Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

الهنوف بنت سليمان بن محمد الأطرش

يستهدف هذا البحث انكسار الذات في نماذج من الشعر السعودي، بوصف الانكسار من أهم الأنماط التي تتجلّى فيها الذات في الشعر السعودي، والذات المنكسرة في حدود هذا البحث، هي الذات التي تقع في حالٍ تناقض الحال التي تريدها أو تأْملها، أو هي الذات في حالة عجزٍ ما، حسيٍّ أو معنوي، واقعي أو متخيّل. إن من يتأمل النصوص التي تتّصل بانكسار الذات، يجد أن تعبيرها عن الذات لا يقف عند حدود الموضوع، وحسب، بل يتجاوزه ليكون مفتاحًا لمقاربات تتّصل بالبعد الفني، وبمنطلقات التجربة ورؤيتها ووسائلها، ومن ثم فإن من أهم أهداف هذا البحث: رصد أهم تجليات انكسار الذات في الشعر السعودي، وكيف أثّر ذلك في تجارب الشعراء، وسيتناول البحث انكسار الذات من خلال الانكسار الروحي، ثم انكسار الذات للذات، في حال الفقد ونحوه، ثم انكسار الذات للمعنى. وتوصل البحث إلى: أنه أيًّا كان شكل الذات المنكسرة في القصيدة أو التجربة الشعرية، وأيًّا كان مستوى الانكسار، فإنه لا يمكن النظر إلى انكسار الذات إلا على أنه جزء من وعي الشاعر، وأداة للتعبير عن وعيه بذاته، أو بالآخر، أو بالحياة والكون، خاصة أن التعبير عن الانكسار يعرّي الذات بقدر ما يسترها التعبير المتضخم عن الأنا، والتعالي على واقعها وحقيقتها.

Armen Israyelyan

The article deals with Israel’s factor which influences Iran-Azerbaijan relations. The article highlights the following issues when assessing the impact of the Israeli factor on Iran-Azerbaijan relations:  Represent Israel’s foreign policy priorities on Azerbaijan,  Assess the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Azerbaijan-Israel cooperation and analyze Iran's policy within this context,  Analyze Azerbaijan's motives for strengthening cooperation with Israel. The nuclear program, Iran's missile systems, the Shia factor, the Iranian-speaking peoples of Azerbaijan (Tats, Talish), the activities of Azerbaijani Shia opposition figures, the 760-kilometer border between Azerbaijan and Iran – these are the main factors underlying Israel's policy towards Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan first of all justified the establishment of relations with Israel with the expectation of receiving military-political assistance from Israel in the settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict.

Hasan Rusydi, Muhammad Rifat

The discourse of ‘urf in Islamic fiqh has been a topic of discussion and attention in recent years. One of the related discourses is the emergence of Fiqh Nusantara as part of the Islam Nusantara discourse that was established and promoted by Nahdlatul Ulama in its Congress held in Jombang in 2015. This discourse is an effort to renew Islamic fiqh by paying more attention to local customs, the prevailing ‘urf, as well as the diverse cultures in Indonesia. Fiqh Nusantara uses the theory of ‘urf as the main method to understand shar‘i texts and formulate Islamic laws. This research also compares the theory of ‘urf in Fiqh Nusantara with the discussion of classical scholars in the treasures of Islamic fiqh and examines how Orientalists study this theory. This research highlights how the concept of ‘urf underwent a transformation, from being considered as an independent argument, following other valid arguments, to an independent argument equal to the Qur’an, Hadith, Ijma‘, and Qiyas. In addition, this research also examines how Orientalist and modernist studies influenced this change in concept, as well as how modern nation-states transformed ‘urf from a mere source of shar‘i law in Islamic fiqh to a symbol of national identity that every country should build and be proud of. This transformation is even used as a differentiator between one country and another around the world.

Qiong Feng, Xiaotian Ma, Ziyuan Feng et al.

Compilers play a central role in translating high-level code into executable programs, making their correctness essential for ensuring code safety and reliability. While extensive research has focused on verifying the correctness of compilers for single-language compilation, the correctness of cross-language compilation - which involves the interaction between two languages and their respective compilers - remains largely unexplored. To fill this research gap, we propose CrossLangFuzzer, a novel framework that introduces a universal intermediate representation (IR) for JVM-based languages and automatically generates cross-language test programs with diverse type parameters and complex inheritance structures. After generating the initial IR, CrossLangFuzzer applies three mutation techniques - LangShuffler, FunctionRemoval, and TypeChanger - to enhance program diversity. By evaluating both the original and mutated programs across multiple compiler versions, CrossLangFuzzer successfully uncovered 10 confirmed bugs in the Kotlin compiler, 4 confirmed bugs in the Groovy compiler, 7 confirmed bugs in the Scala 3 compiler, 2 confirmed bugs in the Scala 2 compiler, and 1 confirmed bug in the Java compiler. Among all mutators, TypeChanger is the most effective, detecting 11 of the 24 compiler bugs. Furthermore, we analyze the symptoms and root causes of cross-compilation bugs, examining the respective responsibilities of language compilers when incorrect behavior occurs during cross-language compilation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the firstwork specifically focused on identifying and diagnosing compiler bugs in cross-language compilation scenarios. Our research helps to understand these challenges and contributes to improving compiler correctness in multi-language environments.

Yihe Li, Ruijie Meng, Gregory J. Duck

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional static program analysis methods, such as symbolic execution, offering the ability to reason over code directly without relying on theorem provers or SMT solvers. However, LLMs are also inherently approximate by nature, and therefore face significant challenges in relation to the accuracy and scale of analysis in real-world applications. Such issues often necessitate the use of larger LLMs with higher token limits, but this requires enterprise-grade hardware (GPUs) and thus limits accessibility for many users. In this paper, we propose LLM-based symbolic execution -- a novel approach that enhances LLM inference via a path-based decomposition of the program analysis tasks into smaller (more tractable) subtasks. The core idea is to generalize path constraints using a generic code-based representation that the LLM can directly reason over, and without translation into another (less-expressive) formal language. We implement our approach in the form of AutoBug, an LLM-based symbolic execution engine that is lightweight and language-agnostic, making it a practical tool for analyzing code that is challenging for traditional approaches. We show that AutoBug can improve both the accuracy and scale of LLM-based program analysis, especially for smaller LLMs that can run on consumer-grade hardware.

Larisa B. Mandzhikova

Introduction. The mid-to-late nineteenth century was witnessing further integration of Kalmyk Steppe and its society into the Russian state system. During the period under review, it was the Horde [Affairs] Department at Astrakhan Chamber of State Property (1848–1881) that became in charge of the administrative reform, with activities guided by the Kalmyk People’s Governance Regulations of 23 April 1847. The agency’s documents had compiled Collection И-6 (‘Horde [Affairs] Department at Astrakhan Chamber of State Property, 1832–1881’) at the National Archive of Kalmykia. Goals. The study seeks to investigate the reference apparatus to Collection И-6, analyze its structure and types of documents, identify common and distinctive features in record keeping at the newly created government body after the introduction of the 1847 Regulations, and the former’s source potential for historical research of state institutions in prerevolutionary Kalmykia. Results. The Regulations of 1847 established a clear division of powers between the Governor’s Office and Kalmyk elites, and sought to articulate certain division of powers in Kalmyk self-governance too. The Regulations specified directions of activity for structural units of the Horde [Affairs] Department, which had its impacts on workflow management essentials of the Kalmyk people’s governing body. The documents that resulted from the latter’s activities are related to official record keeping and their formatting patterns meet the requirements of that era. The archival documents included in Collection И-6 are a valuable source for further historical insights into how local public institutions in Russia would develop throughout the prerevolutionary period, and how Kalmykia’s administrative structures would evolutionize accordingly.

فهد بن سالم بن محمَّد المغلوث

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة أنماط الإيقاع وقوانين الخطاب ودلالاتها في شعر الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي، وأثرها في الصوت والصيغة والتركيب والدلالة. وقد قُسّم البحث إلى مقدمة وثلاثة مطالب، هي: الأوَّل: الإيقاع الصّوتيّ وقوانين الخطاب، وأثرها في الصوت، والثاني: الإيقاع الكميّ، والإيقاع الكيفيّ، والإيقاع المرئيّ، والإيقاع الموزون، والإيقاع الرنان، وأثرها في الصوت والصيغة والتركيب والدّلالة، والثالث: الإيقاعُ البلاغيِّ وأثره في الدلالة. أظهر البحث ريادة الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي في الإيقاع، والعروض، والقافيّة من خلال شعره، كما وقف على عقلية الخليل الرياضية من خلال لغة العدد والنوع (الكيف) في الإيقاع الصَّوتيّ الداخليّ والخارجيّ في شعره، وقد تعمق الخليل في الإيقاع، وشاهد ذلك أنَّ شعره استوعب أنواع الإيقاع في هذا البحث كالإيقاع الكميّ، والإيقاع الكيفيّ، والإيقاع المرئيّ، والإيقاع الموزون، والإيقاع الرنان، كما أبرز البحث العلاقة الوطيدة بين الإيقاع الصّوتيّ والإيقاع الدّلاليّ، وقد توسعت دائرة النوعين في هذا البحث. كما أبرز البحث مستويات التّحليل الإيقاعيّ الصّوتيّ الثلاثة، ودورها في كشف المعنى المعجميّ المحوري (البؤري) ومدى تحقق قوانين الخطاب الثلاثة في كل مستوى إيقاعيّ.

Contemporary English fiction has increasingly delved into political themes and the intricacies of British ruling elites, partly driven by the decline of the British Empire after World War II. This decline provided fertile ground for writers and critics to explore political issues. Fiction, uniquely positioned to delve into the inner circles of decision-making, scrutinizes the motivations of politicians in ways that non-fiction cannot. Paul Torday’s Salmon Fishing in the Yemen exemplifies this type of politically tinged fiction. This research paper aims to uncover British political hegemony through a literary lens, re-examining the political satire within Torday’s novel. Torday effectively portrays the political dilemma faced by the British people. The paper critically analyzes political satire, capturing the scope of Torday’s narrative on British political life during that specific period. Drawing on oriental-occidental literary perspectives, the study sheds light on this important work.

O. Mazepova, Vladyslav Sobora

Background. In view of the growing political instability, those threats and challenges which the world faces, the study of the functional specifics of the military-political discourse done on the material of various languages, in particular Persian, becomes especially relevant. The analysis of the communicative and pragmatic parameters of the functioning of the Persian-language military-political discourse carried out in this investigation, revealed the impact of the language on the political processes in the country and the region and allowed understanding how the discourse is being formed under the influence of cultural and social factors. Methods. The study of the corpus of media texts selected by the method of continuous sampling from the Iranian pro-government online resource "Jāme jam" was carried out making use of the critical discourse analysis, which gives the possibility to reveal the relationship between the use of language and the social institutions of the government. The main attention in the article has been paid to the analysis of the corpus of texts at the content-semantic and motivational-pragmatic levels. Results. The analysis of content-semantic dominants of the formed corpus of media texts showed that Iranian pro-government media promote senses that justify the actions of Hamas and demonize Israel and its Western allies. The Iranian media defends the idea of ​​the justice of the struggle of Hamas and its inevitable victory over Israel. The motivational-pragmatic analysis of the texts highlighted the main characteristics attributed to the participants in the conflict: Israel is mostly referred to as a “fake state”, “Zionist regime”, “occupational regime” and “kids-murdering regime”, while Hamas combatants are depicted as self-sacrificing fighters for liberation of the territories “occupied by Israel”, demonstrating “unparalleled successes” on the battlefield which will finally crush their enemy soon. Conclusions. The research made it possible to identify the mechanisms used by Iranian pro-government media to concentrate the population for the sake of reaching the goals declared by the government and justifying its actions in the international arena. The communicative and pragmatic parameters of the functioning of the Persian-language military-political discourse determined in the study significantly influence the formation of public opinion and governmental political strategies not only in Iran itself, but also in the region as a whole.

Hrachuhi Turvandyan

The year 2000 marked a turning point in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Camp David Summit, convened in July by U.S. President Bill Clinton, brought together Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat in an attempt to resolve the core issues of the conflict. This article aims to analyze the 2000 Camp David Summit and the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The article examines the political and structural circumstances that hindered the peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It shows that Camp David’s failure ended the Oslo peace process and contributed to political radicalization, mistrust, and instability in Israeli-Palestinian relations.  Several peace initiatives during this period aimed to advance a two-state solution through territorial compromises and security guarantees. The article analyzes their specificities and limitations, which were unacceptable both to the Palestinian and Israeli sides. The breakdown of negotiations and the absence of regulatory mechanisms deepened mistrust between the parties and creating the basis for recurring violence and instability.

Muhammad Shoaib Farooq, Taymour zaman Khan

Programming is an integral part of computer science discipline. Every day the programming environment is not only rapidly growing but also changing and languages are constantly evolving. Learning of object-oriented paradigm is compulsory in every computer science major so the choice of language to teach object-oriented principles is very important. Due to large pool of object-oriented languages, it is difficult to choose which should be the first programming language in order to teach object-oriented principles. Many studies shown which should be the first language to tech object-oriented concepts but there is no method to compare and evaluate these languages. In this article we proposed a comprehensive framework to evaluate the widely used object-oriented languages. The languages are evaluated basis of their technical and environmental features.

Kevin Kappelmann

Multiple types can represent the same concept. For example, lists and trees can both represent sets. Unfortunately, this easily leads to incomplete libraries: some set-operations may only be available on lists, others only on trees. Similarly, subtypes and quotients are commonly used to construct new type abstractions in formal verification. In such cases, one often wishes to reuse operations on the representation type for the new type abstraction, but to no avail: the types are not the same. To address these problems, we present a new framework that transports programs via equivalences. Existing transport frameworks are either designed for dependently typed, constructive proof assistants, use univalence, or are restricted to partial quotient types. Our framework (1) is designed for simple type theory, (2) generalises previous approaches working on partial quotient types, and (3) is based on standard mathematical concepts, particularly Galois connections and equivalences. We introduce the notion of partial Galois connections and equivalences and prove their closure properties under (dependent) function relators, (co)datatypes, and compositions. We formalised the framework in Isabelle/HOL and provide a prototype. This is the extended version of "Transport via Partial Galois Connections and Equivalences", 21st Asian Symposium on Programming Languages and Systems, 2023.

Oksana Asadchykh, A. Bondar

Background. Classical bungo Japanese and modern Japanese languages have a number of differences that make it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for an untrained reader to understand a text written in the bungo style, even if the reader has a high level of modern Japanese. This makes it necessary to first familiarize yourself with the grammatical features of the classical Japanese language. Verbs in bungo texts are the most difficult element due to their grammatical differences with modern Japanese, which makes them the object of this study. Methods. The following methods were used: comparative – for comparing verbs in modern Japanese and classical; descriptive – for the description of conjugation rules and functions of auxiliary verbs. Results. The rules of conjugation of verbs in the classical Japanese language were formulated according to the bases of the verbs, examples are given in the form of tables. Examples of verbs in modern and classical Japanese are given, which refer to different conjugations, which complicates the perception of classical texts. After the analysis of literary works written in bungo style, the most common auxiliary verbs (suffixes) are singled out and the features of their use are outlined. The following suffixes have been highlighted: ～ず、～き、～けり、～ぬ、 ～つ、～たり、～り、～む、～けむ、～らむ、～らし、～まし、～べし、～めり、～なり. Such auxiliary verbs as ～ず、～たり、～べし, etc. exist in the modern Japanese language as well, but perform a narrower range of functions. Conclusions. Given the leading role of the verb in the system of the classical Japanese language bungo, the article only provides the list of the main verb suffixes and their functions, therefore, in further research, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of less common verb suffixes, as well as grammatical features of other parts of the language. This will contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of bungo texts.

Afif Amrullah, Maslathif Dwi Purnomo

This research addresses the existing problems around the materials of the Arabic language textbooks entitled "Bahasa Arab" issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and their relationship to the context of teaching and learning Arabic as a foreign language for students in Indonesia. While the focus of this research is on the texts of textbooks for seventh, eighth and ninth grade students in the Junior Islamic high school on the 2013 curriculum, then the type of this research belongs to the category of library researches. As for the data analysis technique, the researcher followed the content analysis technique, and because the data produced by this research are qualitative data, this research was classified in an analytical and descriptive scheme. After completing the process of identifying and analyzing the data, the result showed that the textbooks for students in the Junior Islamic high school met “very good” from some of the established criteria, including: 1) the suitability of the subjects; 2) material presentation techniques; 3) language, clarity and graphics; 4) assignments, practice questions; 5) The possibility of accessing these textbooks.

Ritesh Kumar, Bornini Lahiri

In the present paper, we will present a survey of the language resources and technologies available for the non-scheduled and endangered languages of India. While there have been different estimates from different sources about the number of languages in India, it could be assumed that there are more than 1,000 languages currently being spoken in India. However barring some of the 22 languages included in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution (called the scheduled languages), there is hardly any substantial resource or technology available for the rest of the languages. Nonetheless there have been some individual attempts at developing resources and technologies for the different languages across the country. Of late, some financial support has also become available for the endangered languages. In this paper, we give a summary of the resources and technologies for those Indian languages which are not included in the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution and/or which are endangered.

O. Mazepova

The ethno-specific functioning of the speech acts of "offer" and "refusal" in the Persian-speaking communicative space is analysed. The division into positive and negative face, offered within the theory of linguistic politeness by sociolinguists P. Brown and S. Levinson is specifically applied in the context of the Persian politeness system ta'ārof, which is of fundamental importance for understanding the communicative behavior of Persian native speakers. This is due to differences in some cultural values in Western and Oriental societies, in particular, the collectivist nature of Iranian society, where the interests of the community prevail over the interests of an individual. The high context of Persian linguistic culture is demonstrated by the fact that offers and refusals, qualified by the theory of linguistic politeness as face-threatening acts (FTA), are not perceived by Persian native speakers as those, since they are used as means of expressing politeness and contribute to the harmonization of relations between communicators. Special attention is paid to the analysis of ritual or ostensible offers and invitations, which are not supposed to be accepted immediately, but should demonstrate care and respect to the interlocutor. Ignorance of the rules of communication or neglecting these may cause the loss of speaker's face before his interlocutor. Refusals, like offers and invitations, can also be real or ostensible. The article considers only ostensible refusals, which in Persian cultural complex ta'ārof serve as means of face-works and are regarded as integral parts of polite communication. It is thought that initially any offer or invitation should be rejected to demonstrate thus the readiness to follow the appropriate social convention, with any offer to be accepted only after tenacious insisting from the initiator's side. The refusal should be done in a gentle and reasonable way to avoid threatening the addressee's face. Meanwhile, not-native speakers of Persian may regard ostensible speech acts as imposing and hypocritical, since their true motivation is hidden from direct observation. Sometimes even native Iranians can hardly distinguish between real speech acts and ostensible ones. Therefore, a careful study of the specifics of their functioning is the key to successful intercultural communication with them. The analysis of offers and refusals functioning in various Oriental communicative cultures reveals many common features, which may provide remarkable perspectives for comparative researches in this field.

Fatr kahila

This research deals with the cut-off term grammatically. That term has been repeated in Arabic grammar and prosody sciences. The research tries to trace the cut-off term in grammar, stopping at four types: cut-off in exception, cut-off in addition, cut-off in the predicate invalidators, and cut-off in dependencies. The research found that the cut-off in the exception is in the intermittent exception, in which the exception was not some of the exempted from it. The research stopped at the tools that are used for the intermittent exception. As for cutting off in the addition, after the research clarified the meaning of the addition, it examined what is permissible to cut off from the verbal addition, not in the meaning, then the research looked at the nouns that are not in adverbs and explained their provisions in terms of the cut off, so the words each and some - for example - may be cut off from the addition in a word not in meaning, provided that they do not occur as an affirmation. The research also dealt with the cut-off toward elevation in the predicate invalidators, and discussed what was mentioned in the grammar books about the grammatical evidences in this section. Finally, the research ends with the study of the cut-off in the Followers, which is well-known and common in the grammar, and less common in the grammatical substitution and grammatical conjunctions. The research studied and discussed each of them, trying to show the cut off term in grammar.

Rezida A. Suleimanova

Introduction. Exploration of family anthroponyms associated with names of social titles and ranks on the basis of factual materials is of special significance, especially when it comes to examine the former in several essential perspectives. Goals. The study primarily aims at considering family names derived from social titles and ranks in historical /etymological and lexical/semantic perspectives. Restoration of some ancient names that have got completely excluded from the historical anthroponymic system is possible through analysis of surnames recorded in historical documents. The article seeks to determine the actual methods of deriving surnames from social titles and ranks, as well as to establish correspondences between historical facts and transformed (at certain stages of social life) concepts that had been once used to denote such titles and ranks further manifested in anthroponyms. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes surnames derived from titles and ranks registered in the scientific two-volume edition ‘Documents and Materials on Bashkir History, 1836– 1842: Formulary Lists of Civil Servants Attached to the Bashkir-Mishar Tatar Host, 1836–1842’. The study employs a number of linguistic methods, such as the descriptive, etymological, comparative, and statistical ones. Results. Thus, the historical and etymological analysis of surnames derived from the onyms хан ~ ҡан ‘khan ~ qan’, бәк ~ бик ‘beg ~ b(e)ik’, бей ‘bey’, батыр ‘ba(gha)tur’, алп, алып ‘alp’, шаҡман ‘shaqman’ makes it possible conclude as to the significance of titles and ranks in the formation of Bashkir anthroponymy. For example, the insight into the onym хан ~ ҡан serving an anthroponymic basis reveals that the institution of khanate had existed in Bashkir society since ancient times, long before the Golden Horde, which resulted in that ҡан (хан) — stemmed family onyms (as well as related phonetic versions of the lexeme) were widespread enough. The paper also shows that surnames containing the title lexeme бик were much more common than those derived from the form бек. Another finding is that quite a share of discovered Bashkir surnames were derived from ranks bestowed to war heroes (батыр, алп, шаҡман, алдар).

Anna V. Dybo, Lidia F. Abubakirova, Mark M. Zimin et al.

. Introduction. The article continues the discussion of isogloss types and their relevance for the Proto-Turkic reconstruction and reconstruction of the intermediate nodes of the Turkic family tree. Goals. The paper makes another attempt to reconstruct the morphophonological appearance of some affixes for intermediate languages-ancestors of the standard Turkic group (Oguz, ‘Kyrgyz’, Altai, Karluk, Toba, Kypchak). The study draws into consideration not only the plural affix *-lar, but in general inflectional and derivational affixes starting with *-l. Materials and Methods. Methods of stepwise reconstruction are used simultaneously with morphophonological methods of identifying classes of positions and distribution of classes of allomorphs. Field records of dialects, dialectological publications, both modern ones and those of the 19th century, as well as written monuments were used as research material. Results. Both modern field data and classical sources, with the correct application of the methods of stepwise reconstruction, point that affixal *-l has no alternants in proto-Oghuz, protoKarluk and proto-Qypchaq. All instances of alternation in modern idioms like dialectal Bashkir, dialectal Kazakh, ‘Qyrghyz’ languages, Yakut-Dolghan and Toba languages are to be classified as recent areal innovation. This is deduced due to the nature of morphophonological rules in these languages — neither is applyable for the proto-Common-Turkic stem auslaut, but instead is limited to forms that are specific to each separate group in question.

Juvan, Marko

In response to recent pluralization of modernism, the author adopts Jameson’s singular modernity to argue that, in the capitalist world-system divided between hegemonic and dependent literary fields, modernism exists only through its particular manifestations. During the 1968 student revolt, Slovenian late modernism – in-between peripheral phenomenon caught in the Cold War antagonism – displays a universal feature of the period: its transformative impulse resulting from “the imaginative proximity of social revolution” (Anderson). Embedded in the global insurgency, Slovenian innovative trends of the 1960s synchronized with western centers of modernity. It brought together critical theory and experimental artistic practice to reshape writing, literary institution, the subject, and society at large.