Hasil untuk "Computational linguistics. Natural language processing"

Benjamin EYOUNGA

Résumé : Dans un monde où la nature humaine (constituée par les désirs rationnels et par les désirs immoraux) s’impose en toutes circonstances comme une loi implacable, c’est-à-dire comme une nécessité implacable, l’on se demande comment l’acte libre peut-il être est possible, ou plus exactement, comment la libération humaine est-elle possible si nous ne pouvons pas aller à contre-courant de la nature. Le naturalisme de Spinoza est à cet effet une philosophie qui non seulement enseigne que l’homme ne saurait être un empire dans un empire, mais aussi que l’homme, comme mode de la substance divine, est doué de raison ou de connaissance considérée comme désir naissant de l’âme et libérateur. Dans une démarche qualitative, voire analytico-critique, il s’agira de montrer la quintessence de la théorie spinoziste de la nature humaine en insistant sur ses enjeux psychologique, social et politique. Mots-clés : affect ; désir ; libération ; nature humaine ; raison, passion. 

Xugang Hou, Qian Liu, Xiaoying Zhang

Abstract This study addresses the growing demand for image processing in visual communication design by proposing a deep learning (DL)-based algorithm to enhance creative efficiency and precision. The algorithm integrates DL technologies to optimize image processing workflows and applies them to design practice, significantly improving processing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm performs excellently in processing efficiency and user experience compared to traditional methods. Particularly in preventing overfitting, the algorithm exhibits stronger stability and lower error rates, further validating the potential of DL applications in visual communication design and image processing. Additionally, the system adapts well to diverse image data types and design styles, demonstrating excellent scalability that provides robust support for personalized design and innovation. The main contributions of this study include the introduction of DL technology to optimize image processing in visual communication design, thereby improving image quality and artistic expression. An innovative convolutional neural network-based algorithm is proposed to achieve more precise image processing. Simultaneously, efficient model training strategies are designed to address challenges in image resolution, color optimization, and content generation, enhancing processing efficiency and intelligent capabilities. These research outcomes hold significant application value across visual communication design, advertising creativity, and multimedia art fields.

Anna Kuźnik, Marcin Walczyński, Kaja Gostkowska et al.

W artykule przedstawiono pracę zespołu tłumaczy polegającą na poszukiwaniu polskich ekwiwalentów terminów użytych w anglojęzycznych dokumentach opracowanych w międzynarodowym projekcie europejskim Erasmus+ EFFORT, dotyczącym poziomów kompetencji tłumaczeniowej. Wykonując tę pracę tłumacze musieli przyjąć różne role, wśród których rola terminologów okazała się dominująca. Bazując na dostępnych im źródłach wiedzy (słownikach, tekstach dziedzinowych, konsultacjach ze specjalistami), skupili się oni na dostarczeniu polskiemu czytelnikowi takich wersji polskojęzycznych dokumentów opracowanych w projekcie, które byłyby przystępne do czytania, zrozumiałe, a zarazem spójne w warstwie terminologicznej. W artykule zarysowano najpierw założenia projektu, a następnie omówiono szczegółowo wybrane problemy terminologiczne napotkane przez polski zespół tłumaczy w procesie przekładu dokumentów projektowych. Pracujący nad tym zadaniem tłumacze czuli się momentami „uwikłani” w terminologię przekładoznawczą, której przełożenie na język polski w sposób jasny, jednoznaczny i zrozumiały okazało się trudnym wyzwaniem.

Mohamed TAHIR & Hadjer DRIF

Résumé: Cet article vise à montrer en évidence la réalité et l'avenir de la traduction humaine à l’ère de la révolution numérique, car il s'agit d'une fonction et d'une activité humaine ancienne, à travers laquelle le traducteur transpose la parole d'une langue à une autre tout en préservant le sens du texte source sans y apporter des modifications. Cette traduction, qui a été dictée par la nécessité de communication entre les peuples à travers différentes époques historiques, s’introduisant ainsi dans de nombreux domaines : scientifique, littéraire, académique, etc., vise la transmission du patrimoine culturel et intellectuel des peuples et des civilisations, et à aider les apprenants pour acquérir des connaissances scientifiques et cognitives et connaître le contenu des messages, des rapports et des lois rédigés dans différentes langues. Mais avec l'émergence de la traduction automatique suite au développement effréné de la révolution numérique au début du millénaire - et l'émergence de nouveaux systèmes tels que « Chat GPT, Deelp» caractérisés par de grandes capacités : hautes vitesse et grandes qualités dans la traduction de textes – le nouveau processus est devenue un danger et une menace pour le présent et l'avenir de l'humanité notamment après l’engouement de nombreuses personnes, y compris des spécialistes de la traduction, qui l'ont accepté comme alternative à la traduction humaine. Mots-clés: Traduction humaine, traduction automatique, révolution numérique, avenir, risques.

Nargis Mari, Abdul Hameed Panhwar, Sannaullah Ansari

The present study attempts to investigate the extent of English language speaking anxiety among the English as foreign/second language learners, studying at a public sector university in Sindh, Pakistan. The study is quantitative in nature and the data is gathered using random sampling survey method. Participants of the present study are studying in part II.  A theoretical framework based on Horwitz et al (1986), a well-known theory followed by Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) is adapted. For the purpose of data analysis, SPSS (V.24) is used to determine the general descriptive statistics of the study.  This study reveals the level of anxiety among students.  It also concludes that learners even at a university level face language anxiety specifically in the EFL context. This study also assist the teachers and course designers for necessary steps be taken to overcome the English language speaking anxiety among EFL learners in EFL classroom.  

Mirko Tavosanis

Il contributo presenta il problema della valutazione dei testi generati in lingua italiana da LLM collocandolo nel contesto delle pratiche di valutazione esistenti in diversi settori connessi. Nella prima parte viene mostrato il posizionamento della valutazione degli LLM in rapporto ad alcune pratiche ampiamente diffuse, dalla valutazione semiautomatica delle traduzioni automatiche alla valutazione umana di testi di vario genere. Nella seconda parte vengono presentate le condizioni della valutazione in rapporto alle capacità effettive degli LLM, che sono in grado di generare testi di tipo molto diverso. Viene poi presentato l’esame di un campione di testi generati da ChatGPT, eseguito appunto nella prospettiva dell’identificazione delle pratiche di valutazione più adatte. Le produzioni testuali oggetto dell’esame, ricavate da conversazioni condotte con ChatGPT-3.5 e ChatGPT-4, mostrano infatti un avvicinamento notevole alle produzioni professionali di esseri umani, ma anche alcuni punti di divergenza. Complessivamente, il contributo argomenta quindi in favore dell’importanza e dell’utilità della valutazione umana applicata ai testi di buon livello linguistico prodotti dai sistemi attuali basati sull’intelligenza artificiale, purché in questa applicazione venga evitata l’adozione passiva di criteri sviluppati per altri tipi di attività.

Lei Zhang, Yutong Liu, Haipeng Yang et al.

Abstract Influence maximization, whose aim is to maximise the expected number of influenced nodes by selecting a seed set of k influential nodes from a social network, has many applications such as goods advertising and rumour suppression. Among the existing influence maximization methods, the community‐based ones can achieve a good balance between effectiveness and efficiency. However, this kind of algorithm usually utilise the network community structures by viewing each node as a non‐overlapping node. In fact, many nodes in social networks are overlapping ones, which play more important role in influence spreading. To this end, an overlapping community‐based particle swarm optimization algorithm named OCPSO for influence maximization in social networks, which can make full use of overlapping nodes, non‐overlapping nodes, and their interactive information is proposed. Specifically, an overlapping community detection algorithm is used to obtain the information of overlapping community structures, based on which three novel evolutionary strategies, such as initialisation, mutation, and local search are designed in OCPSO for better finding influential nodes. Experimental results in terms of influence spread and running time on nine real‐world social networks demonstrate that the proposed OCPSO is competitive and promising comparing to several state‐of‐the‐arts (e.g. CGA, CMA‐IM, CIM, CDH‐SHRINK, CNCG, and CFIN).

Dr. Arshad Mehmood Hashmi

It is a common notion that during the reign of Muslim kings or Sultans, Sanskrit was not given much attention, and that was one of the reasons it declined. Many research papers have appeared from time to time in support of and against this idea. Similarly, there are many contradictory statements in the books of History regarding Sultan Mahmood Shah I of Gujarat. Scholarships in recent years have pointed out some data that disprove many of the things that have been said about Mahmud Shah I. One of the aspects that have been highlighted is that he was not only a lover of Sanskrit language and literature, but also a mentor of Sanskrit, and in his court, a Sanskrit poet had the status of Malek-ush Sho'ara.

Sabine Schulte im Walde

Christopher Johnson

Ming-Wei Chang, Wen-tau Yih

Novia Pujiastuti, Mochamad Aviandy

Penelitian ini membahas representasi kekuatan Uni Soviet dalam eksplorasi ruang angkasa pada masa Perang Dingin melalui kartu pos «Советская Космонавтикa» [Sovetskaja Kosmonavtika]  yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 1972. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bentuk-bentuk kekuatan Uni Soviet dalam eksplorasi ruang angkasa pada masa Perang Dingin melalui gambar yang ada pada kartu pos «Советская Космонавтикa» [Sovetskaja Kosmonavtika]. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka yang dipadukan dengan the circuit of circle milik Stuart Hall. Melalui the circuit of circle milik Stuart Hall ditemukan bentuk-bentuk kekuatan Uni Soviet dalam eksplorasi ruang angkasa dan pengembangan teknologi oleh ilmuwan Uni Soviet pada masa Perang Dingin. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kartu pos «Советская Космонавтикa» [Sovetskaja Kosmonavtika] merepresentasikan bentuk kekuatan Uni Soviet dalam eksplorasi dan pengembangan teknologi ruang angkasa serta terjadi pergeseran makna eksplorasi ruang angkasa yang merupakan bentuk pengembangan sains menjadi alat untuk menunjukkan kekuatan politik di ranah internasional dan penyebaran komunisme ke seluruh dunia.

Zhongyuan Huang, Kewei Lei, Dan He et al.

Herein, the authors review the self-regulation system secured by well-designed hybrid materials, composites, and complex system. As a broad concept, the self-regulated material/system has been defined in a wide research field and proven to be of great interest for use in a biomedical system, mechanical system, physical system, as the fact of something such as an organisation regulating itself without intervention from external perturbation. Here, they focus on the most recent discoveries of self-regulation phenomenon and progress in utilising the self-regulation design. This paper concludes by examining various practical applications of the remarkable materials and systems including manipulation of the oil/water interface, cell out-layer structure, radical activity, electron energy level, and mechanical structure of nanomaterials. From material science to bioengineering, self-regulation proves to be not only viable, but increasingly useful in many applications. As part of intelligent engineering, self-regulatory materials are expected to be more used as integrated intelligent components.

Carlo Strapparava

Maciej Karpiński, Agnieszka Czoska, Ewa Jarmołowicz-Nowikow et al.

Aspects of gestural alignment in task-oriented dialogues Interlocutors in a conversation influence each other in a number of dimensions. This process may lead to observable changes in their communicative behaviour. The directions and profiles of these changes are often correlated with the quality of interaction and may predict its success. In the present study, the gestural component of communication is scrutinised for changes that may reflect the process of alignment. Two types of task-oriented dialogues between teenagers are recorded and annotated for gestures and their features. We hypothesize that the dialogue task type (collaborative vs. competitive), as well as certain culture-specific properties of alignment that differ between German and Polish pairs, may significantly influence the process of communication. In order to explore the data and detect tendencies in gestural behaviour, automatised annotation mining and statistical exploration have been used, including a moving frame approach aimed at the investigation of co-occurring strokes as well as re-occurring strokes and their features. Significant differences between German and Polish speakers, as well as between the two dialogue types, have been found in the number of gestures, stroke duration and amplitude.   Aspekty wzajemnego dopasowania gestykulacji w dialogach zadaniowych Uczestnicy konwersacji wpływają na siebie wzajemnie w wielu różnych wymiarach. Proces ten może prowadzić do obserwowalnych zmian w ich zachowaniach komunikacyjnych. Kierunek i charakter tych zmian często wiążą się z jakością interakcji i mogą pozwolić przewidzieć jej sukces. Celem niniejszego badania jest eksploracja gestowego składnika komunikacji pod kątem zjawisk, które mogą odzwierciedlać zjawisko wzajemnego dopasowania uczestników. Zarejestrowano dwa typy dialogów zadaniowych z udziałem nastolatków. Nagrania anotowano pod kątem gestów i ich cech. W badaniu postawiono hipotezę, iż typ zadania dialogowego (ukierunkowane na współpracę vs. na konkurencję), jak również pewne specyficzne cechy kulturowe dopasowania komunikacyjnego, które różnicują polskie i niemieckie pary rozmówców, mogą oddziaływać na proces komunikacji. W celu eksploracji danych oraz wykrycia tendencji cechujących zachowania gestowe, wykorzystano zautomatyzowane metody analizy anotacji oraz techniki statystyczne. Uwzględniono podejście oparte na ruchomych oknach czasowych, umożliwiające analizę współwystępowania jak i powtarzania gestów właściwych i ich właściwości. Wykazano istotne różnice między rozmówcami polskimi i niemieckimi oraz między typami zadań dialogowych w zakresie liczby gestów, czasu trwania oraz amplitudy gestu właściwego.

Barbara Vogt, Peter Paschke

In this paper, we investigate the prosodic marking of information structure by Italian L1 learners of German. We analyze two different contexts with non-final focus accents, i. e. narrow and broad focus contexts, mainly on sentence level while most studies discussing post-focal de-accentuation are restricted to noun phrases. For Italian learners, non-final placement of focus accents is likely to cause problems, given that in their L1, phonetic prominence is normally as-signed to the last constituent in the verbal phrase. Our initial hypothesis was that the hypothetical "cognitive universal" requiring de-accentuation of given elements might probably guide the learners in realizing the correct pitch contour in contexts with a non-final narrow focus (and pragmatic de-accentuation of the final given constituent). By contrast, the de-accentuation of phrase-final lexical verbs in broad focus contexts was expected to cause more problems given that this typologically marked syntactic structure does not exist in Italian. However, in a previous study based on read speech, de-accentuation of final given elements was managed by inter-mediate Italian learners of German L2 only slightly better than realizing a non-final focus accent in all new contexts on the argument in OV structures (success rate of 55% vs. 48%, with no statistically significant difference). In other words, both types of non-final focus accents seem to be balanced at this intermediate stage of acquisition. In this contribution, our goal is to discover whether in semi-spontaneous speech one can find the same distributional patterns of non-final focus accents in this learner variety of Italian learners of German. To this end, we analyzed recordings of oral exams from the same 10 Italian university students that had taken part in the previous study. The analysis shows that in semi-spontaneous speech production too, there is evidence for the hypothesis that pragmatics does not "beat" syntax in prosodic acquisition. Besides, when the two different data types were compared, a very high intra-speaker correlation emerged between read and semi-spontaneous speech.

Min Lu, Feilong Bao, Guanglai Gao

Dario Marić

Spoken production is subjected to speed and needs in the conversations that can locally be changed, which makes it dynamic and flexible. Often the thematic framework of the next ut-terance is determined while the appropriate complex linguistic construction for it is not yet available. Delays and pauses before continuing in the utterances are traces of searching words and an indication that we often decide on the linguistic structure in terms of complex and schematic constructions in the construction grammar before we fill it with vocabulary. This paper is about the functions of organizing the conversations, phonetic and phonological fea-tures of a particular ja from within the turn, often the utterance, and the intonation unit in German which at the problems of finding words of speakers mainly mean "immediately re-sume". In this context, intonation incorporation of this ja into what is uttered just before and immediately after it, is especially indicative. Continuation-ja with independent intonation contour namely announces new construction, while intonation incorporated continuation-ja prevents premature conclusion of the listener that the sentence will be interrupted and an-nounce one or more components of the utterance or correction of specific components.

Auður Hauksdóttir

Due to the long-standing relationship between Denmark and Iceland, the Danish language has played a significant role in Iceland for a long time. With urbanisation in the 19th century, a relatively high number of Danes settled in Reykjavík and Danish language and culture which was highly different from the traditional Icelandic rural culture became predominant in the city. With a growing national consciousness, the use of Danish and Danish loanwords came to be regarded as a threat to the mother tongue. However, greater independence gradually led to more balanced attitudes. Knowledge of Danish was a key to education, as many Icelanders sought education of different types in Denmark. Danish was taught as a foreign language in Icelandic schools. Icelandic was the language of instruction in all subjects, although some of the textbooks were in Danish. The relationship with Denmark and the other Scandinavian countries remains close. Danish is still a compulsory subject in Icelandic primary and grammar schools and, nowadays, provides Icelanders with a key to understanding and using the rest of the Scandinavian languages.