifying a constant known as the doubling time, describing the time period over which the technology roughly doubles in some measure of performance or of performance per dollar. Moore's law is, classically, the empirical observation that the number of electronic components that can be put on a chip doubles every 18 months to 2 years. Today it is frequently stated as the number of computations available per unit of cost. Generalized to the appropriate doubling time, it describes the rate of advancement in many technologies. A frequently noted competitor to Moore's law is known as Wright's law, which has aeronautical roots. Wright's law (also called power law, experience curve and Henderson's law) relates some quality of a manufactured unit (for Wright, airplanes) to the volume of units manufactured. The Wright's law equation expresses the idea that performance - price or a quality metric - improves according to a power of the number produced, or alternatively stated, improves by a constant percentage for every doubling of the total number produced. Does exploration of outer space conform to Moore's law or Wright's law-like behavior? Our results below are broadly consistent with these laws. This is true for many technologies. Although the two laws can make somewhat different predictions, Sahal found that they converge to the same predictions when manufacturing volume increases exponentially over time. When space exploration transitions into an independent commercial sector, as many people hope and expect, spacecraft technology will then likely enter an era of unambiguously exponential advancement.
Multi-label (ML) classification is an actively researched topic currently, which deals with convoluted and overlapping boundaries that arise due to several labels being active for a particular data instance. We propose a classifier capable of extracting underlying features and introducing non-linearity to the data to handle the complex decision boundaries. A novel neural network model has been developed where the input features are subjected to two transformations adapted from multi-label functional link artificial neural network and autoencoders. First, a functional expansion of the original features are made using basis functions. This is followed by an autoencoder-aided transformation and reduction on the expanded features. This network is capable of improving separability for the multi-label data owing to the two-layer transformation while reducing the expanded feature space to a more manageable amount. This balances the input dimension which leads to a better classification performance even for a limited amount of data. The proposed network has been validated on five ML datasets which shows its superior performance in comparison with six well-established ML classifiers. Furthermore, a single-label variation of the proposed network has also been formulated simultaneously and tested on four relevant datasets against three existing classifiers to establish its effectiveness.