Hasil untuk "Biography"

Moallemi Moallemi, Morteza Darabinia, Hossein Jalahi

Avicenna’s is well known in the world as one of the famous physicians and philosophers. After the publication of the book Al-Mā’a authored by Abu Muḥammad al-ʾAzdī (d. 456 AH), it became clear that Abu Muḥammad al-ʾAzdī was one of Avicenna’s students. In his book, ʾAzdī has mentioned Avicenna nearly a hundred times as his teacher in medicine. The recognition of Avicenna is followed in this study from the point of view of ʾAzdī.This research employs a content analysis method with a historical-descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing library resources for data collection. The process of data collection primarily focuses on the book Al-Mā’a (three volumes). This study was carried out in multiple stages of finding keywords, searching in the text of Kitab al-Mā’a, the historical books, and Islamic encyclopedias, as supplementary data (to find the related data), along with searching in Persian and Latin electronic databases, categorizing, sorting, and analyzing the content.There are numerous quotations from Avicenna in the book Al-Mā’a written by ʾAzdī. New data is obtained from the mentioned book that needs more attention. ʾAzdī has interpreted the medical approach of his master. His work contains unique medical insights attributed to Avicenna that do not appear in Avicenna’s extant works, such as the Canon of Medicine. By migrating to Andalusia and staying in Balansīya (now Valencia), ʾAzdī introduced Avicenna and his Canon of Medicine and other works there.

Maria-Corina Dimitriu

Many essential chapters in Mihai Eminescu’s biography are inextricably linked with Junimea, starting with the year 1870, when the writer first sent his poems to Convorbiri literare, and up to the end of his life. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic research so far on how Eminescu integrated with Junimea from a sociological perspective or on the contexts in which his social and/or literary performance reflected his belonging to the cenacle. In light of these observations, this paper aims to explore Mihai Eminescu’s personality as a member of Junimea, starting from the sociability patterns illustrated by the poet within the cenacle and using the recent studies on literary forms of sociability as a theoretical framework. I am interested in the postures that Eminescu embodied within his relations with Junimea, in the gestures and practices that he took up as a result of being part of this social environment, as well as in the influence of the poet’s both presence and absence on the dynamic of the cenacle. I will propose two directions of analysis – Eminescu as an in praesentia and as an in absentia member of Junimea – and I will outline the postures embodied by the poet in each case. My main objective is to circumscribe the two-edged sociological influence, of Junimea on Eminescu and of Eminescu on Junimea and, this way, to emphasize the human, sociable side of the poet’s personality, who followed a typical path for a 19th-century Romanian writer and embraced the ethos of a literary group.

Masashi Ichiki

This study investigates six statues of Zheng Chenggong, revered as a “national hero” in both the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China. Rather than focusing on Zheng’s biography, the paper analyzes these monuments as lieux de mémoire in Pierre Nora’s sense—sites through which national memory and collective identity are embodied, negotiated, and contested. By examining not only the statues’ physical form but also their scale, location, and circumstances of construction, the study interprets them as visual and spatial media through which China and Taiwan have articulated competing historical narratives and political aspirations. The analysis demonstrates that the three statues erected in China from the late 1980s depict a martial figure facing east, while the three statues constructed in Taiwan during the period of martial law portray Zheng in civil attire facing west. These contrasting representations reveal the distinct imaginations at work in the two societies. Viewed across the Taiwan Strait, the monuments appear to confront one another, symbolizing Taiwan’s aspiration for a counteroffensive against the mainland on one side, and China’s affirmation of the One-China Principle on the other. The findings suggest that Zheng Chenggong statues function as vessels into which political power projects its values and ambitions. Ultimately, the guiding question, “What does Zheng Chenggong see?” becomes the more fundamental inquiry: “What does each society see in Zheng Chenggong?”

Snizhana Zhygun

The article deals with the interaction of authentic women’s war experience and ideological requirements while shaping the female biographical narrative in modern Ukrainian fiction as exemplified by the novel Because It Hurts by Yevhenia Senik. The idea of strengthening the national identity with the topics forbidden in Soviet times is presented in the introductory part. The main part of the article shows how the author seeks to respond to both public expectations connected with strengthening the national identity and the need to understand the psychological crises caused by the war. The novel unveils women’s war experience, shaping the social frames of memories about it and influencing the public perception of current women soldiers. However, rather than follow the ideological tradition, Senik focuses on women’s agency and self-awareness.

Mehmet Kalaycı, Muzaffer Tan

Manuscripts can function as historical documents in terms of the intertextual and extratextual information they contain, and they can be instrumental in this way in enlightening the biography of those involved in the physical circulation of a certain copy of a text. This article is an important example of this as it deals with the scholar Badr al-Rūmī. The article evaluates his biblio-biographic information with regard to certain manuscripts. In this context, the article analyzes the information given in the farāgh records of three manuscripts al-Rūmī copied, two in the field of jurisprudence and one in the field of tafsir. The information in the two ijāzat documents were given to him at the end of a copy of al-Kashshāf and in the preamble of the abridged commentary Badr al-Rūmī wrote on al-Pazdawī’s Uṣūl. The article contextually evaluates this information on al-Rūmī using other biblio-biographic information, in an attempt to understand the meaning of this information in the general framework of the period in which he lived. The article not only highlights awareness of scholars of the Beyliks period such as Badr al-Rūmī but also presents in the case of Badr al-Rūmī at least a meaningful picture of the relationship of the Anatolian Beyliks period’s scholarly tradition with the scholarly centers beyond Anatolia.

Albert Dueggeli, Maria Kassis, Wassilis Kassis

Young male migrants, in particular, are at higher risk of not completing upper secondary education and do not have the same opportunities to put their educational resources to use in existing educational contexts. This work examines how socially and structurally disadvantaged male adolescents (migration biography and low SES) can be supported in attaining educational success at the upper secondary level by applying the resilience concept of navigation and negotiation. Within the framework of grounded theory and by a qualitative coding paradigm, we applied an exploratory heuristical approach in order to understand school success under a micro-sociological passage. Data were collected in German-speaking Switzerland as part of the programme’s evaluation, which show, firstly, that inter-individual processes of navigation and negotiation differ depending on the specific people involved and their objectives. Secondly, different forms of development of navigation and negotiation are seen within a single individual, and thirdly, the importance of institutional flexibility becomes apparent when adolescents experience successful processes of navigation or negotiation. The findings are discussed in the context of questions of justice and to their classification within the context of educational and psychological aspects for promoting resilience and on the basis of their overall significance for education policy.

Grace P. Servat

Terry Erwin’s race to document arthropod diversity inspired taxonomists, systematists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and the conservation community at large, as his curatorial work of more than 50 years at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and prolific publication record attests. The biography compiles public records, publications, as well as personal memoirs to describe the context in which Erwin’s studies with carabid beetles evolved as formalization of concepts, such as biological diversity, megadiverse countries, biodiversity loss, and conservation biology, will become central for science in the upcoming years. Awareness to explore new frontiers such as the forest canopy and Erwin’s studies in tropical forests, his easy-going personality, and dedicated mentoring attracted colleagues, students, and the general public, making him one of the leaders of tropical biology in the world.

A.G. Kirejtshuk, S.Yu. Sinev, I.S. Smirnov et al.

The paper describes the contribution of the founder, Andrei Lvovich Lobanov, in the appearance and development of the web-site “Beetles (Coleoptera) and Coleopterists” on the base of the portal of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. The initial concept of this web-site, development and improvement of its structure, strategic policy of the site its appeal of the Editorial Board to the widest audience around the world are explicated, with accent on popularization of biological knowledge and education of young generation of researchers and amateurs with encourage of all people in development of the site. The explanation of reasons of popularity and recognition of the site is made. The application and wide usage of databases and database compilation for biological objects and their identification, upgrowth of data on systematics and faunа of Russia and adjacent territories (atlases of modern beetles of Russia and exotic beetles, as well as an atlas of extinct groups of beetles, essays on individual families, databases on various fields of knowledge and an extensive library of digitized publications) are noted. The elaboration of programs for multientry interactive keys to animals which could be usable in the Internet and other problems connected with work on preparation of different divisions of the site are shown. A short biographical essay of Andrei Lvovich is given with some explanation of his position in creation of the site. Some important information on general content, scientific and social aims and achievements of the site is given.

Oleg I. Maliugin, Andrey N. Maksimchik

The article is devoted to biography and activities at the Belarusian State University of Slavic philologist Joseph V. VolkLevanovich. On the basis of previously unpublished documents, as well as recent historiography, the text contains unknown details from his biography (studies, military service, family), relations with colleagues at the university, interpretation by J. V. Volk-Levanovich of the causes of the conflict with J. Y. Lesik and other figures of the Belarusian national movement of the 1920s. The documents published in the article (memoirs, diary pages, letters) clearly demonstrate the processes that took place in the scientific and pedagogical and cultural life of Minsk during the period of the policy of Belarusization.

T.V. Gimadeev

Jaroslav Goll’s school, a noticeable phenomenon of the Czech historiography, was discussed. This school arose from J. Goll’s historical seminar at the Czech Faculty of Philosophy in Prague in the late 19th century. J. Goll’s students, the first generation of Czech professional historians, defined the Czech historical science development during the subsequent 50 years. The phenomenon of J. Goll’s school was for the first time analyzed based on the approaches of the contemporary Russian historiography. The anthropological and social aspects of J. Goll’s school were considered. Some facts of J. Goll’s biography were also mentioned. It was concluded that J. Goll’s school was a strong and leading scientific and pedagogical school. It had the basic elements of a scientific school as a social group. A great variety of research themes and methodological approaches within the school was determined by the wide range of problems covered by its research program. The revision of F. Palacký’s concept of Czech history initiated by J. Goll required multilateralism within the school. J. Goll did his best to preserve the school unity up to the World War I.

Mikhail Yu. Oshukov

The paper discusses one of the least known episodes in Ezra Pound’s literary biography: his plays modelled on the Noh written in 1916 and published in 1987. I focus on the two plays that seem to be most completed, i.e. “A Supper at the House of Mademoiselle Rachelle” and “Tristan”. The former is essentially a text by de Musset slightly edited by Pound. The analysis of Pound’s corrections reveals a pattern – an attempt to realize the Noh concept of the unity of image and the intensification of image, which Pound found in E. Fenollosa’s manuscripts. According to the “Japanese” principle of image superposition, Pound juxtaposes several literary texts and traditions. He offers us his reading of de Musset’s reading of Racine, with the final scene alluding to Rembrandt. This multilayer construct is wrapped in a Noh-like form, which unmistakably reminds of vorticist manifestos. A similar telescopic arrangement is also manifested in “Tristan”. The analysis of vorticist transformations of the Noh highlights a gap between the characters and the narrative shaped by their words. Alluding to Berul, Bernart de Ventadorn and Joseph Bédier, the characters recreate not so much the story of their life but rather stories written about their story. Thus, the play becomes a metaphor of literature as an atemporal structure of texts echoing each other. On the whole, Pound’s drama is a step towards a “long vorticist poem”. The major motifs of the plays, i.e. those of transformation, of talking to the dead and of the repeat in history, will soon appear as the key structural principles of the Cantos.

O.V. Nizamutdinova

The scientific biography of Shenouda III, the 117th Patriarch of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, was compiled and described for the first time. Shenouda III was the Church leader for more than 40 years and employed not only religious, but also political authority over his congregation. Managing the Church during the difficult time, the Patriarch became the main fighter for the rights of Copts during the period of Islamization in the 1970s when Anwar Sadat was the President. However, under the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, Shenouda III favored the rooting of Shari‘a rules in the Egyptian legislation. The paper discloses the reasons for why the Patriarch changed his opinion, which resulted in the revision of the Church policy toward the state. The political image of Shenouda III was reconstructed using the psychological and biographical methods; based on the historical approach, the historical reality of the Patriarch’s times was analyzed. Shenouda III’s interviews, his obituaries, biographies of modern church historians, opinions of his contemporaries, magazine articles, and scientific works were studied to fulfill the aims of this research. The obtained results confirm that the relations between the Patriarch and the President influenced the religious situation in Egypt. Under the rule of Hosni Mubarak, Islamic groups were highly criticized; the authority promised safe religious worship. Because of the President’s coherent policy, the Church became more loyal to the state course.

Laurie McNeill

Teaching Life Writing, Part II

Cesar Alessandro Sagrillo Figueiredo

The period of armed struggle in Brazil lasted from 1968 to 1975, with the purpose of combating the military dictatorship and aiming for a return to democracy in the country. After the end of the armed period, later, there was a profusion of memorialistic books of the literature genre of the testimony, as a political balance of the characters who wielded weapons. Also, as a reflection of this literary production there was a great film production that portrayed this moment in Brazilian history. This article has as main objective to examine the film representation of the guerrilla leader Vera Silvia Magalhães in the two films that she was portrayed, respectively in the films What is that companion (1997) and Memoria that tell me (2013). Vera Silvia became a paradigmatic figure being considered in the period of the armed struggle the muse of the left and galvanizing its image until the present time. Therefore, this article works beyond literature and cinema, too, with the framing of memory and history through the biographical study of this character. For methodological purposes, it will be a qualitative work, since it aims at the historical reconstitution of a period through a biographical study, and especially the content analysis of the cinematographic production of the films made.

D. V. Zharova, A. R. Batyrshina

Introduction: the study of biographies and bibliographies of scientists who emigrated from Russia allows us to more objectively assess scale of losses of domestic psychological scientific community caused by emigration of scientists after social upheavals (the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War that followed them) at beginning of the 20th century. This article calls for recalling that contribution of women to psychological science is not yet sufficiently understood. In this article, we tried to restore the biography of MA. Rikers-Ovsiankina, briefly describe the directions of her research, and, thus, supplement information about her in Russian-language sources.Materials and methods: the following research methods were used in the work: historical-genetic, historical-functional, biographical, method of systematization of scientific ideas of the researcher in question.Results: more complete data of autobiography and bibliography of one of Russian women psychologists who emigrated from Russia in the first half of the 20th century were recovered in article. Maria Rickers-Ovsiankina (1898-1993) - psychologist, student of Kurt Levin, author of scientific works on the problem of unfinished actions, psychodiagnostics by  method of ink spots of Rorschach, studies of socio-psychological problems, emigrated from Vladivostok to Berlin, and in 1931 in the USA, where with Tamara Dembo and Yevgenia Hanfmann, they formed a stable professional psychological community.Discussion and Conclusions: the data on biography and scientific heritage of Maria Rickers-Ovsiankina presented in article allow to reveal features of formation of women in psychology, referring to historical aspects that help to understand situation with women psychologists, and, in addition, to clarify the situation of women scientists, including Russian emigrants, in science and assess their contribution to the development of psychological knowledge.

Mihaela-Alina IFRIM

Sarah Ruhl‘s adaptation of the Woolfian text inscribes itself, as well as its predecessor (Sally Potter‘s screen adaptation of the same novel, Orlando: A Biography), in a very important historical context for the modern woman, i.e. the Women‘s Liberation Movement and the empowerment of women characteristic to the 1990s. Woolf, herself a feminist, provides the perfect text for the manipulation of her feminist views into even more powerful feminist messages widely displayed, in this particular case, by means of cinema and theatre. Thus, in an attempt to identify the hidden politics involved in the process of transformation, the present paper sets forth to investigate how and to what extent the manipulation of meaning takes place.

Torben Bjarke Ballin

Alan Saville had a long and distinguished career in British archaeology, and following his education and early archaeological background in England, he has latterly been associated mainly with Scottish archaeology, where he held the post of Senior Curator at the Department of Scottish Archaeology and History, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh.

Mateusz Skucha

The article is dedicated to Edward Pradzynski – the person almost forgotten nowadays, but on the other hand – one of the biggest supporters of the women’s emancipation in the 19th century, the author of an exceptional and revolutionary book O prawach kobiety (About women’s rights). The article provides a reconstruction of Pradzynski’s biography, made on the basis of a few remaining statements of the author, the people who had known him directly and the first analysis of his book (done with time perspective). The issues which seem to be interesting are the ones concerning development of Pradzynski’s views, the ways of realizing them and the feedback he received. Pradzynski’s biography is placed in the context of the social phenomenons that were present in the 19th century.

Julian Drews

Zusammenfassung Der Bezug auf Kolumbus ist ein Gemeinplatz der Humboldtbiographik. Humboldt selbst betont ihn besonders in seinem Examen critique, wo er eine autobiographische Dimension gewinnt. Der Beitrag geht aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive dem Material und den Formen der Inszenierung nach, mit denen ein Leben über ein anderes dargestellt wird.  Résumé La référence à Colomb est un lieu commun de la biographie humboldtienne. Humboldt lui-même le souligne particulièrement dans son Examen critique, en y ajoutant une dimension autobiographique. La contribution analyse, dans une perspective philologique, le matériel et les formes de mise en scène avec lesquelles une vie est représentée au travers d'une autre.  Summary The reference to Columbus is a commonplace in Humboldt-biography. Humboldt himself is using it in his Examen critique which subjoins a auto-biographical dimension. This articel examines from a philological point of view the materials and literary strategies by which one life comes to represent another.

I. Iniesta

Resumen: Introducción: La literatura de ficción complementa a la literatura médica en la formación continuada del neurólogo. En el presente artículo se analiza la influencia de los escritores de ficción sobre la neurología. Fuentes: Obras literarias de ficción relacionadas con la neurología. Desarrollo: Escritores de ficción y médicos han mantenido una relación de simbiosis a lo largo del tiempo. Grandes literatos desde Shakespeare a Cervantes hasta Dickens o Cela y escritores-médicos como Anton Chéjov o António Lobo Antunes, han contribuido con su literatura al conocimiento de las enfermedades neurológicas. Otros como Dostoyevski, Machado de Assis o Margiad Evans han sabido utilizar su enfermedad inteligentemente enriqueciendo su obra literaria y transformando así la adversidad en oportunidad. Grandes neurólogos como Freud, Alajouanine o Gastaut se han inspirado en la epilepsia de Dostoyevski para desarrollar sus ideas. Waxman y Geschwind, por su parte, describieron cambios en el comportamiento característicos de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal basándose en la enfermedad Dostoyevski, mientras Cirignotta y colaboradores utilizaron el epónimo del novelista ruso para definir un tipo infrecuente de epilepsia del lóbulo temporal. Asimismo Todd se inspiró en Lewis Carroll para denominar las metamorfopsias generalmente asociadas a la migraña Síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas. Conclusiones: La literatura de ficción ofrece una perspectiva humanizada del relato patográfico, aportando la vivencia de la enfermedad, informando sobre aspectos no atendidos por la ciencia y contribuyendo a erradicar el estigma social asociado al paciente neurológico. Abstract: Introduction: Literature complements medical literature in the academic and clinical development of neurologists. The present article explores the contributions of writers of fiction on neurology. Sources: Literary works of fiction with particular reference to neurology. Development: A symbiosis between writers of fiction and doctors has been well recognised. From Shakespeare to Cervantes by way of Dickens and Cela to writer – physicians such as Anton Chekhov or António Lobo Antunes have contributed through their medically informed literature to the better understanding of neurology. Some writers like Dostoevsky, Machado de Assis and Margiad Evans have written about their own experiences with disease thus bringing new insights to medicine. Furthermore, some neurological disorders have been largely based on literary descriptions. For instance, Dostoevsky's epilepsy has been retrospectively analysed by famous neurologists including Freud, Alajouanine or Gastaut, whilst his writings and biography have prompted others like Waxman and Geschwind to describe typical behavioural changes in temporal lobe epilepsy, finding their source of inspiration in Dostoevsky. Likewise, Cirignotta et al have named an unusual type of seizure after the Russian novelist. Inspired by Lewis Carroll, Todd introduced the term Alice in Wonderland Syndrome to refer to visual distortions generally associated with migraine. Conclusions: Writers of fiction offer a humanised perception of disease by contributing new insights into the clinical history, informing about the subjective experience of the illness and helping to eradicate the stigma associated to neurological disorders. Palabras clave: Epilepsia, Historia, Humanidades Médicas, Literatura, Neurología, Keywords: Epilepsy, History, Medical Humanities, Literature, Neurology