The article focuses on the analysis of the specific features of self-translation of Adeline Yen Mah’s autobiographical book «Falling Leaves: The True Story of an Unwanted Chinese Daughter» into Chinese. The self-translation, created for a Chinese-speaking readership, was published under the title «落葉歸根» («Falling Leaves Return to Their Roots»). The writer’s self-translated version and the English original are examined within the phenomenon of «diatextuality». To achieve this objective, a variety of methods were employed: the cultural-historical method was used to explore the transcultural context of the autobiography; the philological method served to analyze the lexico-semantic structure of the texts; and the comparative method was utilized to contrast the original and the self-translation. Additionally, the commenting method clarified the specifics of rendering names within the Chinese family hierarchy, while the interpretative method helped reveal aspects of overcoming trauma through the act of «self-rewriting». Finally, the close reading method was applied to analyze linguistic differences between specific units of the two texts. It has been found that self-translation serves as an interlingual and intercultural reinterpretation of the writer’s own life experience, since a single language proved insufficient to achieve ultimate reconciliation with herself, her traumas and her memories. The article considers that within self expression through self-translation Adeline Yen Mah developed a personal conceptual strategy for rendering proper names. The choice to transliterate the names of close relatives depended on the role each person played in her life. Besides, in Chinese version of autobiographical book the author replaces the Western given names of the children in the family with traditional Chinese kinship terms. This strategy shows not only by Adeline Yen Mah’s desire to adapt the text for the Chinese reader, but also by a profound – though ultimately doomed – hope for reconciliation and the restoration of family bonds, an attempt to attain harmony at least within the literary space through the act of «self-rewriting». The paper also points out that Chinese language became a catalyst for the author’s consciousness and enabled her to convey a deeper emotional intensity. Consequently, the translation contains emotionally charged expressions absent in the English original. Furthermore, the act of writing the autobiographical book and its self-translation represents the process of reinterpreting Adeline Yen Mah’s life, which results in the elements of humor and self-irony. Thus, the strategy of self-translation functions as an inner psychological mechanism, where both texts operate as a single space for self-analysis and healing of the author’s trauma.
This paper empirically investigates whether Chinese language learning opportunities abroad have exerted a positive effect on international student mobility (ISM) to China. We utilize both official and self-compiled panel data for 182 countries, spanning a period of 15 years. We use the establishment of Confucius Institutes as an indicator of Chinese language learning opportunities. As our benchmark regressions, we employ fixed effects models with both linear and nonlinear regressors. Our findings provide support for a significant positive impact of language learning opportunities on ISM, with evidence suggesting a diminishing marginal effect. This result is seldom documented in the existing literature. We verify the robustness of our findings in three ways. First, we assess whether the number of international students changes significantly before the exposure to Chinese language learning opportunities. Next, we examine if our main findings remain consistent when controlling for region-specific trends. Finally, we test the robustness of our main results against various changes in the estimation sample. We also find evidence of effect heterogeneity based on countries’ geographic distance to China, the linguistic distance from their official language to Chinese, and their income levels. This paper argues that exposure to the destination country’s language and culture is a critical determinant of students’ decisions to study abroad in that country. JEL Classification: F22, I20, N30.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
D. S. Yurochkin, D. D. Mamedov, S. E. Erdni-Garyaev
et al.
In the formation of a common market within the framework of interstate associations (Unions), the goal of improving the health of the member states population can be achieved, among other things, by providing an unimpeded access to safe, effective and quality medicines (drugs). One of the elements is activities in the field of these medicinal products compounding. This review has been prepared by authors due to the lack of information in the Russian-language literature on the regulation of this area in the current legal systems of the BRICS countries.The aim of the work was to analyze the regulatory mechanisms and current approaches to the organization of activities in the field of medicinal products compounding, presented in the legislation of the BRICS interstate association (Union) member countries, including their structuring (systematization) in order to develop proposals for the convergence of these practices.Materials and мethods. PubMed, Google Scholar, elibrary.ru, and specialized databases of regulatory legal documents of the BRICS countries were used as search resources. The following keywords were used as search keywords: “drug”, “drug product”, “medicinal products compounding”, “pharmacy organization”, “medical organization”, “compounding”, “drug preparation”, “drug dilution (reconstitution)” in English, Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. The paper uses empirical, theoretical, quantitative tools, including the analysis of a wide list of relevant sources - regulatory legal documents governing the activities of compounding pharmacies in the BRICS countries.Results. The study presents key regulatory legal acts and documents, analyzes them and describes the main provisions of the legislative framework for the organization of activities in the field of medicinal products compounding. The identified peculiarities determine the need to rethink the current state of the Russian regulation of the medicinal products compounding sector. The study emphasizes the need to improve regulatory approaches in Russia. The BRICS countries can strive to develop the best practices and “gold” standards for the organization of this socially important activity in the field of medicinal products compounding. Such an approach can led to the creation of a unified good practice in compounding and dispensing of medicinal products. Conclusion. The authors of the study consider it advisable to carry out a further and more detailed elaboration of the convergence issues of regulatory practices of both health care systems and pharmaceutical industries in the BRICS member states. It has been proposed to develop and form a “Roadmap” (an action plan) for the development of the cooperation between the BRICS member states in the field of health care and pharmaceutical industry in order to intensify integration processes and build a modern model of the public health and drug market, including joint research and development by world-class scientific centers for technological development of the interstate association (Union) countries.
In the past ten years, academic research on second language motivation has been very fruitful, and the number of published studies in this field far exceeds the characteristics of other language learners. It is worth noting that compared with the prosperity of second language motivation research in foreign journals, the number of domestic literature published in the field of Chinese as a second language acquisition has been significantly reduced. This study selects foreign second language acquisition academic circles and domestic Chinese from January 2010 to August 2021 as the main journals of second language acquisition research, artificially screens research articles with the theme of "second language motivation", and conducts characteristics Coding and statistical analysis, according to the displayed theoretical framework and research method trends, inspect the current research status of this field, analyze the differences between domestic and foreign research, and predict the future research progress.
This study focuses on the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, specifically the <i>Faju jing</i>, a Chinese version of the Dhammapada completed in the third century CE. It reveals that the <i>Faju jing</i> is not a straightforward translation but a combination of different sources. The translator, Zhi Qian, faced challenges in integrating multiple translation practices, dealing with diverse original Indian languages, incorporating pre-existing phrases from other translators’ work, and managing divergent opinions within the translation team regarding the translation style. This multi-layered process of translation, involving the participation of multiple translators, also likely occurred in other early translations. These challenges extended beyond mere comprehension of the Indian text, resulting in potential errors and deviations from straightforward translations. It is possible that some mistranslations were a consequence of integrating multiple traditions within the source text, making it difficult for translators to maintain a consistent linguistic framework and leading to errors. Furthermore, this study highlights the remarkable efforts of Chinese translators who collaborated with foreign monks in translation groups. It emphasizes the important role of Chinese translators in integrating diverse translation processes and refining the language to suit Chinese readers. They incorporated earlier translations and modified the language to align with Chinese forms. Overall, this case study sheds light on the complexity of early Chinese Buddhist translations, influenced by the integration of multiple traditions and the localization of the texts. It underscores the significance of Chinese translators in the translation process and their contributions to the development of Chinese Buddhist literature.
2021 augusztusában lépett életbe a három gyermek politika (san hai zhengce 三孩政策) Kínában, ezzel véget ért a korábbi, korlátozó jellegű népességpolitika. A kínai társadalom elöregedésének egyik oka az alacsony gyermekvállalási hajlandóság, ezért az új politika a gyermekvállalás ösztönzése révén próbálja elérni a kitűzött demográfiai céljait. Kutatásom első részében bemutatom, hogy a központi kormány az elmúlt években milyen családbarát és családvédelmi intézkedéseket vezetett be. A második részben betekintést nyújtok a központi intézkedéseket kiegészítő helyi szintű gyermekvállalást ösztönző kezdeményezésekbe. Az elemzés végén a három gyermek politika jövőjét vázolom fel. A politika valószínűleg nem fordítja vissza a termékenységcsökkenést és az elöregedést, ütemét azonban lassíthatja, és segíthet időt nyerni Kínának szociális ellátórendszerei folyamatos kiépítéséhez.
Chi-Chen Wang (1899-2001) is a trailblazer in promoting Chinese literature in the West and is also one of the earliest scholars who made modern Chinese literature known to the Westerners. As a both renowned writer and translator in the West, Chi-Chen Wang’s translation motivation, his comment on modern Chinese literature together with the social background of his translation activities has a great influence on his choice of translation strategies. The study provides a detailed discussion on Wang’s choice of translation strategies by analyzing his translation motivation, the cultural and political climate of his translation activities as well as his own literary judgments. And the textual analysis of his translation reveals that Wang’ translations incline to retain the foreignness in the source text and revise the original texts through condensation and deletion.
By giving an outline of the Chinese cultural heritage protection system, the first part of this paper concentrates on the opportunities and limits of archaeological investigation conducted by foreigners in the People's Republic of China. It not only presents the history of preserving archaeological records and describes its legal and institutional backgrounds, but also details how the existing legal provisions limit the opportunities of on-site research for foreigners. Other problems of heritage protection are also listed. Despite increasing legal efforts, tourism, archaeological looting, large scale constructions, and many other destructive factors all result in significant damage of archaeological property, and call for improved protection. Additionally, a shortage of experienced professionals and some major weaknesses of Chinese academic writings (such as the relative absence of comprehensive theoretical works, reliable databases, objective and detailed descriptions, etc.) require further reforms. While the above situation makes the use of published data more difficult, it also increases the number of interdisciplinary research groups in the context of Sino-foreign cooperations. However, for individual scholars, archaeological investigation in China can still present a significant challenge. In this manner, the second part of the paper provides an example of the limits and opportunities detailed above through summarizing the results of the author's own research conducted in China.
The aim of this paper is to give a short overview of the current situation in the field of Chinese language teaching in Serbian formal education with a special emphasis on teaching Chinese at the university level. The Faculty of Philology of the University of Belgrade is one of the institutions with the longest tradition of teaching Chinese language as a major in the whole Balkan region, and in Serbia it is the only one where students can study Chinese at both the undergraduate and the graduate level. An elaborate curriculum, which includes courses on language, literature and culture, enables their students to gain a thorough insight in many aspects of ancient and modern China. Accordingly a large section of this paper is dedicated to presenting the teaching practices used at that institution, together with examples of some practical in-class methods. The paper also offers a short introduction to one private university in Serbia where Chinese language teaching has been carried out successfully. Finally it offers some ideas how teaching Chinese as a foreign language can be improved at all levels of study worldwide.
I report a few study notes of semantic selection in this paper. First, if derivational
affixes s-select roots, which have no categorial features, s-selection may be
implemented independently of c-selection. Second, in certain constructions, it
seems that s-selected features do not take part in the syntactic operations that
establish syntactic dependencies, and thus the inspection of s-selection seems
to be local to the merge domain. I also examine s-selection between phrases,
showing that it follows the same projection principle as seen in the c-selection
between phrases.