Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Олена Дуць-Файфер

CO TO JEST LITERATURA ŁEMKOWSKA/RUSIŃSKA I CZY PYTANIE TO MA JAKIEKOLWIEK ZNACZENIE? W artykule prowadzone jest intertekstualne sondowanie różnych wyobrażeń o literaturze łemkowskiej/rusińskiej, zaprezentowano także propozycje jej badania i włączania w ogólny dyskurs literaturoznawczy. Obok dekonstruująco-nicujących uwag skierowanych przeciw literaturoznawczemu esencjalizmowi na bazie sparafrazowanego w tytule Cullerowskiego pytania, w tekście zawarte są oceny stanu rozwoju rusińskiego literaturoznawstwa jako domeny badań wewnętrznych oraz propozycje takich metod badawczych, które uwzględniałyby transformalność i tożsamość literatury łemkowskiej/rusińskiej. Za probierz żywotności oraz sprawczości rewitalizacyjnej tej literatury uznano dawanie przez nią właściwych odpowiedzi na wyzwania polityczno-społeczno-kulturowe, przed jakimi stawiana jest wspólnota przez nią wyrażana. W odniesieniu do postulatów badań komparatystycznych wpisujących literaturę łemkowską/rusińską w europejskie tradycje literaturoznawcze, zaproponowana została komparatystyka wertykalna – poszukiwanie figur i wyobrażeń literackich paralelnych do tych, które wyabstrahowane zostały w obrębie akademickich teorii, ale nie adaptowanych stamtąd, tylko wywodzących się z wrażliwości, estetyki i etyki rdzennej skontaminowanej z lokalnie oswojonym chrześcijaństwem wschodnim. Przykłady takiego przenikania się myśli teoretycznej z intuicyjną są fascynującą ilustracją koncepcji „myśli nieoswojonej” Lévi-Straussa. Konstatacja o ważnych wyzwaniach badawczych stojących przed literaturoznawcami zajmującymi się literaturą łemkowską/rusińską a jednocześnie podkreślenie dynamicznego rozwoju rusińskiego wewnętrznego literaturoznawstwa, jest zarówno dosyć optymistyczną prognozą, jak i pewną sugestią możliwości wykorzystania najnowszych tendencji w badaniach humanistycznych do wypracowania adekwatnych kulturowo sposobów badania i społecznego aktywowania tej literatury.

Ivan Kafka

This paper discusses Milada Horáková’s texts from 1945 to 1948 in relation to influential concepts of her time (e.g. socialism and nationalism), employing the method of discourse analysis. It explores Horáková’s public activities in the post-war period and analyses her political thought, focusing on three discursive areas that she was most strongly involved in: people’s democracy in post-war Czechoslovakia; foreign policy (and ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia); and women’s rights. It focuses on the argumentative strategies which Horáková used to advance her political agenda. Its section on women’s rights employs a gender perspective to contextualize Horáková’s activities within the broader framework of women’s emancipation in the Third Czechoslovak Republic.

Jackson Bowman

On May 27th, 1942, Nazi German SS Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated in an infamous event called Operation Anthropoid. The Nazi German response to this assassination was razing the two Czechoslovakian towns named Lidice and Ležáky. While there have been many books, articles, and movies about the events of Operation Anthropoid, the sources omit details regarding how the Allied powers, specifically the Western Allied Powers, used the horrendous events. This paper argues that the Western Allied powers used the razing of Lidice and Ležáky as propaganda to garner public support for the war effort by galvanizing their respective civilian populations against Nazi Germany. The various methods of propaganda, the vast scope of the distribution, and the timing of the propaganda release are analyzed throughout the paper. By the end of the paper a light will be shined upon, a rarely, if ever, discussed aspect of the assassination of the highest-ranking Nazi official throughout the course of World War II. How the subsequent reprisals were used as propaganda.  

Mateusz Goliński

W artykule przeanalizowano treść i okoliczności powstania zeznań wydobytych od przesłuchiwanego w 1500 r. w Krapkowicach rozbójnika na temat rzekomego opłacenia przez wysokiego polskiego urzędnika pieniędzmi otrzymanymi od władcy Turków podpalaczy działających w miastach śląskich.

Klára

The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was not seen as having contributed to the building of the state, not even during the existence of the Habsburg monarchy. This was probably due to its unfavourable outcome for Austria. However, it had major significance for subsequent pan-European developments. Moreover, the image of this war has been purposefully misinterpreted within the anti-Aus trian myth. This paper aims to unpack the contemporary image of this war based on the testimonies of participants involved, as captured in their memoirs, and to compare it with the image of the war promoted during the First Czechoslovak Republic.

Paweł Sankiewicz

Ferenc Tóth

Jean-Louis de Rabutin’s memoirs are considered a rather particular text which presents an interesting topic from the point of view of the history of noble emigration in the modern era. This author was a French nobleman who entered the imperial service in 1683 and then he participated in almost all military campaigns against the Turks and against Prince Francis II Rákóczi. His memoirs, which recount his military campaigns, were published twice by Prince Charles-Joseph de Ligne. The initial project of Prince de Ligne was the glorification of the imperial generals by publishing their memoirs. During his own emigration, in 1795, the Prince republished the memoirs of Jean-Louis de Rabutin, supplemented by his own remarks and comments referring to his own experiences. Through this mirror game, he constituted a new connection between the Count of Rabutin and himself, which permitted him to reflect his own thoughts through the publication of Rabutin’s memoirs, thus contributing to repairing the errors of the past associated with the imperial army.

Jerzy Gorzelik

Wooden architecture played a crucial role in Josef Strzygowski’s theory of civilisation. He presented it as the authentic Volkskunst, expressing the inventive spirit of the North, as opposed to the Machtkunst radiating from Rome and Constantinople. Strzygowski, who granted an equal place to Germanic and Slavic peoples in this ‘wooden Atlantis’, was a tactical ally for art historians in Central and Eastern Europe, who used timber architecture to construct an autonomous development of national art. At the opposite pole were scholars under the intellectual influence of ‘phantom Rome’ – the Riegl’s and Dvořák’s Vienna. They denied the original character of wooden buildings – perceived as a reflection of monumental architecture – and saw their opponents, whatever the source of their views, as adherents of the pro-Eastern-oriented part of the Viennese school. Today’s history of art history also seems to underestimate the external – mainly Russian – influence on Strzygowski’s concepts.

Vera Szabari

The history of Hungarian sociology in the state-socialist period can certainly be described in terms of a general Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) historical model, the most important feature of which is the undivided power of the Communist Party. Under such conditions, the Soviet Union and local political power holders had a direct influence on the institutionalization and functioning of sciences, including sociology. The study contributes to understanding the social impact of the 1956 revolution, particularly its crushing effect on the development of Hungarian sociology in relation to the general model. Firstly, the early development of sociology in the Soviet Union and most state-socialist countries in the 1950s was blocked in Hungary by the 1956 revolution. The trauma of the 1956 revolution made all groups of society, including the intelligentsia, realize that the system could not be changed in the long term. At the same time, it made it clear to the political authorities that the system could not be maintained in the long run with methods of the past. As a result, Kádár’s consolidation relied heavily on a compromising intelligentsia, needed for its expertise (in this case, modern sociological expertise) and legitimizing the system. Consequently, sociology in Hungary started developing and became institutionalized in the early 1960s. In this situation, sociology represented both a critical point of view opposing the system and, at the same time, a tool of its – covert or overt – legitimation.

Balázs D. Magyar

To be sure, the more productive field of the international research on Protestantism is related to the subject of social history. In the case of the Calvin studies, for instance, readers will see, much has been written about the operation of the Genevan civil-church administration, consistorial discipline, sexual sins, and family-marital life. Their authors’ outstanding effort was to consult with the original manuscripts of the Genevan Archives. However, the early generations of Protestant preachers not only in Western, but in Central East Europe were trying to commit everything to renew the public morality of people, still the illumination of the Hungarian pastors’ views on the new spiritual and religious dimensions of family life, is still a neglected part of the research. Consequently, it would be interesting to scrutinize, for instance, the public morality related to the sexual crimes of local townsfolk of the city of Debrecen which apparently was the center of the Hungarian Reformation since 1562/63. Doing so, the present research deals with the operation of the law court, the number of cases, the crimes, and motives represented in the Registers of the Magistracy of Debrecen during the period of 1547–1625. Figures and statistics presented by the article point out how important was the practice of forgiveness in the religious life in Debrecen. It is taken for granted that the main results of the study permit to take a brief comparison of the sexual morality of the two Calvinist towns, namely: Debrecen and Geneva. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study offers an attempt to understand sexual sins/crimes in their 16th and 17th century theological, judicial, and historical context.

Sizdikov Bagdaulet S., Apendiyev Timur A., Batyrbekkyzy Gaukhar et al.

Written sources and archaeological data indicate that the vast territory from the Great Wall of China in the east to the Carpathian Mountains in the west in the first millennium BC was inhabited by the Sak and Sauromat–Sarmatian tribes, who formed a "nomadic culture". Warlike nomads, skilled horsemen, accurate archers and courageous warriors are known in history as "nomadic horsemen tribes". The settlement of nomadic tribes from the steppes of Central Asia to Eastern Europe and Asia Minor in the first half of the first millennium went down in history as the first wave of the "Great Migration" of the peoples from the East to the West. Today this fact is confirmed by written sources and archaeological evidences. As the result of these resettlements, various cultural conflicts have occurred throughout the history of mankind, and nomadic tribes have become recognized by the ancient peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The issue of resettlement is the subject of research of foreign and local scientists. However, as it is one of the most important topics that needs to be studied the authors decided conduct scientific research on this topic, study the reasons and ways of migration of the nomadic horsemen tribes to Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, systematize old and new data, conduct a scientific analysis based on the experience of foreign and local researchers. Moreover, scientific conclusions have been done as well as the periods and directions of the conquering campaigns of nomadic horsemen in Asia Minor have been studied.

Attila Bárány

Adrian Poruciuc

One can rarely find a series of cognates as significant – for both the post-ancient history of Southeast-Central Europe and for the Old Germanic domain – as the Romanian lexical family that includes ban1 ‘feudal title of nobility’ and ban2 ‘coin, money’. It is rather surprising that no one has decisively propounded Old Germanic origins for those Romanian words as well as for their obvious relatives in neighbouring languages. Such a situation is most probably due to the fact that some earlier (Avar-Turkic-Hungarian) etymological explanations regarding the ban family came to be considered as definitive solutions, so they became a kind of “etymological axioms” transmitted from author to author up until the present day. The main point of this study is to demonstrate that the Romanian lexical family represented by terms such as ban, bănat, băni, bănui and bântui (plus many significant derivatives) are far from being just borrowings from the languages of today’s neighbours of the Romanians. In their earliest recorded meanings, the Romanian words under discussion show surprising unity, since they all reflect a proto-feudal juridical-administrative system that can be clarified only by reference to the original semantic sphere of Germanic words such as German Bann, Swedish bann or English ban. The general conclusion of this study (divided into two parts, to be published in two consecutive issues of Arheologia Moldovei) is that Romanian, as continuant of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Southeast Europe, preserved a lexical family based on Old Germanic loans with meanings that look even more archaic than the ones of the ban family (of Frankish origin) which survived in the French language.

E. Hobsbawm

Ondřej Schmidt

This paper focuses on a unique and yet overlooked source which offers an interesting insight into the daily life of a late-medieval Italian castle during a time of war. It is a list of the guards as well as the other defenders of the castle of Collalto (north of Treviso) from 1373, which also contains a set of rules for them. After a short introduction to the history of the Collalto family and a description of the source, the author offers some theories as to what circumstances and motives may have led the lord of the castle, Count Rambaldo IX di Collalto, to drawing up the document in question. Subsequently, the source is used to analyse the social structure of the garrison and the defence system of the castle of Collalto.

W. Fry, S. B. Goodwin, A. Dyer et al.

Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto

The objective of this article is to propose a historiographical exercise through a Global History approach, more precisely, Connected History, trying to understand aspects of pre-modern chronology from a different perspective regarding geographical limits and Eurocentric traditions. Starting from the Battle of Talas, famous for putting Arabs and Chinese against each other, I will establish a connective narrative between East and West, highlighting how the year of 751 CE is paradigmatic regarding the formation of frontiers and patterns of political interaction. In order to demonstrate such pattern, I will analyse the presence of the ?Abb?sids and the Tang in Central Asia, the crowning of Pippin the Short in Europe, and the destruction of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Byzantine Iconoclasm. I hope this exercise demonstrates how synchronicity and global connections can be a viable historical approach, allowing us to understand and to relocate pre-modern periodisation beyond its Eurocentric roots. This chronological/geographical shift has the potential to unravel wider, richer, and better-connected narratives and interpretations on pre-modern subjects, breaking with the traditional normalisation of Europe as the ruler to measure and define historical periods, especially the Middle Ages.

Kubayev S.Sh.

The article is dedicated to the study of the details of the material culture of the monument of Khantepa, located in the ancient capital center of Sogd Erkurgan. Materials from the monument gave interesting data, confir-ming ethnocultural relationships of the ancient population of the Kashkadarya Oasis. Archaeological findings from the monument of Khantepa allow us to trace the influence of nomadic cultures on the culture of the agricultural oasis. Such influence can be traced in the ceramics of everyday life and for religious purposes, as well as in terracotta. A tripod leg is of particular interest among the findings. It is thought to be a portable altar or a censer. The study of portable altars and censers of Central Asia proves that finding to appear with the nomads coming from Eastern Europe. The article describes the history of appearance of portable altars and censers in Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages in order to confirm this theory. In addition, the remaining terracotta of the monument also requires a special scientific approach. An important place is given to one of such terracotta, which complements the history of the development of the worldview of the population of Southern Sogd.

Alena Havrdová, J. Douda, K. Krak et al.

Eva Richtrová

The NAKI project "The Benedictine Monastery in Rajhrad as a Cultural Phenomenon", whose main aim is cataloguing books from the historic monastery library hall and compiling the history and cultural influence of this prominent Moravian monastic institution, involves digitization of title pages of catalogued books, collections of graphic art and photographs, maps and atlases, as well as archival documents from the property of the Benedictine Abbey in Rajhrad. Digital copies of all documents, along with detailed catalogue records, have been made available online through the catalogues Aleph and VuFind, web storage Imageserver and the digital library Kramerius of the Moravian Library in Brno.