Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

刘伟1，黄绅1，李利君2 LIU Wei1，HUANG Shen1，LI Lijun2

旨在为工业化生产中环丙烯脂肪酸（CPE-FAs）的高效降解提供理论依据与技术思路，系统综述了CPE-FAs的降解方法及降解机制，并阐述了这些降解方法在棉籽油中的应用。CPE-FAs的降解方法包括氧化、氢化、热处理、酸化和聚合、亲电加成（卤化、添加巯基化合物）、光照等，尽管上述方法均能实现CPE-FAs的降解，但均存在局限性，如氧化、氢化、卤化和添加酸性化合物等方法会破坏油脂营养成分，引入有毒化合物；光照和添加巯基化合物反应效率低或难以规模化等。目前，棉籽油的工业化精炼主要依赖高温脱臭实现CPE-FAs的热降解，但该方法无法将其彻底去除。因此，未来应积极探索一种适用于规模化生产，且能兼顾营养成分保留与降解效率的新型CPE-FAs降解技术。 Aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical insights for achieving efficient degradation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE-FAs) in industrial production, the degradation methods and mechanisms of CPE-FAs were systematically reviewed, with a focus on their application in cottonseed oil. Degradation methods for CPE-FAs include oxidation, hydrogenation, thermal treatment, acidification and polymerization, electrophilic addition(halogenation and addition of thiol compounds), and photolysis, etc. While all these methods can degrade CPE-FAs, they have limitations. For instance, oxidation, hydrogenation, halogenation, and the addition of acidic compounds can destroy the nutritional components of oils and introduce toxic compounds. Photolysis and the addition of thiol compounds exhibit low reaction efficiency or are difficult to scale up. Currently, industrial refining of cottonseed oil primarily relies on high-temperature deodorization to achieve thermal degradation of CPE-FAs, but this method cannot completely eliminate them. Therefore, future efforts should actively explore a novel degradation technology suitable for large-scale production that balances nutritional components retention with degradation efficiency.

付艺婕，李佳恒，刘知勉，顾嘉玲，刘帅，李厚悦，苏宇杰，王小三 FU Yijie，LI Jiaheng，LIU Zhimian，GU Jialing，LIU Shuai， LI Houyue，SU Yujie，WANG Xiaosan

旨在为新型功能油脂的制备提供参考，以植物甾醇和大豆油为原料，采用“一步法”酶促酯交换反应制备富含植物甾醇酯与甘油二酯（DAG）的食用油。以植物甾醇转化率为指标，在筛选脂肪酶及溶剂基础上，对反应条件进行优化，并对产物的组成、理化指标及产物中植物甾醇酯和DAG脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明：脂肪酶AK “Amano”在酶促酯交换反应中表现出最高的反应活性，适宜的反应溶剂为正己烷；酶促酯交换的最佳条件为植物甾醇与大豆油物质的量比1∶ 2、脂肪酶添加量12%（以植物甾醇与大豆油的总质量计）、植物甾醇浓度100 mmol/L、反应物水分活度0.529、反应温度50 ℃、反应时间24 h，在此条件下植物甾醇转化率为54.9%，产物中植物甾醇酯含量达到21.59%，DAG含量为7.84%，二者总含量达29.43%，酸值（KOH）为0.90 mg/g，过氧化值为1.84 mmol/kg，符合食用油脂的国家标准；产物中植物甾醇酯与DAG的脂肪酸组成与大豆油的脂肪酸组成高度重合。综上，可利用“一步法”酶促酯交换制备富含植物甾醇酯和DAG的食用油。 To provide reference for the preparation of novel functional oil, edible oil rich in phytosterol esters and diacylglycerol (DAG) was prepared via a one-step enzymatic transesterification process using phytosterol and soybean oil as raw materials. The conversion rate of phytosterols served as the key evaluation index, following the screening of lipases and solvents, reaction conditions were systematically optimized. The composition, physicochemical indicators of products and fatty acid composition of phytosterol esters and DAG in the products were analyzed.The results indicated that lipase AK "Amano" exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the transesterification, with n-hexane being the optimal solvent. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: molar ratio of phytosterol to soybean oil 1∶ 2, lipase dosage 12% (based on the total mass of phytosterol and soybean oil), phytosterol concentration 100 mmol/L, water activity 0.529,reaction temperature 50 ℃, and reaction time 24 h. Under these conditions, the phytosterol conversion rate reached 549%. The final product contained 2159% phytosterol esters and 7.84% DAG, resulting in a combined content of 29.43%. The product exhibited an acid value of 0.90 mgKOH/g and a peroxide value of 1.84 mmol/kg, complying with national standards for edible oils. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the composition of the phytosterol esters and DAG in the final product closely resembled those of the original soybean oil. In conclusion, the one-step enzymatic transesterification method can be used to preparae edible oil rich in phytosterol esters and DAG.

A. A. Alshehri, Reham M. Kamel, M. Salama et al.

This study investigates the preparation and characterization of oleogels made from Moringa seed oil, Tiger nut oil, and Garden cress oil, structured with Beeswax, Carnauba wax, and Sunflower wax at concentrations of 6%, 8%, and 10%. Moringa and Tiger nut oils, rich in oleic acid (71.04% and 69.55%), showed good oxidative stability, while Garden cress oil, with high linoleic (60.26%) and linolenic acids (11.55%), was more prone to oxidation. Moringa seed oil also had the highest α-tocopherol (55.02 mg/kg) and γ-tocopherol (90.32 mg/kg), boosting antioxidant capacity. Wax concentration improved oil binding capacity, with Garden cress oil at 10% Beeswax achieving the highest retention (98.05%). Carnauba wax-based oleogels had the longest gelation times and texture analysis showed increased hardness, with Moringa seed oil-Carnauba wax at 10% being the hardest. The lowest peroxide value (2.30 meq O₂/kg) was observed in Moringa seed oil-10% Carnauba wax. Total phenolic content (19.0 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (91.0%) were highest in Moringa seed oil-10% Carnauba wax. DSC and TGA analysis showed Garden cress oil-Carnauba wax had the highest thermal stability. Moringa seed oil-Carnauba wax oleogels displayed the highest storage modulus and viscosity. Overall, wax-structured oleogels showed potential as functional fat substitutes in food applications.

Monserrat Sanpedro-Díaz, A. García-Hernández, Ana Luisa Gómez-Gómez et al.

Gels are semi-solid colloidal systems characterized by three-dimensional networks capable of retaining up to 99% of liquid while exhibiting both solid-like and liquid-like properties. A novel biphasic system, the bigel, consists of hydrogel and oleogel, enabling the encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Their structure and functionality are influenced by the distribution of gel phases (e.g., oleogel-in-hydrogel or hydrogel-in-oleogel). This study aims to review current trends in polysaccharide-based bigels derived from seeds, vegetable oils and waxes, highlighting their biocompatibility, sustainability and potential food applications. A bibliometric analysis of 157 documents using VOSviewer identified four key thematic clusters: structured materials, delivery systems, pharmaceutical applications, and physicochemical characterization. Principal component analysis revealed strong correlations between terms, while also highlighting emerging areas such as 3D printing. This analysis demonstrated that seed-derived polysaccharides, including chia seed mucilage and guar gum, improve bigel structure and rheological properties, offering sustainable plant-based alternatives. Additionally, innovations such as extrusion-based 3D printing, functional food design, controlled drug release, bioactive compound delivery, and fat replacement are helping to support the further development of these systems. Finally, bibliometric tools remain instrumental in identifying research gaps and guiding future directions in this field.

Sharline Nikolay, M. Schubert, Nelli Erlenbusch et al.

Rapeseed oil‐based oleogels structured with 5% sunflower wax (SFW) and 5% monoacylglycerols (MG), respectively, were used for deep‐fat frying French fries to optimize surface properties in terms of their oily perception. The resulting oleogels were compared to rapeseed oil. In a stress test, oleogel SFW was comparable to rapeseed oil after 20 frying cycles in total polar compounds (36.1 g/100 g, 34.0 g/100 g for rapeseed oil), polymerized triacylglycerols (PTAGs) (13.6%, 14.4% for rapeseed oil), and color. Oleogel MG resulted in higher contents of total polar compounds (40.9 g/100 g) and PTAGs (19.9%). Additionally, oleogel MG was less firm than oleogel SFW. This result was confirmed by rheology. Comparison of the sensory quality of the French fries showed that the products fried in oleogels had less oily haptic properties and a less oily mouthfeel. Lightness, aroma perception, and crispness were not significantly different to the rapeseed oil. Color and texture showed little to no differences between the samples. The total fat content of the French fries showed lower values for products fried in oleogel MG (9.2 g/100 g), whereas products fried in rapeseed oil (13.2 g/100 g) or oleogel SFW (12.1 g/100 g) showed no significant difference.Practical Applications: Deep‐fat frying is one of the most popular methods of preparing food. One problem is that the deep‐frying media used either contain high levels of saturated fatty acids, which are unfavorable in terms of nutritional physiology, or that they are liquid vegetable oils that oil out during the storage of deep‐fried food. Therefore, the use of so‐called oleogels based on rapeseed oil could be a favorable alternative, which combines the techno‐functional properties of solid fats with the nutritional–physiological advantages of liquid rapeseed oil. This article shows as an example that the application of oleogels for the preparation of French fries results in products with advantages regarding oily haptics and oily mouthfeel without having disadvantages for most other parameters describing the frying oil quality.

GUO Xusheng, LI Wangpeng, SHEN Baojian, HU Zongquan, ZHAO Peirong, LI Maowen, GAO Bo, FENG Dongjun, LIU Yali, WU Xiaoling, SU Jianzheng

Oil shale in the Sinopec exploration areas is abundant and serves as an important strategic reserve and supplementary energy source for the country. Accelerating the exploration and development of oil shale is crucial for improving China’s energy structure and ensuring national energy security. To achieve large-scale exploration and cost-effective development of oil shale, the technologies of in-situ exploitation field tests successfully conducted both domestically and internationally were reviewed and summarized. Based on this review, the characteristics of test areas, geological and engineering adaptability, and selection layer requirements were analyzed. It was concluded that field pilot tests of Shell’s electric heating method, Jilin Zhongcheng Company’s in-situ fracturing chemical retorting technology, and Jilin University’s local chemical reaction-based in-situ pyrolysis technology have been successfully carried out. However, the maturity and feasibility of two technologies in China need to be further studied and validated, and the adaptability of existing in-situ exploitation technologies to deep oil shale remains unverified. The technical characteristics, geological resource conditions, and exploitation engineering conditions of in-situ oil shale exploitation were reviewed and analyzed. Based on the key factors restricting in-situ exploitation of oil shale in China and the heating method, four geological parameters, six engineering parameters, and classification evaluation limits were determined. Additionally, the weights of each parameter were assigned according to the degree of constraints on in-situ exploitation and utilization of oil shale. A two-factor evaluation model of geological and engineering for identifying favorable areas for in-situ oil shale exploitation was then established, leading to the selection of 15 Class Ⅰ favorable areas in Sinopec exploration areas and adjacent areas. The effects of key factors, including roof and floor, fractures, and movable water, on the selected favorable areas were further analyzed. Through comprehensive evaluation, four target areas were selected: the Xunyi mining area on the southern margin of the Ordos Basin, the Shanghuangshan Street mining area on the southern edge of the northern piedmont of the Bogda Mountains, the Dianbai mining area in the Maoming Basin, and the Fushun mining area in the Fushun Basin.

Muhammad Shehryar, Arshad Raza, Guenther Glatz et al.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in geological reservoirs faces viscous fingering, gravity override, and poor mobility control due to its low viscosity and resulting inefficient distribution and compromised storage capacity. Therefore, an urgent need arises to thicken the CO2 and enhance its viscosity for better mobility control and uniform distribution across the reservoir. This study examines the different schemes to enhance sweep efficiency in subsurface storage. In the context of polymer-, surfactant-, and foam-based technologies, the study defines optimization for CO2 injection and retention. Sweep efficiency is critical in maximizing reservoir usage and minimizing the risk of leakage by ensuring even dispersion of CO2. Polymers could increase CO2 viscosity, thereby yielding better mobility control and wider reservoir coverage. Surfactants reduce interfacial tension, enabling CO2 to invade less permeable areas, while foams act as conformance control agents, changing the flow path of CO2 away from the high permeability and into the underused areas. The study further includes advanced materials like CO2-soluble polymers, fluorinated surfactants, and nanoparticle-stabilized foams with superior stability under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions typical of deep reservoirs. Though effective, these approaches are challenged with chemical degradation, economic feasibility and environmental consequences. The study delves into these limitations and suggests integrated approaches involving polymers, and surfactant foams for enhanced sweep efficiency. These findings are a step towards realizing surfactant efficient and sustainable carbon sequestration technologies and contribute to the efforts of the world to mitigate climate change.

Steffen Bisswanger, Duarte Rocha, Sebastian Dehe et al.

To explore the physicochemical hydrodynamics of phase-separating ternary liquids (Ouzo-type), a binary oil-ethanol mixture is introduced into a co-flowing stream of water. Oil droplets nucleate at the interface between the two liquids, leading to a larger oil droplet interacting with the ethanol-rich jet. Although buoyancy forces and hydrodynamic drag forces push the droplet in downstream direction, we observe an upstream motion. Using computational fluid dynamics simulations of a simplified model system, we identify the nucleation zone for oil droplets and uncover Marangoni forces to be responsible for the upstream motion of the droplet. A semi-analytical model allows us to identify the key parameters governing this effect. A general conclusion is that Marangoni stresses can reverse the motion of droplets through channels, where the surrounding liquid is a multi-component mixture. The insights from this work are not only relevant for channel flow, but more generally, for the physicochemical hydrodynamics of multiphase, multi-component systems.

Rayan Aldajani

Tracking body fat percentage is essential for effective weight management, yet gold-standard methods such as DEXA scans remain expensive and inaccessible for most people. This study evaluates the feasibility of artificial intelligence (AI) models as low-cost alternatives using frontal body images and basic anthropometric data. The dataset consists of 535 samples: 253 cases with recorded anthropometric measurements (weight, height, neck, ankle, and wrist) and 282 images obtained via web scraping from Reddit posts with self-reported body fat percentages, including some reported as DEXA-derived by the original posters. Because no public datasets exist for computer-vision-based body fat estimation, this dataset was compiled specifically for this study. Two approaches were developed: (1) ResNet-based image models and (2) regression models using anthropometric measurements. A multimodal fusion framework is also outlined for future expansion once paired datasets become available. The image-based model achieved a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.44% and a Coefficient of Determination (R^2) of 0.807. These findings demonstrate that AI-assisted models can offer accessible and low-cost body fat estimates, supporting future consumer applications in health and fitness.

Jamini Bhagu, Lissa C. Anderson, Samuel C. Grant et al.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) represent an important class of biologic therapeutics that can treat a variety of diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders or respiratory conditions (e.g. COVID-19). However, throughout their development, mAb are exposed to air-water or oil-water interfaces that may trigger mAb partial unfolding that can lead to the formation of proteinaceous aggregates. Using a combination of dynamic surface tensiometry and spatially resolved 1D 1H NMR spectroscopy, this study investigates if adsorption of a model IgG2a-\k{appa} mAb to the oil-water interface affects its structure. Localized NMR spectroscopy was performed using voxels of 375 um, incrementally approaching the oil-water interface. Dynamic interfacial tension progressively decreases at the oil-water interface over time, confirming mAb adsorption to the interface. Localized NMR spectroscopy results indicate that, while the number of mAb-related chemical resonances and chemical shift frequencies remain unaffected, spectral line broadening is observed as voxels incrementally approach the oil-water interface. Moreover, the spin-spin (T2) relaxation of the mAb molecule was measured for a voxel centered at the interface and shown to be affected differentially across the mAb resonances, indicating a rotational restriction for mAb molecules due to presence of the interface. Finally, the apparent diffusion coefficient of the mAb for the voxel centered at the interface is lower than the bulk mAb. These results suggest that this specific mAb interacts with and may be in exchange with bulk mAb phase in the vicinity of the interface. As such, these localized NMR techniques offer the potential to probe and quantify alterations of mAb properties near interfacial layers.

T. Schmid, Elodie Gillich, Amandine André et al.

Palm and palm kernel oils are extensively utilised in food processing due to their unique properties, such as their semi-solid consistency at room temperature. However, growing environmental and social concerns regarding palm oil production have prompted the industry to seek sustainable alternatives to tropical or hydrogenated fats. This project investigated the use of plant oils and their emulsified and crystallised forms as potential substitutes for palm fat in light and dark chocolate fillings, with an emphasis on single-origin ingredients to align with clean-label trends. The emulsions were assessed for viscosity, firmness, colour, and key flavour and aroma profiles. Results demonstrated that palm fat alternatives performed effectively in dark chocolate fillings, with non-emulsified recipes achieving firmness comparable to palm fat. In contrast, light chocolate fillings exhibited reduced firmness at higher inclusion rates of alternatives, and emulsified products were prone to flocculation. Notably, pure oil formulations delivered promising outcomes at lower inclusion rates, as the firmness could be raised by 22.0%, likely due to vegetable oil and cocoa butter interactions influencing crystal morphology. Substituting palm oil with sunflower oil, either crystallised or emulsified, did not compromise the overall flavour. Future investigations should determine the maximum feasible level of palm fat substitution and investigate the potential of adding higher amounts of waxes and emulsifiers to enhance crystal formation and firmness.

WANG Zhijian

Liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing（LCPTF） technology is a novel water-free fracturing technique that can enhance coalbed methane recovery. To study the changes in coal adsorption characteristics before and after CO2 phase transition fracturing, the No. 3 coal seam from the Yuwu coal mine was selected for experimentation. High-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments, and CH4 isothermal adsorption tests were conducted to analyze the impact of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing on coal adsorption. The results showed that after liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the pore volume and specific surface area of adsorption pores in coal decreased; the specific surface area of seepage pores decreased while the pore volume of seepage pores increased. The liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technique could influence the change in the Langmuir adsorption constant of coal by altering the pore structure. After liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the Langmuir adsorption constant “a” value decreased and the “b” value increased, indicating that the fracturing process reduced the coal’s adsorption capacity and enhanced the desorption rate. This study provides theoretical guidance for the improvement and optimization of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technology for field applications.

Jimmy Xuekai Li, Tiancheng Zhang, Yiran Zhu et al.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is set to profoundly impact the oil and gas industry by introducing unprecedented efficiencies and innovations. This paper explores AGI's foundational principles and its transformative applications, particularly focusing on the advancements brought about by large language models (LLMs) and extensive computer vision systems in the upstream sectors of the industry. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has already begun reshaping the oil and gas landscape, offering enhancements in production optimization, downtime reduction, safety improvements, and advancements in exploration and drilling techniques. These technologies streamline logistics, minimize maintenance costs, automate monotonous tasks, refine decision-making processes, foster team collaboration, and amplify profitability through error reduction and actionable insights extraction. Despite these advancements, the deployment of AI technologies faces challenges, including the necessity for skilled professionals for implementation and the limitations of model training on constrained datasets, which affects the models' adaptability across different contexts. The advent of generative AI, exemplified by innovations like ChatGPT and the Segment Anything Model (SAM), heralds a new era of high-density innovation. These developments highlight a shift towards natural language interfaces and domain-knowledge-driven AI, promising more accessible and tailored solutions for the oil and gas industry. This review articulates the vast potential AGI holds for tackling complex operational challenges within the upstream oil and gas industry, requiring near-human levels of intelligence. We discussed the promising applications, the hurdles of large-scale AGI model deployment, and the necessity for domain-specific knowledge in maximizing the benefits of these technologies.

Y. Soong, Sarah M. Coleman, Na Liu et al.

More than 200 million tons of plant oils and animal fats are produced annually worldwide from oil, crops, and the rendered animal fat industry. Triacylglycerol, an abundant energy-dense compound, is the major form of lipid in oils and fats. While oils or fats are very important raw materials and functional ingredients for food or related products, a significant portion is currently diverted to or recovered as waste. To significantly increase the value of waste oils or fats and expand their applications with a minimal environmental footprint, microbial biomanufacturing is presented as an effective strategy for adding value. Though both bacteria and yeast can be engineered to use oils or fats as the biomanufacturing feedstocks, the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is presented as one of the most attractive platforms. Y. lipolytica is oleaginous, generally regarded as safe, demonstrated as a promising industrial producer, and has unique capabilities for efficient catabolism and bioconversion of lipid substrates. This review summarizes the major challenges and opportunities for Y. lipolytica as a new biomanufacturing platform for the production of value-added products from oils and fats. This review also discusses relevant cellular and metabolic engineering strategies such as fatty acid transport, fatty acid catabolism and bioconversion, redox balances and energy yield, cell morphology and stress response, and bioreaction engineering. Finally, a review of specific product classes including long-chain diacids, wax esters, terpenes, and carotenoids with unique synthesis opportunities from oils and fats highlights the potential of Y. lipolytica.

Wang Jinlong, Xu Liangbin

The deepwater subsea wellhead system is subjected to various cyclic load during drilling,well completion and workover,attributed to the riser vibration and platform movement induced by ocean waves and currents,and dynamic load triggered by operations.Such cyclic loading results in the cyclic bending moment of the subsea wellhead and subsequently accumulated fatigue damage.In order to promote technical advancement and improve the application safety of deepwater subsea wellhead systems,the characteristics of subsea wellheads are summarized,and the application status and prospect of subsea wellheads in the South China Sea are investigated.The progress of subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment and research is analyzed,including damage prediction,fatigue monitoring,and fusion and processing of multi-source data.The difficulties of subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment and research are identified,and last,the development orientations and suggestions for the subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment are proposed.The difficulties of investigating subsea wellhead fatigue damage are the undone tank test of subsea wellhead fatigue monitoring and the lack of corrected finite-element-method subsea wellhead models integrating multi-source monitoring data.The conclusions of this research provide references for the technical development and deepwater applications of subsea wellhead systems.

Adèle L. C. Mackowiak, Davide Piccini, Jessica A. M. Bastiaansen

Background: Cardiovascular MRI (CMR) faces challenges due to the interference of bright fat signals in visualizing anatomical structures. Effective fat suppression is crucial when using whole-heart CMR. Conventional methods often fall short due to rapid fat signal recovery and water-selective off-resonant pulses come with tradeoffs between scan time and RF energy deposit. A lipid-insensitive binomial off-resonant (LIBOR) RF pulse is introduced, addressing concerns about RF energy and scan time for CMR at 3T. Methods: A short LIBOR pulse was developed and implemented in a free-breathing respiratory self-navigated whole-heart sequence at 3T. A BORR pulse with matched duration, as well as previously used LIBRE pulses, were implemented and optimized for fat suppression in numerical simulations and validated in healthy subjects (n=3). Whole-heart CMR was performed in healthy subjects (n=5) with all four pulses. The SNR of ventricular blood, skeletal muscle, myocardium, and subcutaneous fat, and the coronary vessel sharpness and length were compared. Results: Experiments validated numerical findings and near homogeneous fat suppression was achieved with all pulses. Comparing the short pulses (1ms), LIBOR reduced the RF power two-fold compared with LIBRE, and three-fold compared with BORR, and LIBOR significantly decreased overall fat SNR. The reduction in RF duration shortened the whole-heart acquisition from 8.5min to 7min. No significant differences in coronary arteries detection and sharpness were found when comparing all four pulses. Conclusion: LIBOR enabled whole-heart CMR under 7 minutes at 3T, with large volume fat signal suppression, while reducing RF power compared with LIBRE and BORR. LIBOR is an excellent candidate to address SAR problems encountered in CMR where fat suppression remains challenging and short RF pulses are required.

Sumita Sahoo, Rabibrata Mukherjee

Evaporative drying of colloidal droplets with different concentrations (Ci) on liquid infused slippery substrate (LISS) surfaces fabricated over biomimetically patterned sticky hydrophobic surfaces is reported here. These slippery surfaces remain stable under the aqueous droplets. The effective thickness of the infused oil layer (hE) was varied and its effect on the evaporation dynamics, wetting ridge formation and the final deposition pattern were studied using an optical microscope as well as a contact angle goniometer. The results were contrasted to those obtained over bare (oil-free) flat and patterned sticky surfaces. Unlike strong pinning and consequent peripheral ring deposit invariably observed in evaporation of a colloidal droplet over a solid surface (i.e. bare flat Sylgard 184 without oil), over a LISS, the dynamics, including the extent of pinning and the final deposit morphology, were found to be strongly dependant on hE. Due to the presence of the underlying patterns, the extent of pinning increased with a reduction in hE. Prolonged evaporation over a LISS leads to a uniform deposition due to gravity-induced settling of the colloids followed by capillarity-mediated rearrangement of the particles. Colloidal assembly at the droplet free surface and the droplet-wetting ridge interface leads to a thinner encapsulating oil layer and faster drainage of the wetting ridge resulting in a higher evaporation rate before pinning of the suspension droplets over all LISS surfaces.

Y. D. I. Siregar, Adi Riyadhi, W. Damayanti et al.

Bio hydrocarbons are renewable fuels that can be produced through the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids, resulting in compositions like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fractions derived from petroleum. The objective of this study is to generate gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from vegetable oils and animal fats using an MgO catalyst synthesized through the calcination of Mg-citrate. The characterization of the MgO catalyst, employing Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface adsorption method, revealed the presence of crystalline MgO and showed that mesoporous MgO with average pore size of 15.52 nm and exhibiting a surface area of 35.68 m2 g-1. The MgO catalyst was utilized in the deoxygenation reaction of palm oil, palm wax, and chicken fat, leading to the production of bio hydrocarbons with paraffin and olefin compositions like those found in gasoline, kerosene, and diesel derived from petroleum. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis of the liquid product demonstrated that the highest quantity of gasoline was derived from palm wax, followed by palm oil and chicken fat. Palm wax exhibits promising potential as a raw material for gasoline production through the deoxygenation reaction, specifically through decarboxylation and decarbonylation processes facilitated by the MgO catalyst.

Chen GUO, Yong QIN, Tongsheng YI et al.

Efficient detection of coalbed methane (CBM) co-production interference is the key to timely adjusting the development plan and improving the co-production efficiency. Based on production data of six typical CBM co-production wells in the Zhijin block of western Guizhou Province, China, the production characteristic curves, including production indication curve, curve of daily water production per unit drawdown of producing fluid level with time, and curve of water production per unit differential pressure with time have been analyzed to explore the response characteristics of co-production interference on the production characteristic curves. Based on the unit water inflow data of pumping test in coal measures, the critical value of in-situ water production of the CBM wells is 2 m3/(d·m). The form and the slope of the initial linear section of the production indication curves have clear responses to the interference, which can be used to discriminate internal water source from external water source based on the critical slope value of 200 m3/MPa in the initial linear section of the production indication curve. The time variation curves of water production per unit differential pressure can be divided into two morphological types: up-concave curve and down-concave curve. The former is represented by producing internal water with average daily gas production greater than 800 m3/d, and the latter produces external water with average daily gas production smaller than 400 m3/d. The method and critical indexes for recognition of CBM co-production interference based on the production characteristic curve are constructed. A template for discriminating interference of CBM co-production was constructed combined with the gas production efficiency analysis, which can provide reference for optimizing co-production engineering design and exploring economic and efficient co-production mode.

Javad T. Firouzjaee, Pouriya Khaliliyan

Oil companies are among the largest companies in the world whose economic indicators in the global stock market have a great impact on the world economy\cite{ec00} and market due to their relation to gold\cite{ec01}, crude oil\cite{ec02}, and the dollar\cite{ec03}. This study investigates the impact of correlated features on the interpretability of Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)\cite{ec04} models for predicting oil company stocks. To achieve this, we designed a Standard Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and trained it using various correlated datasets. Our approach aims to improve the accuracy of stock price prediction by considering the multiple factors affecting the market, such as crude oil prices, gold prices, and the US dollar. The results demonstrate that adding a feature correlated with oil stocks does not improve the interpretability of LSTM models. These findings suggest that while LSTM models may be effective in predicting stock prices, their interpretability may be limited. Caution should be exercised when relying solely on LSTM models for stock price prediction as their lack of interpretability may make it difficult to fully understand the underlying factors driving stock price movements. We have employed complexity analysis to support our argument, considering that financial markets encompass a form of physical complex system\cite{ec05}. One of the fundamental challenges faced in utilizing LSTM models for financial markets lies in interpreting the unexpected feedback dynamics within them.