Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Constantinos Challoumis, Nikolaos Eriotis, Dimitrios Vasiliou

Digital addiction is typically examined as a psychological or behavioral condition, while its broader economic consequences remain insufficiently addressed. This paper reframes digital addiction as an economic pathology, emphasizing its welfare and productivity implications across individuals, organizations, and public systems. Drawing on behavioral economics, time-allocation theory, and the economics of externalities, the study develops a theory-driven analytical framework to map the diffusion of economic costs associated with excessive digital use. Methodologically, a structured literature synthesis is combined with relative intensity scoring and heatmap visualization to compare cost channels and affected stakeholders. The findings indicate that the primary economic burden arises from time misallocation, productivity losses, and social spillovers rather than direct expenditures alone, with costs distributed asymmetrically across the economy. The framework provides a diagnostic basis for future empirical research and policy intervention in the digital economy.

Koorosh Bozorgi, M. A. Khosravi, Vahidreza Mirabi et al.

The insurance industry occupies a strategic position at the intersection of financial markets, social welfare policy, and public regulation. Despite its critical role in risk management and economic stability, the development of insurance systems has often been evaluated primarily through quantitative indicators such as premium growth and market penetration. This article argues that such an approach provides an incomplete and potentially misleading assessment of insurance performance, particularly when persistent customer dissatisfaction coexists with apparent market expansion. Adopting an institutional–policy perspective, the study conceptualizes customer satisfaction as a core indicator of policy effectiveness rather than a secondary market outcome or a purely behavioral variable. Using a qualitative, comparative analytical framework, the article examines how insurance policies and institutional arrangements shape customer satisfaction outcomes, with a particular focus on the Iranian insurance industry in comparison with global regulatory trends. The analysis demonstrates that many insurance systems worldwide have gradually shifted from solvency-centered regulation toward consumer-centered governance models that institutionalize transparency, complaint resolution mechanisms, and qualitative performance indicators. In contrast, the Iranian insurance sector remains largely anchored in a quantitatively oriented policy logic, where growth in firms and premium volumes has not been matched by improvements in service quality, claims settlement, or dispute resolution. The findings reveal that persistent customer dissatisfaction in Iran is best understood as a symptom of policy and institutional pathologies, including weak enforcement, limited regulatory accountability, and an overreliance on numerical performance metrics. The article concludes that quantitative expansion without parallel qualitative reform fails to enhance satisfaction and may undermine the social welfare function of insurance. By reframing customer satisfaction as a policy-relevant outcome embedded in institutional design, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of insurance governance and offers a foundation for rethinking insurance policymaking in ways that align market development with trust, legitimacy, and long-term sustainability.

Zohreh Freydoonian, Maryam Mokhtari, Siroos Ahmadi

Introduction The number of female-headed households has significantly increased worldwide. In Iran as well, these households now account for more than 14% of all families. Female heads of households are women who, due to reasons such as divorce, the death of a spouse, irresponsible husbands, or singlehood, must manage the family independently. Female household headship intensifies poverty and economic hardship, and consequently gives rise to numerous social and cultural problems. In Iran, charitable organizations help alleviate the economic challenges faced by these women. However, when women lose their spouses due to divorce or death and come under the support of charities or welfare institutions, they often encounter cultural and social difficulties. The attitudes of charity staff and the broader community—who tend to perceive them as “lonely” and “needy” women—create stigmatizing conditions both within these institutions and in their everyday social environments, sometimes altering the course of their lives altogether. This study specifically examines the social and cultural constraints experienced by women seeking assistance from charitable organizations in Behbahan. The central research question is: What types of social and cultural barriers do female-headed households encounter in institutional settings and in their daily lives? More specifically, what are the cultural and social constraints manifested within the charity institutions and extending into their broader social contexts? MethodologyThis research employs thematic analysis to identify the social and cultural constraints faced by female-headed households. A qualitative approach was adopted, using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis method (2006), including text segmentation and description, interpretation, and synthesis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten female heads of households, most of whom were divorced, selected through purposive sampling. The study ensured interpretive validity by presenting the results to experts and scholars and modifying the thematic findings based on their feedback to ensure credibility and accuracy.FindingsThe main emerging themes included:Inferiorization – consisting of humiliating treatment, perceptions of dependency, and administrative delays.Instrumental view toward women – reflected in gendered participation spaces, the shift from public to private domains, and harassment.Deprivation through powerlessness – manifested in restrictions on administrative access and being deprived of institutional services.In their everyday lives, two additional major themes were identified:Suppressed gendered empowerment – including internalized helplessness, self-devaluation, and weak social support-seeking.Sexual stereotyping of female heads of households – involving exposure to sexual labeling and sexual exploitation.The overarching category derived from these cultural and social constraints was conceptualized as “Gendered Insecurity in the Struggle for Livelihood”. Discussion and ConclusionFemale-headed households, faced with economic hardships, often turn to charities as a means of livelihood. However, this path is burdened with socially and culturally gendered challenges, eventually leading to gender-based insecurity in their efforts to sustain themselves. A woman’s act of seeking help from a charity conveys a message to such institutions that women approach them to escape existing insecurities in society. Yet, paradoxically, these spaces often fail to provide them with genuine social safety. Respectful treatment of these women within charitable organizations can help challenge societal stigmatization. Conversely, disrespect and discrimination amplify social vulnerability and internalized stigma. Identifying these social and cultural constraints is a crucial step toward improving the interaction between support institutions and female beneficiaries. Charitable organizations, by training their staff in social awareness and gender sensitivity and reforming gendered attitudes, can significantly reduce the difficulties faced by female-headed households and promote their sense of security and dignity in the process of livelihood attainment.

Anastasya Cornelya Irawan, Muhammad Agus Muljanto

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketimpangan pembangunan antarwilayah di Provinsi Jawa Timur pada tahun 2019–2023 secara spasial berdasarkan pendekatan Tipologi Klassen. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengkaji pengaruh Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita dan Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi (LPE) terhadap klasifikasi wilayah, serta hubungan ketimpangan pembangunan dengan capaian Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) dan tingkat kemiskinan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-spasial. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), berupa data PDRB per kapita, LPE, IPM, dan tingkat kemiskinan kabupaten/ kota di Jawa Timur selama lima tahun. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan klasifikasi Tipologi Klassen untuk menentukan pembagian kuadran wilayah (Kuadran I–IV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar wilayah berada pada Kuadran III (wilayah potensial untuk berkembang) dan Kuadran IV (wilayah relatif tertinggal). Wilayah-wilayah dalam Kuadran IV umumnya memiliki nilai IPM dan pendapatan per kapita yang rendah serta tingkat kemiskinan yang tinggi, seperti Kabupaten Sampang, Bangkalan, Sumenep, dan Bondowoso. Sebaliknya, wilayah Kuadran I seperti Kota Surabaya dan Kabupaten Gresik menunjukkan capaian IPM tinggi dan angka kemiskinan rendah. Temuan ini memperkuat teori Cumulative Causation oleh Myrdal yang menyatakan bahwa tanpa intervensi, wilayah maju akan semakin maju dan wilayah tertinggal akan semakin tertinggal. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kebijakan pembangunan berbasis wilayah yang lebih adil untuk mengurangi kesenjangan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara merata.

Vu Chau

The modern administrative state relies extensively on delegated legislation to address complex governance challenges, yet this reliance creates fundamental democratic accountability deficits. This paper argues that inadequate oversight mechanisms in delegated legislation processes create systematic vulnerabilities to crony capitalism and state capture, thereby exacerbating social inequality. Through theoretical synthesis and doctrinal analysis of administrative law principles, this research demonstrates how weak parliamentary scrutiny, limited judicial review, and insufficient public participation enable private interests to manipulate regulatory processes for personal advantage. The paper presents evidence showing that captured administrative decision-making systematically redirects public resources away from broad social welfare toward narrow elite interests, thereby reinforcing existing inequality structures. The research contributes a comprehensive framework linking administrative law design flaws to broader political economy pathologies and their social consequences, offering theoretical insights for administrative reform aimed at strengthening democratic governance and reducing inequality.

Vadym Posheliuzhnyi

Introduction. The full-scale war in Ukraine has caused hidden negative consequences for public health that extend beyond direct losses. The destruction of medical infrastructure and the disruption of early detection programs have led to the fact that the decline in official cancer statistics in 2022–2024 is misleading. This indicates the formation of a «hidden» wave of cancer – an accumulation of undiagnosed cases, which poses a threat to the demographic resilience of the state. This interpretation complements existing approaches (particularly the National Cancer Control Strategy for the period up to 2030) and underscores the necessity of integrating the monitoring of delayed war consequences into national demographic security programs. Methods. The study utilizes data from the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine and reports from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine for the years 2014–2024. The research was conducted using comparative statistical analysis methods to assess the dynamics of morbidity and mortality, as well as descriptive statistics methods to analyze regional, gender, and workforce changes. Results. The article focuses on the following aspects: 1) dynamics of new case registration: a sharp decline in recorded cancer cases was revealed in 2022 (to 106.2 thousand cases) with a subsequent unstable recovery trend, which is a consequence of underreporting due to migration and limited access to healthcare, rather than a real improvement in the epidemiological situation; 2) regional and workforce disparities: a critical drop in diagnostic levels in frontline and occupied regions was confirmed against a background of relative stability in western regions, and a dangerous trend of declining numbers of oncologists, particularly surgeons and radiologists, was recorded; 3) demographic consequences: it is substantiated that the shift of cancer detection to late stages (III–IV) and the phenomenon of «delayed mortality» will become key factors in reducing life expectancy and increasing the burden on the social welfare system in the post-war period. Discussion. Identifying the phenomenon of reduced cancer detection as a specific demographic risk creates a methodological foundation for forecasting the scale of delayed mortality and developing adaptive strategies for restoring the screening system, which is critically important for preserving human potential and ensuring the demographic resilience of Ukraine in the context of post-war recovery. Prospects for further scientific research include clarifying the long-term consequences of reduced diagnostics for the demographic situation, calculating the potential increase in mortality from oncological pathologies and losses in average life expectancy over the coming decades. Keywords: demographic risks, cancer morbidity, cancer diagnostics, healthcare system, war in Ukraine.

Taun Taun, Muhammad Naufal Giffari

This study examines the complex relationship between social discrimination and economic marginalization as underlying drivers of criminal behavior among urban poor communities in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. Utilizing a critical ethnographic methodology, the research explores how structural inequalities—rooted in institutional exclusion and persistent stigmatization—shape individual adaptation strategies that often result in involvement with criminal activities. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation over twelve months, and comprehensive analysis of police records and relevant policy documents. Evidence gathered from fieldwork demonstrates that restricted access to formal employment and essential public services perpetuates material deprivation, while cultural stigmatization reinforces negative social stereotypes and marginalizes urban poor further from opportunities for meaningful participation. Anchored in strain theory (Merton, 1938), conflict criminology, and frameworks of social exclusion, this study finds that criminality functions as a rational, adaptive response to survival challenges presented by systemic exclusion. The findings also highlight disparities in the criminal justice process, including over-policing, limited access to legal representation, and disproportionate punitive outcomes for poor individuals. By integrating empirical data and theoretical perspectives, the research argues for a reconceptualization of urban criminality as a social and structural phenomenon rather than individual pathology. Policy implications suggest a need for distributive justice reforms and inclusive social development programs to break the cyclical ties between discrimination, marginalization, and crime within Indonesian urban contexts. This study contributes to the field of criminology by providing grounded, context-specific analysis relevant for future intervention and policymaking.

Tim Donkers, Jürgen Ziegler

The rise of social media has fundamentally transformed how people engage in public discourse and form opinions. While these platforms offer unprecedented opportunities for democratic engagement, they have been implicated in increasing social polarization and the formation of ideological echo chambers. Previous research has primarily relied on observational studies of social media data or theoretical modeling approaches, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of how individuals respond to and are influenced by polarized online environments. Here we present a novel experimental framework for investigating polarization dynamics that allows human users to interact with LLM-based artificial agents in a controlled social network simulation. Through a user study with 122 participants, we demonstrate that this approach can successfully reproduce key characteristics of polarized online discourse while enabling precise manipulation of environmental factors. Our results provide empirical validation of theoretical predictions about online polarization, showing that polarized environments significantly increase perceived emotionality and group identity salience while reducing expressed uncertainty. These findings extend previous observational and theoretical work by providing causal evidence for how specific features of online environments influence user perceptions and behaviors. More broadly, this research introduces a powerful new methodology for studying social media dynamics, offering researchers unprecedented control over experimental conditions while maintaining ecological validity.

O. V. Lemak

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main aspects of the impact of globalization on sovereignty, its political, economic, informational and other components, the persistent tendency towards the gradual loss of national sovereignty by states, which puts on the agenda the question of the ability of liberal democracy to adapt to new circumstances. A new trend in international politics and global political transformations, which creates the possibility of transferring the real centers of power from the level of the national state to the supranational and regional levels, is considered. The purpose of the research was to determine the essence of sovereignty as the supremacy of state power, its independence both within the state and in the foreign policy sphere. Issues of limiting sovereignty are analyzed from the point of view of real and recent examples in international practice, as well as attempts are made to trace the evolution of ideas about state sovereignty and the analysis of various theoretical and legal approaches to the signs of sovereignty. An analysis of the interrelationship and interdependence of the concepts of “people’s sovereignty”, “national sovereignty” and “state sovereignty” was carried out, the opinion was supported that in the first place is people’s sovereignty, which expresses the supreme, inalienable right of the people to determine their destiny in the state and society, and that the concepts of national and national, as well as national and state sovereignty should not be equated. The article examines the problems of issues related to globalization, which is manifested in ascertaining both positive and negative trends of this process, in particular, the limitation of the spheres of influence of the governments of countries by economic globalization, the weakening of state sovereignty, the spread of the laws of the free market in opposition to national parliaments, the increase the impact of capital on the economy, a significant reduction in the role of the state in the economy, the transfer of its functions to private individuals, regional or international organizations. Conclusions were made that sovereignty is a complex political and legal property of state power, which means its supremacy, independence both within the state and in the foreign policy sphere, which does not allow the interference of other countries in their internal affairs. The existence of certain problems of sovereignty in individual states and the multifaceted nature of state sovereignty emphasize the need for a clear distinction between real and relative sovereignty, where the understanding of real (absolute) state sovereignty needs to be clarified in view of the specification of its components: foreign policy, domestic policy, legitimate, legal, territorial, resource, financial, economic and informational. The opinion is supported that the state policy regarding national security is being transformed all the time, various spheres of its influence are expanding, fundamentally new threats are being added to the traditional threats, the emergence of which is due to the development of international relations, globalization processes and other factors. We agree with the position that in the conditions of economic globalization it is impossible to be an absolutely independent state, but the qualitative characteristic of sovereignty in relation to other states is sovereign equality, a relatively independent and equal position, equal legal status with them. The position that the emergence and development of supranational bodies affects the transformation of state sovereignty and the reduction of its components through the delegation of state powers to supranational entities is substantiated. However, in international organizations, participating states act as sovereign and equal, not subject to any authority of another group, forming an organization based on an international agreement. At all stages of this process, the interaction of states among themselves has a coordinating horizontal nature at the same level as international organizations, based on the principle of sovereign equality of participating states, as evidenced by the principle “one state - one vote”, as well as the right to withdraw from the organization. The argument is supported that the most weakening of state sovereignty is economic globalization - the laws of the free market, not national parliaments, begin to operate, there is an increase in the influence of capital on the economy, the role of the state in the economy is significantly reduced, its functions are transferred to private individuals, regional or international organizations, which significantly limiting the sphere of influence of countries’ governments. It is emphasized that criminal law protection of state sovereignty belongs to one of the most priority areas of state policy in the field of combating crime in modern conditions. It is noted that the observed erosion of the concept of state sovereignty threatens the destruction of the modern system of international relations and the erosion of the concept of the state itself. But, nevertheless, in the conditions of globalization, the modern state continues to play a key role in public life, and will continue to be the guarantor of external and internal security, justice, democracy and human rights, the provision of fundamental social values, the source of accumulation of the national welfare system, an important mechanism of organization and management of many spheres of modern society.

Raphael Boldt

A partir de uma abordagem criminológico-crítica que se projeta desde o trabalho pioneiro dos frankfurtianos (Rusche e Kirchheimer), o presente artigo analisa os principais reflexos no campo do controle penal decorrentes do capitalismo de vigilância, reconfiguração produzida pela chamada revolução digital, compreendida como mais uma das etapas da modernidade, consistente, sobretudo, na glorificação das novas tecnologias, ideologia que autoriza a emergência das novas fronteiras e conquistas da técnica moderna.

Antonio Sergio Altieri de Moraes Pitombo

O artigo trata da questão da decretação de prisão cautelar como instrumento de agentes da Justiça Criminal  para influir na autodeterminação do preso quanto à ampla defesa, constrangendo-o a barganhar direitos, por meio de colaboração processual. Discute-se se a teoria do dilema do prisioneiro não se exibe uma forma de tortura psicológica, sob a perspectiva dos tratados internacionais.

Jamel Eddine Mkadmi, Wissem Ben Ali

The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between financial ratios and tax avoidance in businesses that practice corporate social responsibility. Using a sample of 30 Tunisian financial institutions listed on the stock exchange from 2016 to 2022, we find that engaging in corporate social responsibility activities discourages tax avoidance behavior, particularly in businesses that actively participate in corporate social responsibility activities.In terms of financial metrics, we see that businesses with higher levels of rentability, cash flow, and sales growth are more likely to engage in tax avoidance. But, businesses with high liquidity are less likely to abandon tax avoidance.Based on the findings of this study, tax authorities may be able to predict whether a Tunisian company will engage in tax avoidance in the future by looking at its financial statistics. Furthermore, tax authorities may use corporate social responsibility activities to encourage businesses to pay taxes.

C. Mette, Dorian Verboux, A. Rachas et al.

Maria T. Baldassarre, Danilo Caivano, Berenice Fernandez Nieto et al.

In recent months, the social impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained considerable public interest, driven by the emergence of Generative AI models, ChatGPT in particular. The rapid development of these models has sparked heated discussions regarding their benefits, limitations, and associated risks. Generative models hold immense promise across multiple domains, such as healthcare, finance, and education, to cite a few, presenting diverse practical applications. Nevertheless, concerns about potential adverse effects have elicited divergent perspectives, ranging from privacy risks to escalating social inequality. This paper adopts a methodology to delve into the societal implications of Generative AI tools, focusing primarily on the case of ChatGPT. It evaluates the potential impact on several social sectors and illustrates the findings of a comprehensive literature review of both positive and negative effects, emerging trends, and areas of opportunity of Generative AI models. This analysis aims to facilitate an in-depth discussion by providing insights that can inspire policy, regulation, and responsible development practices to foster a human-centered AI.

Tiziano Piccardi, Martin Saveski, Chenyan Jia et al.

Social media plays a central role in shaping public opinion and behavior, yet performing experiments on these platforms and, in particular, on feed algorithms is becoming increasingly challenging. This guide offers practical recommendations for researchers developing and deploying field experiments focused on real-time reranking of social media feeds. The article is organized around two contributions. First, we provide an overview of an experimental method using web browser extensions that intercepts and reranks content in real time, enabling naturalistic reranking field experiments. We then describe feed interventions and measurements that this paradigm enables on participants' actual feeds, without requiring the involvement of social media platforms. Second, we offer concrete technical recommendations for intercepting and reranking social media feeds with minimal user-facing delay, and provide an open-source implementation. This document aims to summarize lessons learned in running field experiments on social media, provide concrete implementation details, and foster the ecosystem of independent social media research. Finally, we release the source code that serves as a blueprint for implementing future feed-ranking experiments.

Fujun Hou

By relaxing the dominating set in three ways (e.g., from "each member beats every non-member" to "each member beats or ties every non-member, with an additional requirement that at least one member beat every non-member"), we propose a new social welfare function, which satisfies a number of desirable properties including Condorcet winner principle, Condorcet loser principle, strong Gehrlein-stability (hence Smith set principle), anonymity, neutrality, weak Pareto, strong Pareto, non-dictatorship, and [independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) when the pairwise majority relation is an ordering on the alternative set]. If the pairwise majority relation is complete and transitive, the proposed method yields a collective preference relation that coincides with the input majority relation. It thus shares the same collective preference function on the dichotomous domain with the approval voting and the majority voting. It runs in polynomial time and thus possesses a competitive advantage over a number of computationally intractable voting rules such as the Dodgson's rule, the Kemeny's rule, the Slater's rule, the Banks rule, and the Schwartz's tournament equilibrium set (TEQ) rule. When it is used in tournaments, its winner belongs to the uncovered set, the top cycle set, the Smith set, and the Schwartz set. In addition, in a tournament where the number of alternatives is not more than 4, its winner set is a subset, sometimes proper, of the Copeland winner set. Whether this attractive argument is still valid in four-more-alternative tournaments remains an open question.

Ziqing Zhu, Guan Yuan, Tao Zhou et al.

The community plays a crucial role in understanding user behavior and network characteristics in social networks. Some users can use multiple social networks at once for a variety of objectives. These users are called overlapping users who bridge different social networks. Detecting communities across multiple social networks is vital for interaction mining, information diffusion, and behavior migration analysis among networks. This paper presents a community detection method based on nonnegative matrix tri-factorization for multiple heterogeneous social networks, which formulates a common consensus matrix to represent the global fused community. Specifically, the proposed method involves creating adjacency matrices based on network structure and content similarity, followed by alignment matrices which distinguish overlapping users in different social networks. With the generated alignment matrices, the method could enhance the fusion degree of the global community by detecting overlapping user communities across networks. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated with new metrics on Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr datasets. The results of the experiments demonstrate its superior performance in terms of community quality and community fusion.

Meike Hecker

Current public debates about rising violence against police officers, and conversely, criticism of racial profiling by the police force, contradict the high levels of trust in the German police reported by public surveys. This raises the question of why the tension between the police and citizens arises. German Criminology has not yet exploited the potential of procedural justice theory to explain the shifting dynamics of trust. Empirical studies on how evaluations of police fairness and effectiveness influence police legitimacy in Germany have long been overdue. Additionally, there is minimal evidence of whether police fairness is experienced differently in different social contexts. Therefore, this study answers two pertinent research questions: (1) To what extent does trust in German police and police legitimacy depend on procedural fairness? (2) To what extent do residents in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods have lower levels of trust in police fairness? Consistent with international research on procedural justice theory, the results reveal significant effects of normative predictors of trust in the police, such as perceived fairness and neighbourhood trust. Using advanced multilevel modelling, this study observes the effects of two contextual variables (welfare recipients and official crime rates) on neighbourhood levels of trust in police fairness. The results reveal that the impact of personal assessments of the neighbourhood, personal disadvantages, and experiences with the police exceeds neighbourhood context effects.

Petter Gottschalk

Half of all finance and insurance firms in Norway report that they are exposed to economic crime, particularly fraud, every year. On the other hand, only eighteen percent in public administration and defense perceive similar exposure to economic crime. However, the estimated fraction of unreported, non-registered economic crime in the country is ninety-four percent. These numbers are some of the results from surveys conducted in Norway in 2005, 2010, and 2023. This article applies the main economic crime categories of fraud, theft, manipulation, and corruption as used by scholars to study the survey results. The corruption category shows the largest gap between perceived exposure and police statistics. Comparison to white-collar crime research indicates higher frequency of theft at the street level and higher frequency of manipulation at the upper echelon. Comparison to future surveys in other countries is encouraged.

Wenwen Li

GeoAI, or geospatial artificial intelligence, is an exciting new area that leverages artificial intelligence (AI), geospatial big data, and massive computing power to solve problems with high automation and intelligence. This paper reviews the progress of AI in social science research, highlighting important advancements in using GeoAI to fill critical data and knowledge gaps. It also discusses the importance of breaking down data silos, accelerating convergence among GeoAI research methods, as well as moving GeoAI beyond geospatial benefits.