Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Luise von Flotow

1. Historical Background The Women's Movement and the Idea of Gender Women and Language Gender and Translation 2. Gender and the Practice of Translation Experimental Feminist Writing and its Translation Translating the Body Translating Puns of Cultural References Translating Experiments with Language Interventionist Feminist Translation Translating Machismo Assertive Feminist Translation Recovering Women's Works 'Lost' in Patriarchy Further Corrective Measures 3. Revising Theories and Myths Proliferating Prefaces: The Translator's Sense of Self Asserting the Translator's Identity Claiming Responsibility for 'Meaning' Revising the Rhetoric of Translation Tropes Achieving Political Visibility Revising a Fundamental Myth Pandora's Cornucopia 4. Reading and Rewriting Translations Reading Existing Translations Simone de Beauvoir Rewriting Existing Translations The Bible Comparing 'Pre-feminist' and 'Post-feminist Translations Sappho and Louise Labe Recovering 'Lost' Women Translators Subversive Activity in the English Renaissance Nineteenth-Century Women Translators La Malinche 5. Criticisms Criticism from Outside Feminisms Criticism from Within Feminisms Elitist Experimentation Opportunist Feminist Bandwagon 'Being Democratic with Minorities' Revealing Women's Cultural and Political Diversity 6. Future Perspectives Broad Historical Perspectives Contemporary Perspectives Public Language Policies Interpreting 7. Concluding Remarks

shafieh Ghodrati, Fatima Yawari, Hossein ghodrati

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #202124;">Introduction: The present research examines Afghan women in Dealing with the Transformation Arising from the Collapse of the System and the Re-establishment of the Taliban and its consequences.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #202124;">Method: For this purpose, a qualitative approach has been used. The data was collected through grounded theory and targeted sampling and interviewed with 20 Afghan women. The tool for collecting information is a semi-structured interview and has been analyzed by coding (open, central, selective).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #202124;">Findings: The text of the interview was in the form of 150 concepts and 15 categories was summarized and categorized based on strategies and consequences and the essence of them under the title of "Compulsory adaptation and opportunism in the field of re-vulnerability horror" was extracted. The results show that Afghan women considered the fall of the system and the second rule of the Taliban as sudden and unwanted and considered it the cause of rollback. These women state that the changes have created an abnormal situation that has affected their lives and has made them face challenges and limitations. These women took strategies that were specific to that conditions in order to maintain security and reduce possible damages in terms of cost-benefit calculation, available options, and rationality. According to those conditions, Afghan women took strange strategies such as separation of loved ones and Anxiety and new challenges, etc., are the consequences of the strategies that they used to face the changes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #202124;">&nbsp;</span></p>

Júlia Rocha Fortunato, Luana Ribeiro Soares, Gabriela Silva Alves et al.

Context: Women face many challenges in their lives, which affect their daily experiences and influence major life decisions, starting before they enroll in bachelor's programs, setting a difficult path for those aspiring to enter the software development industry. Goal: To explore the challenges that women face across three different life stages, beginning as high school students, continuing as university undergraduates, and extending into their professional lives, as well as potential solutions to address these challenges. Research Method: We conducted a literature review followed by workshops to understand the perspectives of high school women, undergraduates, and practitioners regarding the same set of challenges and solutions identified in the literature. Results: Regardless of the life stage, women feel discouraged in a toxic environment often characterized by a lack of inclusion, harassment, and the exhausting need to prove themselves. We also discovered that some challenges are specific to certain life stages; for example, issues related to maternity were mentioned only by practitioners. Conclusions: Gender-related challenges arise before women enter the software development field when the proportion of men and women is still similar. While the need to prove themselves is mentioned at all three stages, high school women's challenges are more often directed toward convincing their parents that they are mature enough to handle their responsibilities. As they progress, the emphasis shifts to proving their competence in managing responsibilities for which they have received training. Increasing the inclusion of women in the field should, therefore, start earlier, and profound societal changes may be necessary to boost women's participation.

Rachel Wexler, Patricia Knezek, Gregory Rudnick et al.

This paper, the second in a series of two, provides a set of recommendations that the American Astronomical Society (AAS) can take to create a more diverse and inclusive professional society for astronomers, with a focus on women astronomers. As noted in Paper I, now is the time for the AAS to take decisive action to transform astronomy into a diverse and inclusive profession. By combining the results of our 2019 survey, which is described in Paper I, peer-reviewed academic literature, and findings from many of the white papers submitted to Astro2020, the CSWA has developed 26 specific actions the AAS can take to help end harassment and bullying in astronomy; advance career development for astronomers who are women, members of other underrepresented groups, and intersections of these populations; and improve the climate and culture of AAS meetings. Actions to reduce rates of harassment and bullying include improvements to the AAS's anti-harassment policies and procedures and the development of astronomy-specific anti-harassment training resources. Actions to advance career development include creating a compensation database, improving how jobs are posted in the AAS Job Register, and supporting/enhancing a distance mentorship program. Finally, we call on the AAS to continue improving the accessibility of AAS meetings and to continue to support meeting sessions whose focus is to discuss issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion.

Huimin Xu, Jamie Strassman, Ying Ding et al.

Male-dominated contexts pose a dilemma: they increase the benefits of repeated collaboration among women, yet at the same time, make such collaborations less likely. This paper seeks to understand the conditions that foster repeated collaboration among women versus men in male-dominated settings by examining the critical role of status hierarchies. Using collaboration data on 8,232,769 computer science research teams, we found that when a woman holds the top-ranking position in a steep status hierarchy, other women on that team are more likely than men to collaborate again, as compared to when the hierarchy is flat, and compared to when men occupy the top-ranking position. In steep hierarchies, top-ranking women but not top-ranking men foster conditions in which junior women are more likely to collaborate again than junior men of similar status levels. Our research suggests that whereas status hierarchies are especially detrimental to repeated collaboration among underrepresented individuals, top-ranking women in steep status hierarchies mitigate these negative impacts between women in male-dominated settings.

Muluye Molla, Mulugeta Tesfa, Atsede Alle et al.

BackgroundWomen's death due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth is still high. Maternity waiting homes are one of the strategies to reduce it. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of using maternity waiting homes on birth outcomes, particularly in this study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the effect of staying in maternity waiting homes use on maternal and perinatal birth outcomes and its challenges in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia 2018.MethodsInstitutional-based comparative cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire interviews, in-depth interview and chart reviews. Propensity score matching analysis was used to estimate the effect of maternity waiting homes use on birth outcomes. Propensity score matching analysis was used to match potential differences in background characteristics that affect pregnancy outcomes between comparison groups. We used thematic analysis for qualitative data.ResultA total of 548 pregnant mothers (274 stayed in maternity waiting homes 274 did not stay) took part in this study. The proportion of adverse birth outcomes of mothers who stayed in maternity waiting homes were 15(5.5%) which is lower than those who didn't stay 35 (12.8%). After matching with baseline covariates, mean difference of adverse maternal birth outcomes, the difference between didn't use maternity waiting home and used was 10.4%, at (t = 3.78) at 5% level of significance. Similarly, the mean adverse perinatal birth outcomes difference between mothers who didn't use MWHs and used was 11% (t = 4.33).ConclusionsMaternity waiting home showed a significant positive effect on birth outcomes. Mothers who stayed in the maternity waiting homes had low adverse maternal and perinatal birth outcomes compared to non-users. Accommodations and quality health care services were the challenges mothers faced during their stay in the maternity waiting homes. Therefore, all concerned bodies should give attention accordingly to maternity waiting home services to reduce adverse birth outcomes through the strengthening of the quality of health care provided.

Negha Senthil, Jayanthi Vajiram, Nirmala. V

The misuse of law by women in India is a serious issue that has been receiving increased attention in recent years. In India, women are often discriminated against and are not provided with equal rights and opportunities, leading to a gender bias in many aspects of life. This gender bias is further exacerbated by the misuse of law by women. There are numerous instances of women using the law to their advantage, often at the expense of men. This practice is not only unethical but also unconstitutional. The Indian Constitution does not explicitly guarantee gender equality. However, several amendments have been made to the Constitution to ensure that women are treated equally in accordance with the law. The protection of women from all forms of discrimination is considered a fundamental right. Despite this, women continue to be discriminated against in various spheres of life, including marriage, education, employment and other areas. The misuse of law by women in India is primarily seen in cases of domestic violence and dowry-related issues and are punishable by law. However, women often file false dowry harassment cases against their husbands or in-laws in order to gain an advantage in a divorce or property dispute.

Yevgeniy Golovchenko, Karolina Stańczak, Rebecca Adler-Nissen et al.

Despite mounting evidence that women in foreign policy often bear the brunt of online hostility, the extent of online gender bias against diplomats remains unexplored. This paper offers the first global analysis of the treatment of women diplomats on social media. Introducing a multidimensional and multilingual methodology for studying online gender bias, it focuses on three critical elements: gendered language, negativity in tweets directed at diplomats, and the visibility of women diplomats. Our unique dataset encompasses ambassadors from 164 countries, their tweets, and the direct responses to these tweets in 65 different languages. Using automated content and sentiment analysis, our findings reveal a crucial gender bias. The language in responses to diplomatic tweets is only mildly gendered and largely pertains to international affairs and, generally, women ambassadors do not receive more negative reactions to their tweets than men, yet the pronounced discrepancy in online visibility stands out as a significant form of gender bias. Women receive a staggering 66.4% fewer retweets than men. By unraveling the invisibility that obscures women diplomats on social media, we hope to spark further research on online bias in international politics.

Oliphant Vanessa Nicole, Broyles Deja, Clement Déjà N. et al.

There is currently a gap in the literature that explicitly connects Black feminist thought with psychological theory, research, or intervention. This article review aims to assist in filling the gap and inspire scholars to actively utilize the knowledge of Black feminism and apply it to culturally specific mental health resources for Black women. There is a need for a new generation of Black feminists to intentionally center Black women’s mental health in psychological research and therapeutic practices. Black women’s mental health is an important part of Black feminism, and accordingly psychological theory, research, and intervention should actively incorporate Black feminist thought. This article seeks to call attention to specific ways Black women can preserve and strengthen their mental health and maintain resiliency. Specifically, this review highlights three Black feminist-informed strategies that can aid in supporting Black women’s mental health: practicing essential/critical affirmations, raising Black consciousness, and intentional self-definition.

Luzmila Tatiana Argueta Monterroza

Los procesos de participación social en salud están vinculados a la historia política, cambios económicos y cambios sociales de cada sociedad. La relación entre Estado y Ciudadanía está mediada por determinantes sociales, una de ellas es el género, con implicancias en la construcción de desigualdades. En el ámbito de la participación social en salud, se requiere una valoración de la medida en que las acciones y rasgos asociados a los hombres y las mujeres tienen mayor o menor credibilidad o reconocimiento social. El estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar, con un enfoque de género, los procesos de participación social en salud desde la experiencia y perspectiva de la ciudadanía en dos micro redes de servicios de salud en El Salvador en el año 2015. El estudio es de tipo cualitativo exploratorio, se realizaron 29 entrevistas semi-estructuradas en 9 municipalidades, a hombres y mujeres dirigentes sociales de las comunidades de dos micro redes de servicios de salud del Departamento de Morazán en El Salvador, Centro América. Entre los resultados se obtuvieron percepciones y experiencias comparadas que evidencian desigualdades de género en el acceso, condiciones y tipos de espacios disponibles para la participación, en donde se reproducen y refuerzan roles de género tradicionales. Sin embargo, se evidencian liderazgos femeninos sobresalientes vinculados a la formación política, organizativa y de género. Además, se revelan dificultades en la autonomía para los procesos participativos y para espacios horizontales. A manera de conclusión, se plantea que la equidad en mecanismos y en las oportunidades de participación requiere ser revisada desde el punto de vista de género; organizaciones no gubernamentales han jugado un papel positivo en el empoderamiento y participación de las mujeres en las localidades estudiadas, donde la formación en género ha sido fundamental.

Donald Flywell Malanga, Memory Banda

This study aimed to assess the impacts of ICTs on livelihoods of women microenterprises in Malawi. The study was an interpretive qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews, observation and field notes were used to collect data. About 25 women involved in various microenterprises in three rural areas of Karonga district in Malawi were purposively selected to participate in the study. The framework for the study was based on Serrat's sustainable livelihood approach. The study noted that the use of ICTs potentially enabled women microenterprises to build their financial, human, social, and informational capital assets. The study found that ICTs to some extent contributed to the livelihoods of women microenterprises such as improved access to information; diversification of business opportunities, improved communication, improved marketing, and reduced transport costs. As a result, this led to sustainable use of resources, improved well-being, and empowerment for women. However, unreliable electricity; lack of affordable ICT devices; lack of awareness to utilise ICTs in businesses and lack of ICT literacy skills were major concerns that affected women microenterprises. The study offers insights to research practioners, policy makers and other stakeholders on the role of ICTs in fostering women microentrepreneurship in rural communities of Malawi.

Bianca Trinkenreich, Igor Wiese, Anita Sarma et al.

Participation of women in Open Source Software (OSS) is very unbalanced, despite various efforts to improve diversity. This is concerning not only because women do not get the chance of career and skill developments afforded by OSS, but also because OSS projects suffer from a lack of diversity of thoughts because of a lack of diversity in their projects. Studies that characterize women's participation and investigate how to attract and retain women are spread across multiple fields, including information systems, software engineering, and social science. This paper systematically maps, aggregates, and synthesizes the state-of-the-art on women's participation in Open Source Software. It focuses on women's representation and the demographics of women who contribute to OSS, how they contribute, the acceptance rates of their contributions, their motivations and challenges, and strategies employed by communities to attract and retain women. We identified 51 articles (published between 2005 and 2021) that investigate women's participation in OSS. According to the literature, women represent about 9.8\% of OSS contributors; most of them are recent contributors, 20-37 years old, devote less than 5h/week to OSS, and make both non-code and code contributions. Only 5\% of projects have women as core developers, and women author less than 5\% of pull-requests but have similar or even higher rates of merge acceptance than men. Besides learning new skills and altruism, reciprocity and kinship are motivations especially relevant for women but can leave if they are not compensated for their contributions. Women's challenges are mainly social, including lack of peer parity and non-inclusive communication from a toxic culture. The literature reports ten strategies, which were mapped to six of the seven challenges. Based on these results, we provide guidelines for future research and practice.

Jing-Yi Liao, Ying Kong, Tao Zhou

Women are set back in the labor market after becoming mother. Intuitively, childcare services are able to promote women employment as they may reconciliate the motherhood penalty. However, most known studies concentrated on the effects of childcare services on fertility rate, instead of quantitative analyses about the effects on women employment. Using worldwide panel data and Chinese data at province level, this paper unfolds the quantitative relationship between childcare services and women employment, that is, the attendance rate of childcare services is positively correlated with the relative employment rate of women to men. Further analysis suggests that such a positive impact may largely resulted from breaking the vulnerable employment dilemma.

Donald Flywell Malanga

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cyber violence against women in Karonga district of Malawi. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. About 67 women participated in the survey questionnaire. The study utilised Technology Facilitated Gender-Based Violence Framework as theoretical lens. The study noted that women experienced various forms of cyber violence such as cyber bullying, cyber harassment, online defamation, cyberstalking, sexual exploitation, online hate speech, and revenge pornography. Perpetrators used digital platforms such Facebook, WhatsApp, online personal accounts, dating sites, and smartphones to carry out their evil acts. The study also found that perpetrators' motivations were driven by revenge, anger, jealousy, sexual desire and political agenda, with the intentions to harm the victims socially, psychologically, economically, and physically. The women used coping measures such as confrontation and blocking the perpetrator or by leaving the online platform. It was found that women never bothered to report the incidences to the police or community to seek for support due to lack of awareness, cultural and patriarchal factors. In conclusion, the study found that the prevalence of cyber violence against women is rising significantly in Malawi. Therefore, the findings provide insights to policy makers and research practioners on how to implement strategies for combating cyber violence against women in the country.

Renata Bega Martinez

Madness as a suffering linked to women ́s lives seems to manifest in the first instance as a historical and cultural continuity, a stage that all have gone through either for an instant or throughout their whole existence.To analyze the network of madness, violence, stigma and how they are presented transversely on women in a systematic and historical way becomes an essential but unreachable task in this article. What is specifically taken into account and questioned here is the notion and category of being crazy nowadays in western societies where violence(s), as a constant factor regardless its various expressions, fulfill(s) a fundamental role.

Leandro Reinaldo da Cunha

Sociedades ocidentais têm tradicionalmente reconhecido apenas dois gêneros, masculino e feminino. Contudo, como recente julgamento proferido pelo Tribunal Federal Constitucional alemão mostrou, isso vem começando a mudar e o pleito pelo reconhecimento legal do gênero por pessoas não-binárias vem crescendo de maneira considerável. Baseado na compreensão acerca do direito comparado, esse artigo argumenta que serem os movimentos legais que vão além do binarismo desejáveis ou não depende, em boa parte, da lógica que lhes dá sustentação, bem como examina inúmeras outras possíveis justificativas. No mínimo o reconhecimento legal de gênero de pessoas não-binárias deve se prestar a promover a autodeterminação dentro de um tecido social amplo de existência, apoiando pessoas não-binárias nas interações do dia-a-dia por desafiarem a auto-evidência do gênero binário. Com base na jurisprudência do Tribunal Europeu Direitos Humanos quanto aos direitos transgêneros, o artigo examina se essa lógica já se mostra latente na jurisprudência europeia.

J. C. Holbrook

The indigenous astronomy in Africa and of Africans exhibits many of the same patterns as indigenous astronomy found in other parts of the world such as with agricultural calendars established by observing celestial bodies as well as other natural phenomenon. Africa is the continent with the most countries which can be used as an indicator of its immense cultural diversity, and given such diversity there are unique local aspects to African indigenous astronomy. This chapter answers the question: How do women appear in the indigenous astronomy of Africans? The celestial bodies considered are the Sun, the Moon, the planet Venus, the Pleiades asterism and a small collection of other female celestial bodies. Examples are drawn from North, South, East, West and Central Africa with the caveat that these are merely examples from the region and not exemplars of the region. Women use the phases of the moon to track their menses, usually the moon is female as is Venus, and celestial women are used to signal how women should behave. Focusing on celestial women brings a different lens to cultural astronomy research that elucidates additional ways that that the sky is entwined in culture.

Ambrish Dongre, Karan Singhal, Upasak Das

This paper documents the representation of women in Economics academia in India by analyzing the share of women in faculty positions, and their participation in a prestigious conference held annually. Data from the elite institutions shows that the presence of women as the Economics faculty members remains low. Of the authors of the papers which were in the final schedule of the prestigious research conference, the proportion of women authors is again found to be disproportionately low. Our findings from further analysis indicate that women are not under-represented at the post-graduate level. Further, the proportion of women in doctoral programmes has increased over time, and is now almost proportionate. Tendency of women who earn a doctorate abroad, to not return to India, time needed to complete a doctoral program, and responsibilities towards the family may explain lower presence of women in Economics academia in India.

Danny Doucette, Chandralekha Singh

Some of the reasons for the underrepresentation of women in physics are evident in the reflections of two undergraduate women. Leia is a chemistry major who loves college-level physical chemistry and quantum mechanics but does not identify with the discipline of physics, partly because she has a low level of self-efficacy as a physicist and has received very little recognition for her work and learning in physics. Paulette is a physics major who loves physics but feels isolated by the current physics learning environment. She reluctantly dropped honors introductory lab after being snubbed by her male classmates who partnered with one another, leaving her to work alone. Paulette's experiences with condescending male professors activated a stereotype threat about who can succeed in physics that caused her to disengage in class. We also discuss what these women felt has helped them so far and explore their suggestions for what would help women in physics courses as they pursue their quest for a physical science degree.