This article analyzes the historical and political evolution of Imam Hatip schools in Turkiye, tracing their transformation from marginal religious institutions under Kemalist secularism to significant contributors to national education during the AKP administration. Drawing on archival research, policy documents, and interviews with educators, the study examines how shifts in political ideology have shaped curriculum design, school governance, and public perceptions. The findings reveal that Imam Hatip schools have expanded both numerically and functionally, embodying a hybrid identity between general and religious education. However, the expansion also raises debates regarding educational equity, ideological influence, and academic outcomes. The article argues that the Imam Hatip model reflects broader tensions between secular republican values and religiously oriented educational policies. This study provides insight into the complex interplay between religion, politics, and schooling in contemporary Turkiye.
This article examines the transformative role of public relations in government institutions as a fundamental mechanism for political culture formation during periods of societal transformation, with particular focus on the Ukrainian context in 2025. The research analyzes how contemporary public relations strategies in state governance contribute to democratic consolidation, transparency enhancement, and citizen engagement within the framework of Ukraine's European integration process and post-conflict reconstruction efforts. Through comprehensive analysis of public administration reform initiatives, digital transformation programs, and citizen-government communication patterns, the study reveals significant correlations between effective public relations practices and the evolution of democratic political culture. The findings demonstrate that strategic implementation of public relations mechanisms in government institutions serves as a critical catalyst for political culture transformation, particularly in contexts of democratic transition and institutional modernization. The study identifies key challenges and opportunities in leveraging public relations tools for sustainable political culture development, including the integration of digital platforms, community engagement strategies, and transparency initiatives. The research contributes to understanding how public relations functions as both a technical instrument of governance and a foundational element in democratic political culture formation during transformational periods.
Businesses are influenced by the cyclical nature of economic development and distinct stages in the corporate life cycle. Accurate early-warning mechanisms are crucial to mitigating bankruptcy risk, enabling timely rescue measures. This article analyses the reliability of various bankruptcy prediction models, including those by Kliestik et al., Poznanski, the modified Zmijewski, Jakubik–Teply, and Virag–Hajdu, across corporate life cycle stages. Reliability was assessed using five metrics: accuracy, balanced accuracy, <i>F1</i> and <i>F2</i> scores, and the Matthews correlation coefficient (<i>MCC</i>). The sample included over 5000 SMEs from Central Europe, with financial data from 2022. The findings reveal a U-shaped trend in financial distress risk, with start-ups and declining enterprises facing the highest risks. The results indicate that the Kliestik et al. model shows consistent reliability across all life cycle stages, while the Poznanski model shows more variability. Conversely, the Virag–Hajdu model exhibits significant variability in reliability, with its best performance observed during the Decline stage. The modified Zmijewski and Jakubik–Teply models show lower <i>MCC</i> values overall, with the modified Zmijewski model performing better at predicting the financial distress of mature shake-out firms compared to other stages.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Institutions play a critical role in enabling communities to manage common-pool resources and avert tragedies of the commons. However, a fundamental issue arises: Individuals typically perceive participation as advantageous only after an institution is established, creating a paradox: How can institutions form if no one will join before a critical mass exists? We term this conundrum the institution bootstrapping problem and propose that misperception, specifically, agents' erroneous belief that an institution already exists, could resolve this paradox. By integrating well-documented psychological phenomena, including cognitive biases, probability distortion, and perceptual noise, into a game-theoretic framework, we demonstrate how these factors collectively mitigate the bootstrapping problem. Notably, unbiased perceptual noise (e.g., noise arising from agents' heterogeneous physical or social contexts) drastically reduces the critical mass of cooperators required for institutional emergence. This effect intensifies with greater diversity of perceptions. We explain this counter-intuitive result through asymmetric boundary conditions: proportional underestimation of low-probability sanctions produces distinct outcomes compared to equivalent overestimation. Furthermore, the type of perceptual distortion, proportional versus absolute, yields qualitatively different evolutionary pathways. These findings challenge conventional assumptions about rationality in institutional design, highlighting how "noisy" cognition can paradoxically enhance cooperation. Finally, we contextualize these insights within broader discussions of multi-agent system design and collective action. Our analysis underscores the importance of incorporating human-like cognitive constraints, not just idealized rationality, into models of institutional emergence and resilience.
Social media has reshaped political discourse, offering politicians a platform for direct engagement while reinforcing polarization and ideological divides. This study introduces a novel topic evolution framework that integrates BERTopic-based topic modeling with Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to analyze the longevity and moral dimensions of political topics in Twitter activity during the 117th U.S. Congress. We propose a methodology for tracking dynamic topic shifts over time and measuring their association with moral values and quantifying topic persistence. Our findings reveal that while overarching themes remain stable, granular topics tend to dissolve rapidly, limiting their long-term influence. Moreover, moral foundations play a critical role in topic longevity, with Care and Loyalty dominating durable topics, while partisan differences manifest in distinct moral framing strategies. This work contributes to the field of social network analysis and computational political discourse by offering a scalable, interpretable approach to understanding moral-driven topic evolution on social media.
B a c k g r o u n d . The article examines the philosophical principles of modernization of the status of a civil servant in the context of the transformation of public administration. The author emphasizes that the concept of "public administration" is increasingly replacing the traditional understanding of "state administration", which is a consequence of the strengthening of democratic institutions and the idea of humanism. In this context, a special role is played by the rethinking of the functions of a civil servant – not only as an executor of political will, but also as a representative of the institution of serving citizens. M e t h o d s . The study used historical and philosophical methods, in particular historical and genetic and comparative analysis to trace trends in the semantic change of the concept of "civil service" and connections with philosophical concepts and ideas in the context of the history of philosophy. Among the general scientific methods, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction were used. This allowed combining philosophical understanding with legal terminology and management approaches. R e s u l t s . The role of I. Kant and J. Locke is outlined as thinkers who laid the foundations of the modern philosophy of the state, based on the idea of law, freedom and responsibility. The philosophical understanding of the motivation of a civil servant as a factor influencing the effectiveness of the performance of public administration functions is analyzed. Attention is drawn to the importance of the ideological training of civil servants, based on humanistic ideals and moral autonomy. C o n c l u s i o n s . The article emphasizes that in a democratic system, civil service should be considered not as an instrument of political control, but as a form of service to society. In this sense, the role of a civil servant goes beyond the administrative function and encompasses the ethical, legal and ideological component. Philosophers John Locke and Immanuel Kant, in particular in their works "Two Treatises on Government" and "Eternal Peace: A Philosophical Essay", formulated a vision of the state as a mechanism for realizing freedom through law, which was reflected in modern concepts of public administration. The importance of philosophical understanding of the motivation of employees is also revealed – not only as a management tool, but also as a manifestation of responsibility to citizens. This allows us to consider the civil service as an organic part of the rule of law, where the value of the individual becomes the highest criterion for the effectiveness of the management system.
Public trust in government institutions is a key measure of their effectiveness, which directly determines the level of authority of these institutions in the overall architecture of the public administration system. Modern conditions characterized by dynamically changing political and economic environments, rapidly forming citizens’ perceptions regarding an ideal paradigm for ensuring public safety, are subject to transformation due to the impact of a wide range of destabilizing external and internal factors. Consequently, the role and significance of establishing stable trusting relationships between the general public and military personnel as well as employees of Russia’s National Guard Forces (Rosgvardiya) acquire special relevance and grow rapidly under the influence of both endogenous and exogenous factors. This article explores the impact of sociopolitical factors on the formation of trusting relations between the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation and the civilian population. Empirically grounded conclusions derived from comprehensive scientific research on public perception of the new law enforcement structure – the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation – are presented.
AbstractThis paper examines how local institutions in U.S. municipalities can affect budget allocations for socially disadvantaged groups, specifically focusing on eight key institutions related to electoral rules, power dynamics, and bureaucratic authority. Additionally, we develop a composite index to assess the overall level of (de)politicization within the local institutional framework. Theoretically, local institutions can shape public officials’ political accountability and administrative discretion during policy processes, thereby influencing their decision‐making on budget allocations. Empirical analyses primarily use data from ICMA's multiround national surveys and employ the historical background of municipalities as an instrumental variable (IV) to address potential endogeneity problems associated with local institutions. We find that local institutions that strengthen politicians’ political accountability to citizens lead to greater budget allocations for redistributive social welfare, thereby fostering social equity in public budgeting. Conversely, the institutions that enhance the authority of senior bureaucrats negatively affect budget allocations for redistributive social welfare.
Present the most significant findings that were obtained within the framework of the Support Program for Teaching Researchers “PROAPI2021” of the Secretariat of Research and Technological and Institutional Linkage of the National University of Avellaneda of Argentina. (1) Background: Investigate the strengths and weaknesses of companies when implementing teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic to continue with the productive matrix; (2) Methods: The fieldwork focuses on the study of 19 companies from the five productive sectors with the greatest representation in the town of Avellaneda, Argentina, using a teleworking efficiency index as a measurement instrument; (3) Results: The main results in terms of efficiency occur with the possibility of combining work with family life at 97.05%, the enthusiasm and motivation to telework at 84.45%, and the assurance of optimal internet connection quality by 74.6%; (4) Conclusions: The study shows that the variables that present the greatest efficiency are those that are more related to the traditional work scheme, and not to the new modality offered by teleworking. We continue to think about a conventional work model.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Kai-Robin Lange, Jonas Rieger, Niklas Benner
et al.
From a monarchy to a democracy, to a dictatorship and back to a democracy -- the German political landscape has been constantly changing ever since the first German national state was formed in 1871. After World War II, the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in 1949. Since then every plenary session of the German Bundestag was logged and even has been digitized over the course of the last few years. We analyze these texts using a time series variant of the topic model LDA to investigate which events had a lasting effect on the political discourse and how the political topics changed over time. This allows us to detect changes in word frequency (and thus key discussion points) in political discourse.
This study aims to explain the dynamics that occur in the recruitment process for candidates for Mayor of Solo in the 2020 simultaneous local elections. These dynamics are influenced by personalized action within the party characterized by the dominance of the general chairperson and the weakness of the party organization. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative using primary and secondary data including interviews, documentation, and literature study. The results obtained from this study indicate that there are problems in the recruitment function for candidates for Mayor of Solo, including intervention from the Party Chairperson as a result of his strong domination in political parties so that the party structure at the local level, namely the PDI-P DPC Surakarta City cannot implementing a bottom-up scheme by nominating candidates based on the election results. The weakness of party institutions can also be seen in party regulations regarding the recruitment of regional heads which are not implemented properly, not reflected in the principles of democracy within the party, the lack of independence of the party structure at the local level, to the pragmatism of the party by nominating a solo mayoral candidate based on the candidate's social background. is the son of the son of President Joko Widodo who is currently in office.
A systematic approach to the definition of the term "institutional capacity" within the scope of the science of public management and administration is proposed. In this context, the peculiarities of the correlation of institutions of the political system with legal subsystems and institutions in Ukraine were investigated. The role of state authorities, local self-government bodies and representatives of civil society in shaping the institutional capacity of the state is defined.
Perubahan sistem pemasyarakatan ditandai dengan disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pemasyarakatan. Salah satu hal yang diatur adalah mengenai pelayanan tahanan sebagai salah satu fungsi pemasyarakatan. Pengaturan ini tentu saja menarik untuk dianalisis karena selama ini pemasyarakatan hanya identik dengan pembinaan narapidana yang merupakan tahap akhir dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Pelayanan tahanan pada Rutan adalah berkaitan dengan proses peradilan pidana yang sedang berlangsung, karena secara yuridis tanggungjawab penahanan masih pada lembaga penegak hukum yang melakukan penahanan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis kaitan pengaturan pelayanan tahanan dalam Undang-Undang Pemasyarakatan terhadap sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan konseptual khususnya mengenai sistem pemasyarakatan dan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu. Hasil pembahasan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaturan yang tegas dan jelas mengenai penyelenggaraan pelayanan tahanan sebagai fungsi pemasyarakatan. Hal Ini merupakan suatu bentuk kepastian hukum dan sekaligus penegasan keberadaan pemasyarakatan sebagai subsistem peradilan pidana terpadu. Sebagai bagian sistem peradilan pidana, pemasyarakatan tidak hanya bekerja pada akhir dari rangkaian proses peradilan pidana melalui fungsi pembinaan narapidana dan anak pidana, tetapi juga pada saat bekerjanya atau berlangsungnya proses peradilan pidana tersebut.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Instrumental variable (IV) strategies are widely used in political science to establish causal relationships. However, the identifying assumptions required by an IV design are demanding, and it remains challenging for researchers to assess their validity. In this paper, we replicate 67 papers published in three top journals in political science during 2010-2022 and identify several troubling patterns. First, researchers often overestimate the strength of their IVs due to non-i.i.d. errors, such as a clustering structure. Second, the most commonly used t-test for the two-stage-least-squares (2SLS) estimates often severely underestimates uncertainty. Using more robust inferential methods, we find that around 19-30% of the 2SLS estimates in our sample are underpowered. Third, in the majority of the replicated studies, the 2SLS estimates are much larger than the ordinary-least-squares estimates, and their ratio is negatively correlated with the strength of the IVs in studies where the IVs are not experimentally generated, suggesting potential violations of unconfoundedness or the exclusion restriction. To help researchers avoid these pitfalls, we provide a checklist for better practice.
Growing literature has shown that NLP systems may encode social biases; however, the political bias of summarization models remains relatively unknown. In this work, we use an entity replacement method to investigate the portrayal of politicians in automatically generated summaries of news articles. We develop an entity-based computational framework to assess the sensitivities of several extractive and abstractive summarizers to the politicians Donald Trump and Joe Biden. We find consistent differences in these summaries upon entity replacement, such as reduced emphasis of Trump's presence in the context of the same article and a more individualistic representation of Trump with respect to the collective US government (i.e., administration). These summary dissimilarities are most prominent when the entity is heavily featured in the source article. Our characterization provides a foundation for future studies of bias in summarization and for normative discussions on the ideal qualities of automatic summaries.
Petar Ivanov, Ivan Koychev, Momchil Hardalov
et al.
Developing tools to automatically detect check-worthy claims in political debates and speeches can greatly help moderators of debates, journalists, and fact-checkers. While previous work on this problem has focused exclusively on the text modality, here we explore the utility of the audio modality as an additional input. We create a new multimodal dataset (text and audio in English) containing 48 hours of speech from past political debates in the USA. We then experimentally demonstrate that, in the case of multiple speakers, adding the audio modality yields sizable improvements over using the text modality alone; moreover, an audio-only model could outperform a text-only one for a single speaker. With the aim to enable future research, we make all our data and code publicly available at https://github.com/petar-iv/audio-checkworthiness-detection.
This article proposes a social simulation paradigm based on the GPT-3.5 large language model. It involves constructing Generative Agents that emulate human cognition, memory, and decision-making frameworks, along with establishing a virtual social system capable of stable operation and an insertion mechanism for standardized public events. The project focuses on simulating a township water pollution incident, enabling the comprehensive examination of a virtual government's response to a specific public administration event. Controlled variable experiments demonstrate that the stored memory in generative agents significantly influences both individual decision-making and social networks. The Generative Agent-Based Simulation System introduces a novel approach to social science and public administration research. Agents exhibit personalized customization, and public events are seamlessly incorporated through natural language processing. Its high flexibility and extensive social interaction render it highly applicable in social science investigations. The system effectively reduces the complexity associated with building intricate social simulations while enhancing its interpretability.
Abstract In South Korea, the Advance Notice Legislation (ANL) system requires by law that a public announcement be issued on any proposed bill that is likely to affect the fundamental rights, duties, and/or daily life of the general public. By investigating the effects of public dissent submitted via the online ANL system in South Korea, this study attempts to address the critical issue of how to increase citizen participation in the political process and to offer a possible strategy that modern democratic governments can employ in this regard. The findings suggest that citizens will actively participate in the political process to make their voices heard when an appropriate participatory mechanism is available, but they will be more active if the administration encourages citizen participation with various policies and institutions. In other words, formal and informal institutions actively interact to affect the behavior of actors both within and outside the political arena.
Reseña con breve descripción de los contenidos que se desarrollan en la obra ‘La transparencia de los partidos políticos (2016-2019). Entre la estrategia de comunicación y su apertura efectiva’, escrita por la Doctora María Díez Garrido y publicada por la colección de monografías del Congreso de los Diputados en 2021. Se trata de un monográfico que analiza el estado actual de la transparencia en los partidos políticos españoles desde el punto de vista de la comunicación y la política durante las elecciones celebradas entre 2016 y 2019. La obra aporta una visión general y completa de la transparencia en la política, además de presentar las pautas necesarias para elaborar una Guía de buenas prácticas para partidos políticos abiertos.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Accounting. Bookkeeping
Daniel L. Bennett, Christopher J. Boudreaux, Boris N. Nikolaev
Using institutional economic theory as our guiding framework, we develop a model to describe how populist discourse by a nation's political leader influences entrepreneurship. We hypothesize that populist discourse reduces entrepreneurship by creating regime uncertainty concerning the future stability of the institutional environment, resulting in entrepreneurs anticipating higher future transaction costs. Our model highlights two important factors that moderate the relationship. First, is the strength of political checks and balances, which we hypothesize weakens the negative relationship between populist discourse and entrepreneurship by providing entrepreneurs with greater confidence that the actions of a populist will be constrained. Second, the political ideology of the leader moderates the relationship between populist discourse and entrepreneurship. The anti-capitalistic rhetoric of left-wing populism will create greater regime uncertainty than right-wing populism, which is often accompanied by rhetoric critical of free trade and foreigners but also supportive of business interests. The effect of centrist populism, which is accompanied by a mix of contradictory and often moderate ideas that make it difficult to discern future transaction costs, will have a weaker negative effect on entrepreneurship than either left-wing or right-wing populism. We empirically test our model using a multi-level design and a dataset comprised of more than 780,000 individuals in 33 countries over the period 2002-2016. Our analysis largely supports our theory regarding the moderating role of ideology. Still, surprisingly, our findings suggest that the negative effect of populism on entrepreneurship is greater in nations with stronger checks and balances.