We study how aggregate economic conditions affect the timing of marriage, and particularly child marriage, in Sub‐Saharan Africa and in India. In both regions, substantial monetary or in‐kind transfers occur with marriage: bride price across Sub‐Saharan Africa and dowry in India. In a simple equilibrium model of the marriage market in which parents choose when their children marry, income shocks affect the age of marriage because marriage payments are a source of consumption smoothing, particularly for a woman's family. As predicted by our model, we show that droughts, which reduce annual crop yields by 10 to 15% and aggregate income by 4 to 5%, have opposite effects on the marriage behavior of a sample of 400,000 women in the two regions: in Sub‐Saharan Africa they increase the annual hazard into child marriage by 3%, while in India droughts reduce such a hazard by 4%. Changes in the age of marriage due to droughts are associated with changes in fertility, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa, and with declines in observed marriage payments. Our results indicate that the age of marriage responds to short‐term changes in aggregate economic conditions and that marriage payments determine the sign of this response. This suggests that, in order to design successful policies to combat child marriage and improve investments in daughters' human capital, it is crucial to understand the economic role of marriage market institutions.
It is essential to move beyond treating child participation as a uniform concept to progress in implementing children’s rights in policymaking. A compelling framework is protagonist participation, rooted in critical and Latin American perspectives, which provides a robust foundation for promoting the active involvement of children and adolescents in Chilean public policymaking. This approach prioritizes the practical dimensions of participation, highlighting power dynamics and evaluating participatory practices. Research findings underscore the importance of intergenerational collaboration, policymaking influence, and recognition of diversity within the concept of childhood participation to promote children’s participation in the Chilean policymaking. This study employs Semi-Structured Interviews and the Mosaic Approach Method (MAM), a flexible and adaptive methodology, to foster intergenerational and protagonist participation, particularly in contexts characterized by significant inequalities and adult-centric dynamics as the Chilean policymaking.
Special aspects of education, The family. Marriage. Woman
ABSTRACT Family members often cite broader societal discourses and norms when forcing Chinese queer people to engage in heterosexual marriage (referred to as HMQ; heterosexual marriage undertaken by Chinese queer people). It is unclear what these social norms entail and how the norms are maintained. This paper examines 89 Chinese newspaper articles to uncover the societal discourses driving families to pressure queer people into heterosexual marriage. We identified three framings: (1) Highlighting problems of formality marriage (the marriage between two queer people) and gay’s wife marriage (the marriage between a queer man and a heterosexual woman); (2) portraying people involved in formality marriage and gay’s wife marriage as suffering from heteronormative pressure to engage in marriage; and (3) presenting formality marriage in a collaboration frame and gay’s wife marriage in a deception frame. These framings suggest heteronormativity in marriage is upheld in societal discourses about HMQ and sustained by two hierarchies created in Chinese newspaper articles: one degrading queer marriage practices, which made heterosexual marriage undertaken by queer people inferior to ideal heterosexual marriage; another stratifying queer marriage practices, which made the marriage between a queer man and a heterosexual woman less acceptable than the marriage between two queer people.
Research Framework: A Legitimist representative under the Second Republic (1848-1852), Paul de Dieuleveult (1799-1867) embodied the traditional Western notable in the mid-19th century. His privileged social position marks the culmination of a social ascent begun by his father, François-Marie, in Tréguier, Côtes-du-Nord.Objectives: To examine the importance of family heritage in the Legitimist commitment of Paul de Dieuleveult and his fellow Legislative deputies.Methodology: To achieve this, we will draw on the work of our thesis (Stefanelly, 2013) and on the biographical notes of parliamentarians.Results: Paul de Dieuleveult’s commitment to the Legitimist cause was determined by his family background. His father rose socially through his medical activities, his two successive marriages, his attainment of a noble title and the exercise of local responsibilities under the Restoration. Paul belongs to this lineage. Thanks to him, he has considerable material and land assets. His marriage enables him to complete alliances with the region’s prominent families. His entry into politics in the final years of the Restoration period gave concrete expression to his legitimist commitment. The July Monarchy marked a political break, but he returned to the forefront of local political life in 1848 and became a member of parliament. During his term of office, he endeavored to build on his political base by preserving community unanimity.Conclusion: Many of his fellow Legitimists in the West, birthplace of Legitimism, are part of a family heritage. A minority of them have less marked family antecedents and have emerged socially thanks to their abilities.Contributions: The family dimension is essential to understanding the political commitment of a legitimist representative under the Second Republic, even if this is not true in all cases, and the individual psychological dimension is a factor to be taken into account.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, The family. Marriage. Woman
This essay argues that both the anonymously authored novel The Woman of Colour (1808) and Hazel V. Carby’s memoir Imperial Intimacies (2019) telescope back and forth from the most intimate domains of family—especially motherhood—to the vast expanses of Britain’s global empire. They can be described, as Edward Said writes of Mansfield Park , as "very precisely about a series of both small and large dislocations and relocations in space,” but instead of finding themselves “spiritual mistresse[s]” of the home by the end of the narrative, Carby and Olivia, the protagonist of The Woman of Colour , remain mobile in ways that emphasize the instabilities and shifting forms of imperial relations. For Olivia and Carby, home is not the enduring English country house whose fate is secured through heterosexual marriage, as in Mansfield Park . Rather, it is everywhere and nowhere, a set of relationships that are continuously negotiated across centuries and continents, in the context of perpetual transit. Furthermore, when read together, Imperial Intimacies and The Woman of Colour illuminate how racialized femininity, as it intersects with motherhood, is at once a cornerstone and a problem of empire.
Reproductive health and well-being of a woman are associated with factors such as menarche, first marriage, first sex, first birth, and menopause. The beginning of these events also brings about significant changes in women's lives. Despite marrying early being acknowledged as a detrimental and discriminatory socio-cultural global practice, a huge proportion of girls are being married at an early age, often detrimental to maternal and child health. Adding to the current national debate for the revision of the minimum age at marriage for girls from 18 to 21 years it becomes important to understand the past scenario and current situation of age at marriage in India. In this study, first five rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) have been used as a data source. Cox Proportional Hazard Model, Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), Kaplan Meier Curve, Life table survival analysis, hierarchical clustered heat map, Multivariate Decomposition Analysis (MDA), and geospatial mapping were used to fulfill the objective of the study. The results showed that almost 65.9% of women got married before reaching the age of 18 years in the year 1992–93 which reduced to 23.2% among women aged 20–24 years in 2019–21. Region, respondent’s level of education, caste, religion, wealth, and mass media exposure were significantly associated with the age at first marriage. The hazard of age at marriage declined significantly with higher educational attainment [higher education- AHR:0.37; CI:0.36 to 0.37], improving household wealth [richest wealth- AHR:0.91; CI:0.90 to 0.91], and mass media exposure [AHR:0.96; CI:0.95 to 0.96]. Since, the age at marriage has a substantial impact on fertility pattern and has a strong association with maternal & child health, policies regarding improving the age at marriage and better enforcement of the concerned laws are required to meet the SDG targets.
Ririnisahawaitun, Maruli Taufandas, Hariawan Junardi
et al.
Marriage is a sacred bond between man and woman to be husband and wife to form a happy and eternal family by believing in the one and only God. Early marriage can lead to high maternal and infant mortality, miscarriage, congenital disabilities in babies, and low birth weight. One of the efforts to reduce early marriage is to increase adolescent knowledge about early marriage by educating them on the impact of it. This study aims to determine the effect of early marriage education on the adolescent level on the impact of early marriage. This study is pre-experiment using a one-group pretest post-test design. The study population is 62 students in XI grade SMKN 1 Pringgasela, East Lombok Regency. All respondents were grouped, educated on early marriage, and presented orally using Powerpoint for 30 minutes. Their knowledge level on the impact of early marriage before and after the education was measured using a questionnaire consisting of 32 questions that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed an increase in their knowledge level with a mean pretest of 15.10 and a mean posttest of 31.90 (delta mean = 16.80). Based on the Wilcoxon test, the study obtained p = 0.000. It can be concluded that providing early marriage education impacts students' knowledge level at SMKN 1 Pringgasela, East Lombok Regency, with a p-value < 0.05. It is expected that the school will continue providing early marriage education regularly to reduce the occurrence of early marriage.
Child marriage is a marriage carried out by someone who has not yet entered a mature or mature age in thinking, emotionally, biologically and psychologically. The age of marriage is explained in law No. 16 of 2019 on amendments to law No. 1 article 7 of 1974, namely marriage is only permitted if a man and a woman reach the age of 19 (nineteen) years. Child marriage in Tuban district has been a trend for the past 3 years and continues to increase due to the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic which has paralyzed several sectors of life. The economic sector is the biggest factor because of the impact of the Covid pandemic, many parents have been laid off and have dropped out of work. By marrying off the child, the responsibility of the parents will be reduced. This is the reason why child marriage is increasing day by day. Law No. 16 of 2019 is a breath of fresh air for life, because the age law has a very large effect on children's rights to life so that they grow and develop according to their age, prevent domestic violence, prevent dropping out of school and also improve maternal and child health. child. This research uses descriptive qualitative research with interview methods of various groups of people based on what is happening in the community with the aim of knowing the reasons for early marriages in Tuban Regency. The results showed that the reasons for early marriage in Tuban district were 1) economic factors 2) educational factors 3) customs factors 4) promiscuity factors
Today, due to the corrupt sequence of gender discriminatory views, their criticism has a special importance. Our hypothesis in this article is to prove the generality and prevalence of this gender view in the reasons of polygamy. It seems that the criticism and explanation of these reasons based on human nature and social interests with gender justice is more compatible. In this research, adherence to the verses related to the goals of marriage as a confirmation of the writers' point of view in the interpretation of the Qur'an, the third verse of Surah Al-Nisa is referred, for the first time. This article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and by using library and internet resources, shows that the most limited and at the same time the most gendered views in the reasons of polygamy are experimental approaches, especially medical and psychological approaches.
BackgroundWomen's death due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth is still high. Maternity waiting homes are one of the strategies to reduce it. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of using maternity waiting homes on birth outcomes, particularly in this study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the effect of staying in maternity waiting homes use on maternal and perinatal birth outcomes and its challenges in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia 2018.MethodsInstitutional-based comparative cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire interviews, in-depth interview and chart reviews. Propensity score matching analysis was used to estimate the effect of maternity waiting homes use on birth outcomes. Propensity score matching analysis was used to match potential differences in background characteristics that affect pregnancy outcomes between comparison groups. We used thematic analysis for qualitative data.ResultA total of 548 pregnant mothers (274 stayed in maternity waiting homes 274 did not stay) took part in this study. The proportion of adverse birth outcomes of mothers who stayed in maternity waiting homes were 15(5.5%) which is lower than those who didn't stay 35 (12.8%). After matching with baseline covariates, mean difference of adverse maternal birth outcomes, the difference between didn't use maternity waiting home and used was 10.4%, at (t = 3.78) at 5% level of significance. Similarly, the mean adverse perinatal birth outcomes difference between mothers who didn't use MWHs and used was 11% (t = 4.33).ConclusionsMaternity waiting home showed a significant positive effect on birth outcomes. Mothers who stayed in the maternity waiting homes had low adverse maternal and perinatal birth outcomes compared to non-users. Accommodations and quality health care services were the challenges mothers faced during their stay in the maternity waiting homes. Therefore, all concerned bodies should give attention accordingly to maternity waiting home services to reduce adverse birth outcomes through the strengthening of the quality of health care provided.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the views of the Russian religious philosopher, critic and publicist V. V. Rozanov on the “woman’s question” of the mid- 19th – early 20th century. The author pays attention to such social aspects of a woman’s life as: marriage, education, work, rights, opportunities for social self-realization. The relevance of the article is due to the undoubted interest of society in the woman’s topic and the Russian woman’s movement. The purpose of the article is to reveal the views of V. V. Rozanov on a woman, comparing them with the ideas of the woman’s emancipation movement of the middle of 19th and early 20th centuries. Materials and Methods. The study used hermeneutic, comparative and comparative historical methods that help to identify the views of the Russian thinker on a woman from his philosophical and journalistic works. Results. The article examined V. V. Rozanov’s interpretation of the divorce process, the position of women in the family, society, the opportunities for women to receive education and realization in the labor sphere. An analysis of the works chosen by the author made it possible to single out the views of the Russian thinker in support of the ideas and demands of Russian women. Discussion and Conclusion. The author of the article concludes that Rozanov supported most of the demands of Russian women at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries and, at the same time, about the philosopher’s traditional approach to understanding the nature of a woman as a soft and gentle creature, her main social functions related to motherhood and family.
What is the context in which the transition from heterosexual marriage to partnering with a woman becomes possible? Feminist postmodern theory provides the theoretical foundation for this research project, which examines the dominant binary discourse in sexual identities, the nature of heterosexuality, and the cultural context that both facilitates and inhibits this transition. Autoethnography is the research methodology employed, which affords the ability to be both subject and researcher. As such, the researcher moves between personal narrative and the cultural landscape and then back again, highlighting the roles of language and the dominant cultural discourses. Ideas considered 'normal' or 'natural' such as heterosexuality, the binary construction of sexual identity and what constitutes healthy child development are deconstructed and reconsidered. Results indicate that the dualistic binary construction of sexual identities, steeped in the theory of biological essentialism, is still a very powerful and privileged cultural narrative. The limitations of dualistic thinking are elucidated as they relate to the dichotomous hetero/homo depiction of both individuals and families. The categories of heterosexuality and homosexuality can best be understood as bodies of knowledge, rather than as static entities. This research reveals the presence of an additional narrative, that of sexual fluidity for women, which has not become integrated into the dominant discourses. Heteronormativity and heterosexism are ubiquitous and pervasive facets of the cultural context; heterosexuality remains the dominant and privileged mode of relating, the standard against which 'others' are measured. This has hampered both theory and research by exerting pressure for individuals and families to assimilate to heterosexual norms. It has further inhibited theorizing about the presence and impact of heterosexual privilege in the marriage and family therapy literature. The words marriage and family are central to of one of the most fiercely debated issues of our time. At stake is the very definition of marriage: Who controls the definition, and for what purpose? Due to the pervasive cultural climate of heteronormativity, implications for the field of marriage and family therapy include the need to actively re-define marriage as inclusive of gay and lesbian couples. Future directions for research are discussed.
Luz Valente-Pereira (b. 1934, Lisbon) is a key figure of the 20th century Portuguese History of Architecture, albeit a forgotten one. This research is a starting point for establishing a more solid biography of this pioneer who initiated the first decades of female participation in the architectural field in Portugal. After some professional experience in different contexts, she developed a stable research career at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) with studies on various spatial scales. We have used different methodologies: bibliographical review, consultation of national archives, and an interview with her. Our proposal is not only to create female references but also to broaden the historical readings on women’s participation in Portugal throughout the 20th century.
Eventos recentes posicionaram o gênero no cerne da vida pública brasileira. Neste artigo, descrevo dois processos imbricados a isso: a cruzada antigênero e a eclosão da “primavera feminista”. A primeira, estratégia católica transnacional, emergiu no Brasil em 2014. Anos depois, parlamentares pró-impeachment declararam votos em favor da família e contra a “ideologia de gênero” – expressão habilmente apropriada por uma poderosa coalizão dentro e fora do parlamento. Em 2018, a campanha antigênero voltou aos debates nacionais com a candidatura de Jair Bolsonaro à presidência. O rechaço ao candidato agregou milhares de mulheres nas redes sociais e nas ruas, formando o movimento #elenão. Porém, não se tratava de reação repentina ou inédita: as resistências das mulheres têm demonstrado a potência de suas alianças e contestado a tese da “cortina de fumaça” que rotula as táticas do atual governo.
A. Soltanian, S. Davar, Maasoumeh Mahdi Akhgar
et al.
Background: The role of fertility as the most important determinant of demographic fluctuations has given more importance to its studies compared with other demographic phenomena. In this context, different indexes are used to measure fertility patterns where the index of the first birth after marriage has received much attention. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytic) study in which the fertility data of women are converted into a fictitious cohort and investigated. In this study, married woman in the age group of 15 to 49 years in 500 families in Hamedan were selected. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used that included information related to the number of live births (fertility) and factors related to it (i.e. date of marriage, age, the first pregnancy, number of unwanted pregnancies, average interval between children, and the use of contraceptives). Univariate and multivariate survival analysis was carried out for the interval between marriage and the first birth. In the univariate section, using Kaplan-Meir method and log-rank test, survival functions of the interval between the first births after marriage in different predictive variables were compared. Result: Mean age of mothers at the first birth was 22.04±4.357 years and mean number of live births was 2.18±0.904. The first marriage age of women, parental education, women’s employment, the use of contraceptives, and the number of live births were at a significance level of 5%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that parental education, women’s employment, and use of contraceptives play important roles in population growth.
Research Framework: Many argue that the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) would have given rise to a new way of retaining the emotional bond among transnational families. It would thus abolish the distance by establishing a virtual co-presence.Objectives: The objective is to understand, through the study of the use of ICT, how transnational families manage to keep strong their familyhood. It also intends to discuss the limits of these practices on their ability to continue to "make family transnationally."Methodology: The analysis is based on data collected through in-depth interviews with Montreal-based migrants and their family members in Brazil.Results: ICT has become a familiar tool in transnational family exchanges. They provide access both to ordinary and to special moments of family life. They give rise to new practices of family interactions. Nevertheless, they also imply constraints in the exchanges, as they appear to be an unsatisfactory solution to solve the problem of physical distance and separation.Conclusions: The use of ICT has become an incorporated habit in transnational family life, for its informative power on the daily life of members of the transnational family. Virtual co-presence, however, is limited as far as the expression of emotions and family solidarity are concerned. Contribution: The results presented allowed to identify the contributions, the ambivalences and the limits of the use of ICT to make family transnationally. They also revealed the formation of family micro-rituals, which act as mechanisms of regulation and expression of familyhood.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, The family. Marriage. Woman
ABSTRACT How do legal changes affect discourse concerning family forms? The concept of the family is conventionally assumed to be stable and unchanging; yet, the idea of family is continuously defined and redefined by the law. I analyze the nature of media framing before and after federal legislative changes, specifically the passage of the Defense of Marriage Act (1996) and Windsor v. United States (2013). I investigate 156 articles about same-sex marriage legislation published in The New York Times. Results show that legislative events and court decisions influence the framing of family and family forms. DOMA influenced the discourse surrounding family composition by strictly defining the family unit, centering it on a heteronormative framework of one man and one woman. Windsor affected the discourse concerning the role of children by shifting the focus away from LGBT parents as unfit or dangerous to children and toward a structural and societal assessment of discrimination. Both DOMA and Windsor affected public discourse about morality. These findings support the idea that legal changes affect conceptions of the family and reveal how these conceptions can change in the broader public imagination.
Agarwood is a kind of fragrant wood which used as raw material in perfume industry, cosmetics, and medicine. Agarwood was formed by infected of fungy to several species from the plant of genus Acquillaria. Farmer groups ( Gapoktan Alam Jaya Lestari and Poktan Air Pasir Maju) are partners involved in this program. Both of these farmers groups had problems in availability of inoculant and the expensive price of inoculant. Besides, group farmers have not known well of inoculation techniques. This program was conducted by Participation Action Research (PAR). Fungi inoculant propagations were practiced in a simple way using potato and sugar as raw materials. Both of partners were very passionate about inoculant training activities, even farmers wanted to try to make inoculants of various materials which available at their surrounding. On the inoculation techniques, a spiral method using both liquid and powders inoculants were injected to gaharu plant. Farmers have trained drafting technique as alternative product of agarwood such as tasbeeh. In addition, farmers trained to calculate a profit of agarwood product. To be independent farmer group, Poktan Air Pasir Maju still needs to be trained further because of their strong willingness to develop agarwood but still lacking skill.