Adam Hermaniuk, Magdalena Czajkowska, Maciej Pabijan
et al.
ABSTRACT Hybridization influences speciation processes, either slowing or reversing species differentiation due to gene flow and recombination, or else accelerating speciation via adaptive introgression and/or polyploidization. One of many consequences of polyploidization is an increase in cell size associated with genome multiplications. Although cell size is regarded as affecting Darwinian fitness across environmental gradients, particularly due to its effects on oxygen transport, fitness effects of changes in cell size associated with hybridization are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of ploidy level, our proxy for cell size, and genotypes on metabolic responses to thermal and oxygen conditions in tadpoles of European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex). Hybrids (P. esculentus), originating from the primary hybridization between P. lessonae (genotype LL) and P. ridibundus (RR), were crossed to produce tadpoles with various genotypes (RR, LR, LLR, LRR) and ploidy levels (diploid, triploid). Our results indicate that triploids, particularly LLR, are most susceptible to oxygen limitation in hypoxic water. Additionally, RR progeny with introgressed P. lessonae mtDNA exhibited the lowest metabolic rates under normoxia, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction due to mitonuclear incompatibility. The greater oxygen limitation in triploids, particularly under hypoxic conditions, may explain their preference for cooler climates. In a time of rapid environmental change, uncovering the physiological trade‐offs associated with hybrid and polyploid genotypes, in connection with cell size changes, is a promising framework for predicting species responses to shifting oxygen and temperature regimes.
Częstochowa is a city known as the “spiritual capital of Poland”. The reason behind this name is the sanctuary of Our Lady—”Jasna Góra” monastery—around which a settlement was established, giving rise to the city today. The first parish was established in the 14th century. The next two parishes in Częstochowa were only established at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: St Barbara’s in 1891 and St Joseph’s in 1910. Today, Częstochowa has a population of almost 200,000, is an industrial and academic center, and has 53 parish churches. In comparison, Warsaw, Poland’s capital, with a population of 1,861,599, has 86 parishes. The vast majority of Częstochowa’s churches were built in the 1980s and 1990s. This paper presents a short history of the city’s development with particular reference to its sacred architecture. It also attempts to present the influence of church buildings on the urban layout and religious atmosphere of the city. The paper is an attempt to present the phenomenon of Częstochowa, which attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims from Poland and all over the world every year.
W artykule opisano losy rodzeństwa Słonińskich, urodzonych w Lądzie i w Kocku. Wszyscy pochodzili z rodziny o silnych tradycjach patriotycznych. Czterech braci brało aktywny udział w walkach o niepodległą Polskę. Reprezentowali różne środowiska zawodowe i odnosili sukcesy na tym polu. Najstarszy – Zygmunt był lekarzem. Marian był z wykształcenia prawnikiem, ale wybrał drogę zawodowego oficera Wojska Polskiego. Jan został księdzem. Najmłodszy z braci – Wacław realizował się jako prawnik. W artykule wykorzystano liczne źródła archiwalne i literaturę przedmiotu.
Tekst stanowi podsumowanie piętnastu lat działania Stowarzyszenia Topografie w obrębie metody historii mówionej (oral history) i archiwistyki społecznej realizowanej w prowadzonym przez stowarzyszenie Cyfrowym Archiwum Łodzian Miastograf. Autorka – obecnie przewodnicząca stowarzyszenia – podsumowuje poszczególne projekty i działalność edukacyjną, uzupełniając wywód refleksją metodologiczną oraz osobistym komentarzem.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
This article addresses the multilayered thematic area focused on the impact of trauma, caused by war and political oppression, on the attitudes of artists who followed combat trails and migration routes to ultimately settle far from their homeland. What I consider particularly challenging in this field of study is to find an answer to the question: why did some of the forcefully displaced artists manage to integrate with the art scene of their final destination, while others preferred to attain their position on the cultural margins of the new locality? The best exemplification of these complex issues is the biography of Józef Czapski (1896-1993), a Polish writer, essayist, art critic, and painter, who fought in the ranks of the Polish army on the fronts of World War I and World War II, and, eventually, permanently settled in France. I argue that it was the wartime and the hell of migration that caused Czapski’s inability to fully assimilate in the Parisian art world, and stimulated his aversion to avant-garde progressivism and innovative experimentation. My analyses reveal that his paintings epitomise remnants of collective and individual trauma, an overwhelming sense of loss, and a ‘residue’ of painful experiences resulting from expulsion and exile.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Fine Arts
A search for the decay of the Higgs boson to a Z boson and a light, pseudoscalar particle, a, decaying respectively to two leptons and to two photons is reported. The search uses the full LHC Run 2 proton–proton collision data at s=13 TeV, corresponding to 139 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector. This is one of the first searches for this specific decay mode of the Higgs boson, and it probes unexplored parameter space in models with axion-like particles (ALPs) and extended scalar sectors. The mass of the a particle is assumed to be in the range 0.1–33 GeV. The data are analysed in two categories: a merged category where the photons from the a decay are reconstructed in the ATLAS calorimeter as a single cluster, and a resolved category in which two separate photons are detected. The main background processes are from Standard Model Z boson production in association with photons or jets. The data are in agreement with the background predictions, and upper limits on the branching ratio of the Higgs boson decay to Za times the branching ratio a→γγ are derived at the 95% confidence level and they range from 0.08% to 2% depending on the mass of the a particle. The results are also interpreted in the context of ALP models.
The genus Arthrospira has a long history of being used as a food source in different parts of the world. Its mass cultivation for production of food supplements and additives has contributed to a more detailed study of several species of this genus. In contrast, the type species of the genus (A. jenneri), has scarcely been studied. This work adopts a polyphasic approach to thoroughly investigate environmental samples of A. jenneri, whose persistent bloom was noticed in an urban reservoir in Poland, Central Europe. The obtained results were compared with strains designated as A. platensis, A. maxima, and A. fusiformis from several culture collections and other Arthrospira records from GenBank. The comparison has shown that A. jenneri differs from popular species that are massively utilized commercially with regard to its cell morphology, ultrastructure and ecology, as well as its 16S rRNA gene sequence. Based on our findings, we propose the establishment of a new genus, Limnospira, which currently encompasses three species including the massively produced L. (A.) fusiformis and L. (A.) maxima with the type species Limnospira fusiformis.
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest centrum nauki jako instytucji pośredniego wychowania. Koncepcje wystaw i eksponatów Exploratorium — centrum nauki założonego w 1969 roku w San Francisco przez Franka Oppenheimera — przedstawione zostają jako inspiracja, która przyświecała utworzeniu warszawskiego Centrum Nauki Kopernik. Powstanie Kopernika zostaje osadzone w historycznym i kulturowym kontekście zmian dotyczących zarówno paradygmatu muzeów, jak i w szerszej perspektywie przekształcania się kulturowego wyobrażenia edukacji. Opis pedagogicznych założeń eksponatów i wystaw ma na celu rekonstrukcję nowego paradygmatu relacji między zwiedzającym a instytucją wystawienniczą, jaką jest centrum nauki. Kluczowa kwestia dotyczy modelowanej przez Kopernika relacji między społeczeństwem a nauką. Wprowadzona do społecznej praktyki edukacyjnej (upowszechniania kultury, w szczególności nauki) nowa instytucja ma w tym zamyśle uruchamiać nowe myślenie w skali ogólnospołecznej i prowadzić do zmiany społeczno-kulturowej.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Poland
Legal-political Ideas as Elements of Argumentation in Court Speeches – Remarks on the Communists’ Trials in Lwów (1922–1923)
The legacy of legal-political ideologists is seldom used as an element of argumentation in court. The situation is different in proceedings focussing on political crimes, in particular, the trials taking place in disruptive moments of history. One of such moments was the period after Poland regained independence, when the Soviet Union posed not only a military threat, but also one of doctrinal influence. The objective of the paper was to verify the hypothesis that the trial of communists which took place in Lwów in late 1922 / early 1923 (known as the St. Jura trial) was significant not only in terms of its legal-criminal aspects, but was also important from a historical and doctrinal perspective. The verification of the hypothesis was based on the analysis of court speeches, especially their elements including references to the legacy of legal-political ideas. Additionally, the paper presents legal-political ideas as highly argumentative material that may be, and perhaps should be, used in legal practice today.
We report on a small scale study carried out in Austria, Italy and Poland which investigated the attitudes of university teachers engaged in teaching their academic subject through the medium of English. The data consisted of 25 teacher interviews. We focused on the topics of internationalisation of universities, on policy and resourcing, and on the levels of English proficiency (theirs and those of their students) needed for effective English medium instruction (EMI). We also observed whether there were differences among the respondents from the three countries and attempted to relate any differences to the linguistic, educational and political context of each. Our findings suggest that whilst very similar concerns are in the minds of the teachers regardless of the country they were teaching in, some interesting variability in attitudes, relating to language and to history, could be detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study on EMI that compares teacher attitudes in three countries, hence its exploratory nature. Our findings would suggest that further research of such comparative kind might provide insights into how the phenomenon of EMI is being introduced and accepted across the world.
AbstractOn the basis of eight available terriers of a large royal estate of Niepołomice in southern Poland and of the vital records of two parishes located on its area, all dating from the early eighteenth century, this article examines the effect of famines on the economic situation of both feudal lords and their peasant tenants. The restrictive framework of the second serfdom in Poland did not prevent two severe mortality crises at the time triggered by crop failures. The key hazards caused by the famines for demesne economy were shortages of corvée labour and peasant-owned draught animals. While the famine mortality that affected the peasants reported as farmers in the terriers was not high, the famines were conducive to peasant impoverishment and reshuffled groups of various financial statuses.
Introduction
The article presents the results of research on the analysis of the home education
development over the centuries. Particular emphasis has been placed on the development of this form of education in Poland in recent years. It also mentions the importance of teaching in the home environment as a method of natural and child-friendly acquisition of knowledge about the world and the transmission of moral values professed by parents.
Conclusions: The research conclusions indicate the constant presence of homeschooling, despite the changing nomenclature over the centuries.
Material and Methods
The collected scientific materials from various periods, concerning the issues of homeschooling in Poland and in the world, were subjected to a critical analysis.
Results
As a result of the conducted research, a uniform historical outline was obtained, and the collected information was presented in a chronological order.
Conclusions
The research conclusions indicate the constant presence of homeschooling, despite the changing nomenclature over the centuries.
Artykuł opisuje życie i przebieg kariery wojskowej podpułkownika Stanisława Żuprańskiego, oficera wojskowej służby poborowej. Urodził się w Łęczycy w polskiej rodzinie katolickiej. Po ukończeniu kaliskiego gimnazjum rozpoczął w 1892 r. służbę w armii rosyjskiej. Brał udział w wojnie rosyjsko-japońskiej oraz w I wojnie światowej, walcząc na froncie kaukaskim. Po powrocie do Polski wstąpił do Wojska Polskiego i służył jako oficer wojskowej służby poborowej kolejno w Kaliszu, Łodzi, Kielcach i Poznaniu, a także w Ministerstwie Spraw Wojskowych. Był jednym z autorów uchwalonej w 1924 r. ustawy o powszechnym obowiązku służby wojskowej. W 1927 r. został przeniesiony w stan spoczynku i zamieszkał w Kaliszu, gdzie zmarł w roku 1938.
AbstractPoverty is the consequence of not having sufficient income to sustain lives and ways of life. While there are many papers addressing poverty in today’s Poland, no comprehensive study was done to explain and describe rural poverty also in a historical aspect. Therefore, this article attempts to synthetically identify the patterns and particularities of rural poverty in Poland between the wars, and to present the multifaceted and diverse nature of Polish poverty in the initial years of national independence. The authors’ main objective is to indicate the changes in the scope of Polish poverty and to describe the adaptive mechanisms and the discomfort involved in the depreciation of needs. Before independence, the situation varied across the Polish territory. The relatively worst socio-economic conditions were experienced in Galicia due to absence of non-agricultural activities. The population of Prussian rural areas found themselves in a more advantageous situation because of industrial development and working outside agriculture. The situation of peasants was exacerbated by the destructive and resource-draining First World War, whereas rural misery was made even worse by the combination of unemployment and underdevelopment of the country. In the Second Polish Republic, the situation of the rural population did not improve even though the country made great progress at that time. Note that rural poverty varied across employee groups, with cultural and lifestyle differences, limited competences and passive attitudes playing an important role.
A methodology of historical or higher criticism and of stylometry/stylochronometry known from Biblical and literary studies is applied to the examination of Nicolaus Copernicus’s writings. In particular, his early work Commentariolus is compared at the level of the Latin language with his later ones (Meditata, Letter against Werner and De revolutionibus) as well as the texts of some other authors. A number of striking stylistic dissimilarities between these works have been identified and interpreted in the light of stylometry/stylochronometry, historical criticism and the history of Copernican research. The conducted research allowed to draw some plausible conclusions about the Sitz im Leben (historical context), the dating of Commentariolus and related matters.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Science (General)
Postać św. Urszuli Ledóchowskiej jest rozpoznawalna głównie za sprawą Zgromadzenia zakonnego które założyła – Urszulanki Serca Jezusa Konającego – Szare. Jej działalność na polu niepodległościowym raczej nie jest powszechnie znana. Dlatego też, warto przypomnieć postać tej niezwykle charyzmatycznej i pracowitej zakonnicy. Skłania do tego również obchodzona nie tak dawno 100. rocznica odzyskania niepodległości. Artykuł jest próbą przybliżenia postaci hrabiny Julii Ledóchowskiej, która w latach 1915-1920 przebywając w Skandynawii pracowała dla Głównego Komitetu Pomocy Ofiarom Wojny w Polsce założonym w szwajcarskim Vevey przez Henryka Sienkiewicza, Ignacego Paderewskiego i Antoniego Osuchowskiego. Prowadziła działalność odczytową i zbierała fundusze by wesprzeć cierpiących rodaków. Po powrocie do, wolnej już, ojczyzny, w 1920 osiedliła się wraz ze swoimi siostrami i sierotami polskimi z Danii w Pniewach koło Poznania. Rozpoczęła kolejny niezwykle ważny okres swego życia, pracując nadal, równie ciężko, choć już zupełnie inaczej, bo na rzecz odnowy materialnej i duchowej kraju. Zakładała szkoły, świetlice, pozyskiwała młode dziewczęta dla pracy wolontaryjnej na rzecz potrzebujących. Jej praca wpisywała się w szeroko pojętą działalność na rzecz odbudowy państwa polskiego.
A search for a heavy resonance decaying into WZ in the fully leptonic channel (electrons and muons) is performed. It is based on proton–proton collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1. No significant excess is observed over the Standard Model predictions and limits are set on the production cross section times branching ratio of a heavy vector particle produced either in quark–antiquark fusion or through vector-boson fusion. Constraints are also obtained on the mass and couplings of a singly charged Higgs boson, in the Georgi–Machacek model, produced through vector-boson fusion.
In the Russian-Japanese war in 1904–1905 about 50,000 Polish soldiers took part in the ranks of the Russian army. During the journey to the front of the Trans-Siberian Railway they had the opportunity to see Siberia for the first time. In letters to relatives and loved ones, they described their impressions of this trip. Unfortunately, very few of them have been preserved in the original, but fortunately many of them were reprinted by the Polish press during the war. Thanks to this, we can see what Polish soldiers remembered about this journey. The soldiers, mostly peasants, described the Siberian nature – mountains, forests, rivers, climate, Siberian cities and villages, the appearance and customs of their inhabitants. Separate fragments were also devoted to local food and prices of food products that increased significantly during the war. A lot of space is also occupied by descriptions of the Trans-Siberian Railway itself, especially bridges and tunnels that made a great impression on the soldiers. A separate place in the letters is occupied by fragments concerning the attitude of the soldiers themselves, religious life and meetings with the Poles living in Russia.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform