Hasil untuk "Real estate business"

Soni Adiyono, Muhammad Arifin

This research investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Transformation (DT) as critical enablers of Industry 4.0, highlighting their combined influence in reshaping industrial processes and enhancing operational efficiency. AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, are driving advancements in automation, real-time decision-making, and personalized services across various industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics. DT involves the widespread adoption of digital technologies that transform business models, stakeholder interactions, and organizational structures, working synergistically with AI to foster innovation. While existing literature often examines AI and DT in isolation, this study addresses the gap by employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) methodology to evaluate research based on academic impact, practical relevance, and sectoral readiness. The analysis reveals emerging trends such as predictive analytics, autonomous systems, and smart manufacturing, with industries like healthcare and retail showing strong adoption, while real estate and legal services remain underexplored. The research examines 46,936 Scopus records and selects 32 studies for analysis. The MCA results underscore the importance of aligning academic research with industrial needs and fostering cross-sector collaboration. Ultimately, this study bridges the gap between theory and practice, offering valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners to strengthen competitive advantage in the digital era.

Yakun Zhang, Zihan Wang, Xinzhi Peng et al.

Functional testing is essential for verifying that the business logic of mobile applications aligns with user requirements, serving as the primary methodology for quality assurance in software development. Despite its importance, functional testing remains heavily dependent on manual effort due to two core challenges. First, acquiring and reusing complex business logic from unstructured requirements remains difficult, which hinders the understanding of specific functionalities. Second, a significant semantic gap exists when adapting business logic to the diverse GUI environments, which hinders the generation of test cases for specific mobile applications. To address the preceding challenges, we propose LogiDroid, a two-stage approach that generates individual functional test cases by extracting business logic and adapting it to target applications. First, in the Knowledge Retrieval and Fusion stage, we construct a dataset to retrieve relevant cases and extract business logic for the target functionality. Second, in the Context-Aware Test Generation stage, LogiDroid jointly analyzes the extracted business logic and the real-time GUI environment to generate functional test cases. This design allows LogiDroid to accurately understand application semantics and use domain expertise to generate complete test cases with verification assertions. We assess the effectiveness of LogiDroid using two widely-used datasets that cover 28 real-world applications and 190 functional requirements. Experimental results show that LogiDroid successfully tested 40% of functional requirements on the FrUITeR dataset (an improvement of over 48% compared to the state-of-the-art approaches) and 65% on the Lin dataset (an improvement of over 55% compared to the state-of-the-art approaches). These results demonstrate the significant effectiveness of LogiDroid in functional test generation.

Kornilios Vezyroglou, Fotios Siokis

This study analyzes the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) reporting practices of Greek Real Estate Investment Companies (REICs). Our findings reveal significant variation in compliance levels. This can be attributed to loose regulations, combined with a lack of self-commitment. Environmental performance is the least reported ESG pillar. We further explore the quality of Greek REICs’ ESG reporting. The results indicate that reporting per se does not necessarily ensure adherence to globally acknowledged reporting principles. Our work highlights that Greek REICs should be either motivated or enforced by law to align their ESG practices with broader market trends and regulatory developments. At the same time, our study is a call to policymakers for clear ESG guidelines. Despite the plethora of legislation and principles, the elephant in the room remains: many firms continue to do less than needed, or even the bare minimum, just because they can.

Sanchaniya Rashmi Jaymin, Roy Disha, Kundziņa Antra

This study examines the principles and considerations for age-friendly housing design in social housing development. Through a comprehensive literature review and content analysis of design guidelines from various countries and organisations, the research identifies core principles of age-friendly housing design, including accessibility, safety, comfort, and social integration. The study also explores specific design considerations for interior and exterior spaces, as well as the integration of technology to support independent living. Implementation challenges, such as cost considerations and retrofitting existing properties, are discussed alongside case studies of successful age-friendly social housing projects. The findings highlight the importance of adopting a holistic approach to age-friendly housing design that addresses the diverse needs of older adults while promoting sustainability and community integration. The study concludes with recommendations for implementing age-friendly design principles in the Latvian context and suggests areas for future research. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on age-friendly environments and provides practical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and housing developers involved in creating inclusive and supportive living spaces for aging populations.

Bujarkiewicz Adam

In response to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, increasing attention is being directed toward the utilization of solar energy. The possibility of harvesting solar power through photovoltaic micro-installations on building surfaces has the potential to become a significant factor influencing the market value of real estate. This article presents a methodology for the efficient assessment of solar potential on the roofs and façades of buildings, based on publicly available data sources and validated computational algorithms. The approach involves the analysis of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and three-dimensional building models, combined with solar radiation simulations and the identification of surfaces with optimal geometric parameters and high solar potential, to evaluate their suitability for solar energy production. Using a case study of a historic city center, the potential for meeting buildings’ energy demand through photovoltaic infrastructure was assessed. Additionally, the study proposes the inclusion of solar exposure characteristics as a supplementary parameter influencing real estate valuation, while considering potential constraints from local zoning regulations.

C. G. Liu, P. Bodorik, D. Jutla

This paper addresses the challenge of creating smart contracts for applications represented using Business Process Management and Notation (BPMN) models. In our prior work we presented a methodology that automates the generation of smart contracts from BPMN models. This approach abstracts the BPMN flow control, making it independent of the underlying blockchain infrastructure, with only the BPMN task elements requiring coding. In subsequent research, we enhanced our approach by adding support for nested transactions and enabling a smart contract repair and/or upgrade. To empower Business Analysts (BAs) to generate smart contracts without relying on software developers, we tackled the challenge of generating smart contracts from BPMN models without assistance of a software developer. We exploit the Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard to represent the decisions and the business logic of the BPMN task elements and amended our methodology for transformation of BPMN models into smart contracts to support also the generation script to represent the business logic represented by the DMN models. To support such transformation, we describe how the BA documents, using the BPMN elements, the flow of information along with the flow of execution. Thus, if the BA is successful in representing the blockchain application requirements using BPMN and DMN models, our methodology and the tool, called TABS, that we developed as a proof of concept, is used to generate the smart contracts directly from those models without developer assistance.

Zeng-Hui Zhu, Wei Lu, Si-Bao Chen et al.

Remote Sensing Image Dehazing (RSID) poses significant challenges in real-world scenarios due to the complex atmospheric conditions and severe color distortions that degrade image quality. The scarcity of real-world remote sensing hazy image pairs has compelled existing methods to rely primarily on synthetic datasets. However, these methods struggle with real-world applications due to the inherent domain gap between synthetic and real data. To address this, we introduce Real-World Remote Sensing Hazy Image Dataset (RRSHID), the first large-scale dataset featuring real-world hazy and dehazed image pairs across diverse atmospheric conditions. Based on this, we propose MCAF-Net, a novel framework tailored for real-world RSID. Its effectiveness arises from three innovative components: Multi-branch Feature Integration Block Aggregator (MFIBA), which enables robust feature extraction through cascaded integration blocks and parallel multi-branch processing; Color-Calibrated Self-Supervised Attention Module (CSAM), which mitigates complex color distortions via self-supervised learning and attention-guided refinement; and Multi-Scale Feature Adaptive Fusion Module (MFAFM), which integrates features effectively while preserving local details and global context. Extensive experiments validate that MCAF-Net demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in real-world RSID, while maintaining competitive performance on synthetic datasets. The introduction of RRSHID and MCAF-Net sets new benchmarks for real-world RSID research, advancing practical solutions for this complex task. The code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/lwCVer/RRSHID.

Jannis Kiesel, Jonathan Heiss

Ensuring the integrity of business processes without disclosing confidential business information is a major challenge in inter-organizational processes. This paper introduces a zero-knowledge proof (ZKP)-based approach for the verifiable execution of business processes while preserving confidentiality. We integrate ZK virtual machines (zkVMs) into business process management engines through a comprehensive system architecture and a prototypical implementation. Our approach supports chained verifiable computations through proof compositions. On the example of product carbon footprinting, we model sequential footprinting activities and demonstrate how organizations can prove and verify the integrity of verifiable processes without exposing sensitive information. We assess different ZKP proving variants within process models for their efficiency in proving and verifying, and discuss the practical integration of ZKPs throughout the Business Process Management (BPM) lifecycle. Our experiment-driven evaluation demonstrates the automation of process verification under given confidentiality constraints.

Ankolika De

This study examines how WhatsApp has evolved from a personal communication tool to a professional platform, focusing on its use by small business owners in India. Initially embraced in smaller, rural communities for its ease of use and familiarity, WhatsApp played a crucial role in local economies. However, as Meta introduced WhatsApp Business with new, formalized features, users encountered challenges in adapting to the more complex and costly platform. Interviews with 14 small business owners revealed that while they adapted creatively, they felt marginalized by the advanced tools. This research contributes to HCI literature by exploring the transition from personal to professional use and introduces the concept of Coercive Professionalization. It highlights how standardization by large tech companies affects marginalized users, exacerbating power imbalances and reinforcing digital colonialism, concluding with design implications for supporting community-based appropriations.

Boris Borisovich Khrustalev, Olga Konstantinovna Meshcheryakova, Maria Alexandrovna Meshcheryakova

Статья посвящена проблеме определения и учета главных свойств в развитии системы риск-менеджмента строительной отрасли. Рассматриваются такие концепции, как риск, классификация рисков, информатизация рисков, основные принципы развития системы риск-менеджмента в работе предприятий, инвестиционных проектов и процессов. Целью статьи является исследование свойств и методов улучшения эффективности деятельности строительных предприятий, основанное на развитии системы риск-менеджмента. Объектом исследования в статье является строительная отрасль и предприятия в России. Предметом исследования является специфика развития системы риск-менеджмента в данной сфере. Методами исследования являются теоретический анализ и эмпирическое исследование, в частности анализ статистических данных, а также описание и группировка данных. Информационной базой для изучения данной проблемы явились литературные источники по вопросам деятельности строительных холдингов в условиях влияния факторов внешней и внутренней среды на процесс разработки их стратегии функционирования и развития, научные статьи, монографии, электронные ресурсы, источники правового характера. Методологической основой при выполнении статьи послужили такие научные методы, как описание, сравнение, классификация.

Marina Yudenko, Irina Bachurinskaya

The purpose of the article is to review scientific research in the field of risk identification in investment and construction design based on the experience of Russian and foreign scientists. The distinctive methodological features in the designation of the relevance of this process among Russian and foreign scientists are revealed. In the scientific works of foreign researchers, the emphasis is placed on risks that lead to an increase in transaction costs: risks of transaction costs, managerial and organizational risks (contractual risks), information risks, and contractual risks. The methodology of risk research in Russia is aimed largely at classifying risks at the stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction project and on the way to reducing risks. As construction organizations need to adapt to constant changes and alterations in their field, it creates the need to develop existing management approaches based on the principles of economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is closely related to risk management.

Lukas Küng, George M. Giaglis

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are emerging innovative organizational structures, enabling collective coordination, and reshaping digital collaboration. Despite the promising and transformative characteristics of DAOs, the potential technological advancements and the understanding of the business value that organizations derive from implementing DAO characteristics are limited. This research applies a systematic review of DAOs' business applicability from an open systems perspective following a best-fit framework methodology. Within our approach, combining both framework and thematic analysis, we discuss how the open business principles apply to DAOs and present a new DAO business framework comprising of four core business elements: i) token, ii) transactions, iii) value system and iv) strategy with their corresponding sub-characteristics. This paper offers a preliminary DAO business framework that enhances the understanding of DAOs' transformative potential and guides organizations in innovating more inclusive business models (BMs), while also providing a theoretical foundation for researchers to build upon.

Owiti A. K’Akumu

PurposeThis study reviews the teaching of real estate in the USA for the first 100 years after the foundational curriculum was laid down in 1923 by three key institutions: the National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB), the Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities (The Institute) and the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Its line of investigative pursuit is the persistent lamentation by American real estate scholars that real estate is not getting the respect it deserves as an academic discipline compared to its peers in the school of business such as accounting, finance and marketing. The study addresses a fundamental question: What is the cause of this endless “search for a discipline”? This is motivated by the belief that identification of the root cause of this “search for a discipline” will lead to the requisite solution: the intellectual foundation of the real estate discipline.Design/methodology/approachThe study used qualitative document analysis to review two primary documents published in 1959 as reports on business education in the USA: (1) Higher Education for Business, financed and sponsored by the Ford Foundation, and (2) The Education of American Businessmen – financed and sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The impacts of the publications on the teaching of real estate to date have been reviewed in the context of scholarly actions and literature that has been generated in relation to the two documents.FindingsThe two primary documents impacted negatively on the teaching of real estate. The committee members who produced the two reports had indicated that real estate did not fit into the business curriculum hence should not be taught in business school. This conclusion led to unintended negative outcomes for real estate education. The negative impact of the reports arose principally because the teachers of real estate misinterpreted the outcome to mean that they should tweak the real estate curriculum to fit in the pedagogical framework of the business school. This reaction is responsible for perpetuating the identity crisis that has plagued real estate as an academic discipline since its inception as a subject of study in 1923. Secondly, at the inception of the real estate education in 1923, while the AACSB accepted real estate as a discipline in the school of business, Richard T. Ely wrote the curriculum under land economics which has led to the persistent collegiate dilemma regarding the teaching of the discipline.Social implicationsThe study sheds light on the situation of business education in the USA and AACSB-accredited colleges internationally. It draws attention to the incoherent body of knowledge of business education and will help schools of business to redesign their curricula to include course contents that rightly reflects the business oriented academic disciplines.Originality/valueThe study is timely as it has been done 100 years since the development of the first standard collegiate real estate curriculum following the 1923 conference at Madison. The study has reviewed the first 100 years in terms of the persistent quest: “in search of a discipline”. In so doing, it has uncovered the root cause of this search during the first centennium; and to end the search, it proposes that real estate should not be taught as a business discipline.

Qingzhen Yao, Liangshan Shao, Zimin Yin et al.

China needs to guide property developers in actively reducing emissions to reach carbon emission reduction targets and respond to global climate change. A carbon tax is an important policy tool. Still, to establish successful rules to steer property developers' reasonable carbon emission reduction behavior, we must first explore property developers' decision-making mechanisms. This study develops an emission reduction and price game model for property developers under the constraint of a carbon tax. It then applies reverse order induction and optimization methods to identify the game equilibrium solution for property developers. Using the game equilibria, we explore the carbon tax mechanism on emission reduction and property developer pricing strategies. We can derive the following conclusions if the carbon tax policy is not implemented: 1.House prices are related to the substitutability of the two types of competitive property developers. 2.The greater the substitutability, the greater the cost of emission reduction paid by consumers. 3.The game equilibrium carbon emission intensity is the average carbon emission intensity of the housing business. In the situation of enacting a carbon tax, we arrive at the following conclusions: 1.The profits of real estate developers who do not have the advantage of emission reduction continue to decline with the increase of carbon tax. 2. For real estate developers who have the advantage of decreasing emissions, profits declined initially and then increased as the carbon tax rate increased, and only when the carbon tax rate reaches Tm1* can they fully leverage the cost advantage and obtain ever-increasing profits. 3.Low tax rates should be adopted by the government at the start of the implementation of the carbon tax policy to provide a buffer time for real estate developers who do not have the advantage of emission reduction costs.

Ida Farida, Falikhatun Falikhatun

Abstract This study aims to seek how the process of budget preparation, implementation, and execution in the MSMEs Real Estate and Construction sector. The research focuses on the possibility of Gamesmanship in the budgeting process. This research is a case study with descriptive analysis method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with several MSMEs business actors who contribute to the enterprise budgeting process. Budget gaming may happen because of a conflict of interest by a divisional or individual. This research picturing the budgeting process in real estate and construction MSME’s and also reveals that the variables of the level of budget difficulty and the level of participation support the practice of budget gaming. The implementation of feedback and evaluation of the budget is going quite well by top-level management. Either contributes to the literatures, this research also trying to give advice to government as regulator that the importance of the budget for the sustainability of MSMEs should be a concern, especially for micro-enterprises to level up. And hopefully, training and good budgeting practices can be echoed more often to MSMEs business actors in the real-estate and construction sector. Keywords: Budgeting; Construction; Gamesmanship; Real estate. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap bagaimana proses penyusunan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi anggaran pada UMKM di sektor Real Estate dan Konstruksi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada kemungkinan Gamesmanship dalam proses penganggaran. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus dengan metode analisis deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan beberapa pelaku usaha UMKM yang berkontribusi dalam proses penganggaran perusahaan. Diketahui bahwa terdapat praktik permainan anggaran dalam proses penganggaran. Permainan anggaran dapat terjadi karena konflik kepentingan oleh divisi atau individu. Penelitian ini memberi gambaran proses penganggaran pada UMKM sektor real estate dan konstruksi, dan bahwa variabel tingkat kesulitan anggaran dan tingkat partisipasi mendukung praktik permainan anggaran. Implementasi umpan balik dan evaluasi anggaran berjalan cukup baik oleh manajemen tingkat atas. Selain berkontribusi pada literatur terkait, penelitian ini mencoba memberikan saran kepada pemerintah sebagai regulator bahwa pentingnya anggaran bagi keberlangsungan UMKM harus menjadi perhatian, khususnya bagi usaha mikro yang menjadi perhatian besar akhir-akhir ini oleh pemerintah untuk dikembangkan sehingga naik level. Pada akhirnya, peneliti berharap praktik pelatihan dan penganggaran yang baik dapat lebih sering digaungkan kepada pelaku usaha UMKM di sektor real estate dan konstruksi. Kata Kunci: Anggaran; Gamesmanship; Konstruksi; Real estate.

I. Biletskyi

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of tax regulation and its role in the system of state regulation of the construction sector of residential real estate. The article examines the theoretical foundations of tax regulation, defines its levers, and tools, and considers the general characteristics of the mechanism of their influence on economic processes. State regulation with the help of tax measures is a complex mechanism that combines various tax levers that affect obtaining positive financial and economic results of business entities, meeting the needs of society, and increasing investment motivation. The use of taxation in the system of state regulation takes place based on relationships between subjects that operate in the market and as a result push for changes. Quite a variety of factors that create conditions for the application of tax regulators. The thesis is proved that the tax regulation of the development of the construction sector of residential real estate in Ukraine should be implemented through the provision of tax payment preferences. Tax benefits are the main form of tax incentives. The main types of tax benefits are considered and summarized, namely full or partial exemption from paying taxes; tax discounts by destinations, objects, and payers; differentiation of tax rates; postponement of payment or cancellation of debt; tax investment credit. It is noted that the promotion of the development of economic processes should be correlated with tax regulators, who will be able to act as a driving force for the activation of the construction industry while emphasizing the role of taxation in the reproductive process and in the creation of a public product. The importance of state tax regulation for the effective development of the construction sector of residential real estate in Ukraine is determined by the fact that the management of tax processes is carried out at different levels, because of which there is a need to regulate the system of connections and relations in all links and at all levels. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to use tax incentives of an innovative and investment nature as a tax instrument of state support

Elena Petrovna Gorbaneva, Ilona Andreevna Kosovtseva, Timofey Vadimovich Kstenin

Сложившийся консенсус о безальтернативности энергосберегающего вектора развития экономики привел к формированию национальных и международных программ энергосбережения и многочисленным исследованиям методов повышения энергоэффективности полного жизненного цикла проектов сектора архитектуры, инжиниринга, строительства и эксплуатации. Однако при этом выявили значительный разрыв между прогнозируемым и фактическим потреблением энергии, что подрывает стратегии и политику энергетической модернизации. И причины этого разрыва определяются как социальными, так и технико-технологическими факторами. На точность оценки экономической эффективности энергосберегающих мероприятий оказывает влияние также и неопределенность макроэкономической ситуации. Такое положение значительно затрудняет энергетическую модернизацию экономики. В сфере архитектуры, инжиниринга, строительства и эксплуатации улучшить ситуацию позволяет интеграция технологий информационного моделирования полного жизненного цикла, энергосбережения и дисконтирования затрат и прибыли. Методам увеличения точности прогнозирования экономических последствий мер энергосбережения и посвящена данная работа. Здесь получены алгоритмы количественного описания вклада архитектурно-планировочных решений и энергосберегающих технико-технологических решений и прогнозных макроэкономических условий в оценку энергоэффективности полного жизненного цикла проекта. Полученная информационная модель полного жизненного цикла проекта на этапе проектирования позволяет оптимизировать геометрические параметры архитектурно-планировочных решений по соотношению энергопотребление/затраты. На этапе реконструкции информационная модель позволяет оптимизировать технико-технологические решения, направленные на энергосбережение. На этапе эксплуатации по результатам динамического мониторинга теплофизических свойств ограждающих конструкций и макроэкономических условий может быть выполнена оптимизация планируемых мер энергосбережения. Кроме того, информационная модель энергоэффективности позволяет выполнить количественный анализ экономических последствий вложения средств в замену элементов ограждающих конструкций, что дает возможность оптимизировать текущие управленческие решения по соотношению затраты/отдача. Благодарности. Работа поддержана проектом № 3.1.7.1 Плана фундаментальных исследований Российской архитектурно-строительной академии на 2021–2023 гг. и Министерства строительства и коммунального хозяйства Российской Федерации. Исследования, результат которых изложен в данной работе, проводились с использованием оборудования ЦКП им. проф. Ю.М. Борисова ВГТУ, при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, проект № 075-15-2021-662.

Ignacio Rocco, Iurii Makarov, Filippos Kokkinos et al.

We present a method for fast 3D reconstruction and real-time rendering of dynamic humans from monocular videos with accompanying parametric body fits. Our method can reconstruct a dynamic human in less than 3h using a single GPU, compared to recent state-of-the-art alternatives that take up to 72h. These speedups are obtained by using a lightweight deformation model solely based on linear blend skinning, and an efficient factorized volumetric representation for modeling the shape and color of the person in canonical pose. Moreover, we propose a novel local ray marching rendering which, by exploiting standard GPU hardware and without any baking or conversion of the radiance field, allows visualizing the neural human on a mobile VR device at 40 frames per second with minimal loss of visual quality. Our experimental evaluation shows superior or competitive results with state-of-the art methods while obtaining large training speedup, using a simple model, and achieving real-time rendering.

MB Hendrie Anto, Faaza Fakhrunnas, Yunice Karina Tumewang

Purpose ― This study aims to assess the home financing credit risk performed by Islamic banks in Indonesia. Methods ― A panel dynamic analysis is adopted to measure the bad loan performance before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The observation period started from January 2016 to September 2020 with 1,881 observation periods of monthly panel data from the province level. Findings ― The study finds a difference in bad loan performance before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Before this pandemic, inflation has a positive and significant influence on non-performing financing in real estate, rental business, and company service. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, a substantial and positive effect of inflation is found on the bad loan for personal flat and apartment ownership. On the other hand, a significant and negative impact of inflation is found on the bad home loan for personal business shop ownership. Implication ― This analysis could trigger the government to provide financial assistance for those affected by the Covid-19 crisis. In addition to that, an Islamic bank is also expected to give financing allowances for them by providing an option of debt restructuration and rescheduling. Originality ― This paper analyses the Islamic bank’s credit risk performance for home financing before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This issue has not been presented in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

Rymarzak Małgorzata, Siemińska Ewa, Sakierski Krzysztof

The combination of policy concerns over climate and demographic change, energy shortages, resource efficiency and the natural environment, has led municipalities to be expected to reflect sustainability in different actions, including the decision-making on a considerable amount of their real property assets. As more and more municipalities, use the highest and best use analysis for reviewing the configuration of real property asset portfolio to achieve public goals, this provokes an examination of the reflection of sustainability (environmental, economic and social dimensions) in this kind of elaboration. Thus, this paper aims to investigate how Polish municipalities deal with the incorporation of sustainability into the highest and best use analysis and its operationalization in four tests (legally permissible, physically possible, financially feasible, and maximally productive). The research goal was pursued based on quantitative research using surveys conducted between April and May 2022 among eleven municipalities (creating the largest metropolitan areas in Poland) and qualitative research by the content analysis of HBU analyses prepared for them in previous years.