Hasil untuk "Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc."

Ali Abdelaal, Mohammed Nader Al Haffar, Mahmoud Fawzi et al.

Large language models are increasingly consulted for Islamic knowledge, yet no comprehensive benchmark evaluates their performance across core Islamic disciplines. We introduce IslamicMMLU, a benchmark of 10,013 multiple-choice questions spanning three tracks: Quran (2,013 questions), Hadith (4,000 questions), and Fiqh (jurisprudence, 4,000 questions). Each track is formed of multiple types of questions to examine LLMs capabilities handling different aspects of Islamic knowledge. The benchmark is used to create the IslamicMMLU public leaderboard for evaluating LLMs, and we initially evaluate 26 LLMs, where their averaged accuracy across the three tracks varied between 39.8% to 93.8% (by Gemini 3 Flash). The Quran track shows the widest span (99.3% to 32.4%), while the Fiqh track includes a novel madhab (Islamic school of jurisprudence) bias detection task revealing variable school-of-thought preferences across models. Arabic-specific models show mixed results, but they all underperform compared to frontier models. The evaluation code and leaderboard are made publicly available.

Ummar Abbas, Mourad Ouzzani, Mohamed Y. Eltabakh et al.

Large language models (LLMs) can answer religious knowledge queries fluently, yet they often hallucinate and misattribute sources, which is especially consequential in Islamic settings where users expect grounding in canonical texts (Qur'an and Hadith) and jurisprudential (fiqh) nuance. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) reduces some of these limitations by grounding generation in external evidence. However, a single ``retrieve-then-generate'' pipeline is limited to deal with the diversity of Islamic queries. Users may request verbatim scripture, fatwa-style guidance with citations or rule-constrained computations such as zakat and inheritance that require strict arithmetic and legal invariants. In this work, we present a bilingual (Arabic/English) multi-agent Islamic assistant, called Fanar-Sadiq, which is a core component of the Fanar AI platform. Fanar-Sadiq routes Islamic-related queries to specialized modules within an agentic, tool-using architecture. The system supports intent-aware routing, retrieval-grounded fiqh answers with deterministic citation normalization and verification traces, exact verse lookup with quotation validation, and deterministic calculators for Sunni zakat and inheritance with madhhab-sensitive branching. We evaluate the complete end-to-end system on public Islamic QA benchmarks and demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency. Our system is currently publicly and freely accessible through API and a Web application, and has been accessed $\approx$1.9M times in less than a year.

Gagan Bhatia, Hamdy Mubarak, Mustafa Jarrar et al.

LLMs are increasingly used for Islamic question answering, where ungrounded responses may carry serious religious consequences. Yet standard MCQ/MRC-style evaluations do not capture key real-world failure modes, notably free-form hallucinations and whether models appropriately abstain when evidence is lacking. To shed a light on this aspect we introduce ISLAMICFAITHQA, a 3,810-item bilingual (Arabic/English) generative benchmark with atomic single-gold answers, which enables direct measurement of hallucination and abstention. We additionally developed an end-to-end grounded Islamic modelling suite consisting of (i) 25K Arabic text-grounded SFT reasoning pairs, (ii) 5K bilingual preference samples for reward-guided alignment, and (iii) a verse-level Qur'an retrieval corpus of $\sim$6k atomic verses (ayat). Building on these resources, we develop an agentic Quran-grounding framework (agentic RAG) that uses structured tool calls for iterative evidence seeking and answer revision. Experiments across Arabic-centric and multilingual LLMs show that retrieval improves correctness and that agentic RAG yields the largest gains beyond standard RAG, achieving state-of-the-art performance and stronger Arabic-English robustness even with a small model (i.e., Qwen3 4B). We will make the experimental resources and datasets publicly available for the community.

Mohammed Er-Riyad Er-Riyad, Maroua El-Jihaoui, Ibrahim Bamohammed

Crowdfunding platforms are considered valuable tools within Islamic finance due to their potential compliance with Islamic Sharia principles and their absence of any suspicion related to usury (Riba). These platforms are new financing mechanisms based on raising funds from potential contributors to finance specific projects. This research aims to shed light on crowdfunding as a form of financing that can be classified within Islamic finance. The research also explores crowdfunding's role in financing disaster relief efforts and aiding disaster-stricken regions by providing financial solutions managed via digital platforms launched specifically for this purpose. As an example of crowdfunding to mitigate the aftermath of natural disasters, the research examines the "Tasharuky" platform. The platform primarily funds operations that mitigate the effects of certain natural disasters in accordance with Islamic Sharia rulings in regions across the Middle East, Indonesia and Africa.

Usep Suherman, Eliva Sukma Cipta, Saeful Anwar et al.

In the face of increasingly complex educational challenges, there is a growing demand for leadership models that integrate ethical and humanistic values, particularly in Islamic elementary schools. This study explores the operationalisation of kindness-based leadership at MI Fitrah Insani, Leles, Garut, as a strategic response to the limitations of performance-oriented and hierarchical leadership paradigms. This study addresses the gaps in the literature regarding the implementation of ethical leadership grounded in Islamic values by examining how empathy, participatory communication, and ethical responsibility shape school culture and educational quality. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and a document analysis. Triangulation of these methods enabled a comprehensive understanding of institutional dynamics, leadership practices, and their impact on school climate, teacher motivation, and student engagement. The findings reveal that kindness-based leadership at MI Fitrah Insani fosters an emotionally safe and inclusive school environment. Through participatory decision-making, structured communication, and consistent appreciation practices, the leadership model contributes to improved teacher loyalty, pedagogical innovation, and heightened student participation. Despite structural, cultural, and operational barriers such as bureaucratic rigidity and limited professional development, adaptive strategies, including ethical leadership training, policy reform, and digital communication platforms, have enhanced the effectiveness and sustainability of this model. This study concludes that kindness-oriented leadership is not merely a normative ideal but a transformative practice that aligns with Islamic ethical traditions and addresses the academic and moral dimensions of education. The findings offer practical implications for Islamic schools seeking to cultivate character-driven and ethically grounded leadership.

Wisnu Uriawan, Aria Octavian Hamza, Ade Ripaldi Nuralim et al.

This research presents the implementation of a Sharia-compliant chatbot as an interactive medium for consulting Islamic questions, leveraging Reinforcement Learning (Q-Learning) integrated with Sentence-Transformers for semantic embedding to ensure contextual and accurate responses. Utilizing the CRISP-DM methodology, the system processes a curated Islam QA dataset of 25,000 question-answer pairs from authentic sources like the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly fatwas, formatted in JSON for flexibility and scalability. The chatbot prototype, developed with a Flask API backend and Flutter-based mobile frontend, achieves 87% semantic accuracy in functional testing across diverse topics including fiqh, aqidah, ibadah, and muamalah, demonstrating its potential to enhance religious literacy, digital da'wah, and access to verified Islamic knowledge in the Industry 4.0 era. While effective for closed-domain queries, limitations such as static learning and dataset dependency highlight opportunities for future enhancements like continuous adaptation and multi-turn conversation support, positioning this innovation as a bridge between traditional Islamic scholarship and modern AI-driven consultation.

Md Jahidul Islam

This paper introduces a novel filter, the Adaptive Weight Modified Riesz Mean Filter (AWMRmF), designed for the effective removal of high-density salt and pepper noise (SPN). AWMRmF integrates a pixel weight function and adaptivity condition inspired by the Different Adaptive Modified Riesz Mean Filter (DAMRmF). In my simulations, I evaluated the performance of AWMRmF against established filters such as Adaptive Frequency Median Filter (AFMF), Adaptive Weighted Mean Filter (AWMF), Adaptive Cesaro Mean Filter (ACmF), Adaptive Riesz Mean Filter (ARmF), and Improved Adaptive Weighted Mean Filter (IAWMF). The assessment was conducted on 26 typical test images, varying noise levels from 60% to 95%. The findings indicate that, in terms of both Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) metrics, AWMRmF outperformed other state-of-the-art filters. Furthermore, AWMRmF demonstrated superior performance in mean PSNR and SSIM results as well.

Abdullah Mushtaq, Rafay Naeem, Ezieddin Elmahjub et al.

Large language models are increasingly used for Islamic guidance, but risk misquoting texts, misapplying jurisprudence, or producing culturally inconsistent responses. We pilot an evaluation of GPT-4o, Ansari AI, and Fanar on prompts from authentic Islamic blogs. Our dual-agent framework uses a quantitative agent for citation verification and six-dimensional scoring (e.g., Structure, Islamic Consistency, Citations) and a qualitative agent for five-dimensional side-by-side comparison (e.g., Tone, Depth, Originality). GPT-4o scored highest in Islamic Accuracy (3.93) and Citation (3.38), Ansari AI followed (3.68, 3.32), and Fanar lagged (2.76, 1.82). Despite relatively strong performance, models still fall short in reliably producing accurate Islamic content and citations -- a paramount requirement in faith-sensitive writing. GPT-4o had the highest mean quantitative score (3.90/5), while Ansari AI led qualitative pairwise wins (116/200). Fanar, though trailing, introduces innovations for Islamic and Arabic contexts. This study underscores the need for community-driven benchmarks centering Muslim perspectives, offering an early step toward more reliable AI in Islamic knowledge and other high-stakes domains such as medicine, law, and journalism.

Vera Pavlova

This study examines the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology within the Islamic domain, focusing on developing an Islamic neural retrieval model. By leveraging the robust XLM-R model, the research employs a language reduction technique to create a lightweight bilingual large language model (LLM). Our approach for domain adaptation addresses the unique challenges faced in the Islamic domain, where substantial in-domain corpora exist only in Arabic while limited in other languages, including English. The work utilizes a multi-stage training process for retrieval models, incorporating large retrieval datasets, such as MS MARCO, and smaller, in-domain datasets to improve retrieval performance. Additionally, we have curated an in-domain retrieval dataset in English by employing data augmentation techniques and involving a reliable Islamic source. This approach enhances the domain-specific dataset for retrieval, leading to further performance gains. The findings suggest that combining domain adaptation and a multi-stage training method for the bilingual Islamic neural retrieval model enables it to outperform monolingual models on downstream retrieval tasks.

Muhammad Aurangzeb Ahmad

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming how communities access, interpret, and circulate knowledge, and religious communities are no exception. Chatbots powered by LLMs are beginning to reshape authority, pedagogy, and everyday religious practice in Muslim communities. We analyze the landscape of LLM powered Islamic chatbots and how they are transforming Islamic religious practices e.g., democratizing access to religious knowledge but also running the risk of erosion of authority. We discuss what kind of challenges do these systems raise for Muslim communities and explore recommendations for the responsible design of these systems.

Nouar AlDahoul, Yasir Zaki

Islamic inheritance domain holds significant importance for Muslims to ensure fair distribution of shares between heirs. Manual calculation of shares under numerous scenarios is complex, time-consuming, and error-prone. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked interest in their potential to assist with complex legal reasoning tasks. This study evaluates the reasoning capabilities of state-of-the-art LLMs to interpret and apply Islamic inheritance laws. We utilized the dataset proposed in the ArabicNLP QIAS 2025 challenge, which includes inheritance case scenarios given in Arabic and derived from Islamic legal sources. Various base and fine-tuned models, are assessed on their ability to accurately identify heirs, compute shares, and justify their reasoning in alignment with Islamic legal principles. Our analysis reveals that the proposed majority voting solution, leveraging three base models (Gemini Flash 2.5, Gemini Pro 2.5, and GPT o3), outperforms all other models that we utilized across every difficulty level. It achieves up to 92.7% accuracy and secures the third place overall in Task 1 of the Qias 2025 challenge.

Adrien de Jarmy

The development of digital humanities has opened new perspectives in the history of Islam: whether dealing with thin or sometimes vast source corpora (such as Sīra, al-Tbarī, al-Dahabī, etc.), these tools allow us to approach texts much more effectively from a statistical perspective, in order to support more general hypotheses and move beyond case studies. Drawing on the work of a number of researchers as well as our own, we propose to study the potentialities and limitations posed by computer methods for the history of medieval Islam, keeping in mind that the conclusions may prove useful to researchers of other periods. We will particularly emphasize two tools: the construction and use of relational databases, and more recently, the tagging of sources, with the stated goal of addressing some of the problems posed by the previous method.

Abdulrazzaq Balaqrouz

افتتاحية العدد .. نحو إعادة الوصل بين علوم الوحي والدراسات الإنسانية

Sabirin Sabirin, Aulia Azimi, Harry Wahyudi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh etika profesi auditor dan fee audit terhadap kualitas audit. Desain / metodologi / pendekatan: dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis statistik deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif yang menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linear berganda dengan alat analisis SPSS 24. Temuan Penelitian: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa etika profesi dan fee audit memiliki pengaruh terhadap kualitas audit. Kontribusi Teoretis / Orisinalitas: Perbedaan penelitian ini dengan penelitian sebelumnya adalah pada teknik analisis yang digunakan, selain itu objek penelitian juga berbeda, pada penelitian ini yang menjadi objek penelitian adalah Kantor Akuntan Publik yang berada di Kota Pontianak dan Bandung dan struktur bisnis yang kompleks sehingga menjadikan penelitian layak untuk diteruskan. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, dan melihat pentingnya etika profesi serta sangat sensitifnya fee audit penulis tertarik untuk meneliti kembali dengan fokus KAP di Pontianak Bandung sebagai responden. Keterbatasan dan implikasi penelitian: Peneliti menyadari keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini yang tentunya memerlukan perbaikan dan pengembangan untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini adalah Variabel independen dalam penelitian belum memberikan kontribusi yang baik terhadap variabel dependen. Hal tersebut terlihat dari analisis koefisien determinasi dimana nilai R2 sebesar 66,6%. Sisanya sebesar 33.4% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model ini sehingga disarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk menambahkan variabel-variabel independen yang secara teoritis dapat berpengaruh lebih besar terhadap kualitas audit. Selain itu data yang dikumpulkan untuk diteliti dan dianalisis berdasarkan pada persepsi masing-masing responden terhadap item-item instrumen penelitian sehingga dapat memungkinkan terjadinya bias atau miss perseption.

Davood Saeedi, abdollah frozanfar

Today, due to the corrupt sequence of gender discriminatory views, their criticism has a special importance. Our hypothesis in this article is to prove the generality and prevalence of this gender view in the reasons of polygamy. It seems that the criticism and explanation of these reasons based on human nature and social interests with gender justice is more compatible. In this research, adherence to the verses related to the goals of marriage as a confirmation of the writers' point of view in the interpretation of the Qur'an, the third verse of Surah Al-Nisa is referred, for the first time. This article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and by using library and internet resources, shows that the most limited and at the same time the most gendered views in the reasons of polygamy are experimental approaches, especially medical and psychological approaches.

Rebecca Lin, Craig S. Kaplan

Islamic geometric patterns are a rich and venerable ornamental tradition. Many classic designs feature periodic arrangements of rosettes: star shapes surrounded by rings of hexagonal petals. We present a new technique for generating 'freeform' compositions of rosettes: finite designs that freely mix rosettes of unusual sizes while retaining the aesthetics of traditional patterns. We use a circle packing as a scaffolding for developing a patch of polygons and fill each polygon with a motif based on established constructions from Islamic art.

Md. Saidul Islam, Syed Farid Uddin Farhad, Md. Saidul Islam et al.

A light source of selective functionalities of wavelengths, illumination periods, and intensities is desirable for investigating performance parameters as well as the quality of different layers and interfaces of solar cells. Conventional light sources used for these types of research are expensive, space-consuming, cumbersome to work with, and have limited functionalities. We have developed a light source with variable wavelength, intensity, and illumination period to address these issues using an illumination period control unit, voltage regulator, neutral density filter, alterable light emitting diodes, etc. As a proof-of-concept, we employed our constructed light source to investigate the intensity, wavelength, illumination period modulated photovoltaic, and impedance properties of inorganic thin film solar cells such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) using lights of wavelength 410, 520, and 635 nm. We hope to use this light source for photophysical and photochemical studies of metal oxide materials used for renewable energy research.

Ihsan ur Rasheed, Dr Aman ullah

ABSTRACT The civilized and the cultured world today is facing a difficult time with the economy. Regardless of its success, every nation seems to be confused regarding this matter. The poor are increasing in their poverty and the rich are increasing in their wealth. Especially during this time of the pandemic (COVID-19), throughout the world you see poverty and economic depression becoming normalized. Furthermore, today’s leaders promise their people that they will make sure that not a single person will be deprived of receiving the necessary provisions. However, with the unequal distribution of wealth, the conditions that are coming forth are not worth talking about. The benefactor of every creation-be it a Muslim or Non-Muslim, a human being or or an animal, an Arab or a non-Arab, our beloved Prophet ﷺ has shown us the correct example of economy and also how to apply it in the world fourteen hundred years ago in such a way where no other example can match his example until the day of resurrection. Other religions and systems have directed mankind in one of two ways: either leading them to stay hungry and in poverty and promising them that this way is the epitome of monasticism thus bringing bright attention to monasticism, or luring them into saving money continuously after earning it. However, Islam is one of the only religions that motivates people to spend money on others more then hoarding it. This is to a point where hoarding money and being stingy with it is both a crime and blameworthy in Islam. Islam also cultivates such a desire in the people’s hearts where Muslims spending money in the path of Allah ﷻ consider it a means of success for themselves. The following lines will bring forth a discussion of general guardianship and serving the creation in Islam as well as other Abrahamic religions through the lens of a thoroughly researched and comparative paper.

Ahmet Beken

Osmanlı dönemi medreseleri, gerek tedris edilen ilimler ve okutulan kitaplar, gerekse istihdam alanları açısından selefi Selçukluların devamı niteliğindedir. İcâzet/nâme alarak medrese eğitimini tamamlayan talebeler; din görevliliği alanında (müftülük, vaizlik, imamlık), müderrislik ve kadılık gibi mansıplarda istihdam edilmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla medreseler, uzun süre devletin adli, idari, mülki ve eğitimle ilgili kadro ihtiyacını karşılamıştır. Bununla birlikte özellikle Tanzimat Döneminden (1839-1878) sonra açılan yeni eğitim kurumları da sözü edilen alanlarda devletin kadro ihtiyacını karşılamaya başlamış ve hatta ilerleyen zamanlarda medreselerin istihdam alanını daraltmıştır. Ancak medreselerin durumu, müderrislerin hayatı, talebelerin imtihan ve istihdamları gibi konular çoğunlukla bilâd-ı selâse (İstanbul, Bursa ve Edirne) merkezli incelenmiş, bunların taşradaki durumlarıyla ilgili yeterince çalışma yapılmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada, Hatay/Dörtyol müderrisi İlyas Efendi (1873-1956) ve ona ait sicil dosyası özelinde taşradaki bir müderrisin öğrenim hayatı ve imtihan varakası üzerinden istihdamı konu edilmiştir. Çalışmada dokümanlara dayalı veri toplama ve içerik analizini esas alan nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinden ve zaman zaman Halep, Adana ve Ankara Vilayet Salnâmeleri ile Maârif Nezâreti Salnâmelerinden istifade edilmiştir. Hâçin’de (Saimbeyli) doğan ve ilk tahsilini doğduğu yerde alan İlyas Efendi, ilmî bir heyet tarafından ehliyet ve liyakatine hükmedilerek müderris olarak atanmıştır. Tanzimat Dönemiyle başlayan eğitimde Batı etkisi ve medrese dışında kurulan yeni eğitim kurumlarıyla eğitimde modernleşme, eğitim sisteminde olduğu gibi medrese mezunlarının istihdamında da birtakım değişmelere ve daralmalara neden olmuştur. Nitekim adli, idari, askeri vs. görevliler, yeni açılan eğitim kurumlarıyla karşılanırken medresenin istihdam alanı çoğunlukla din hizmetlerini ifa edecek görevlilerin ve müderris gibi medrese elemanının yetiştirilmesine hasredilmiştir. İlyas Efendi’nin tahsil hayatı, icâzet metni ve imtihan varakası -Tefsir ve Hadis hariç- öğrenim gördüğü ilimlerden imtihana tabi tutulduğu, Tefsir, Hadis ve Hadis Usulü gibi ilimlerle ilgili de doğrudan soruların yer almadığı görülmektedir. İncelediğimiz belgede İlyas Efendi’nin hangi alan(lar)da ders verdiğiyle ilgili net bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte icâzet ve imtihan varakasından hareketle öncelikle Fıkıh ve Kelâm gibi dinî ilimlerle Arap Dili ve Belagatine yönelik dersler verdiği ileri sürülebilir. Her ne kadar çerçevesi belli standart bir müfredattan bahsetmek zor olsa da İlyas Efendi’ye ait dosyadan hareketle taşra medreselerinde okutulan derslerin/kitapların Osmanlı medreselerinde hemen her dönemde okutulan metinlerle benzerlik gösterdiği, bu yönüyle büyük ölçüde Osmanlı merkez medrese kültürünü devam ettirdiği sonucuna varılabilir. Bunu, icâzet metninde yer alan ulemâ silsilesinden de görmek mümkündür. Bunun yanında Osmanlı Medreseleri ve bunlarla ilgili müfredat incelendiğinde -farklı derecelerde okunmak üzere- Mutavvel, (Molla) Câmî, Mülteka’l-Ebhur, Dürerü’l-Hükkâm, Şerh-i Akâid ve Îsâgûcî’nin ortak kitaplar olduğuna tesadüf edilmektedir. Okutulan eserler ve istihdamla ilgili uygulamalar göz önüne alındığında taşradaki medreseleri merkezdeki benzerlerinden ayırmanın mümkün olmayacağı sonucuna varılabilir.

Lystiana Nurhayat Hakim

The aims of this study is to find out TEYL students’ perception and experience in using Cartoon Story Maker and Comic Life in creating short story for young learners and to identify their obstacles and problems in using those applications. This qualitative study has been conducted in a TEYL class in one English Department in West Java. The sample of the study consisted of thirty students. Questionnaires and interviews were used as data collection techniques in this study. The questionnaires were used to collect evidence from students about their experience and perception towards the use of CSM and Comic Life in creating short story for young learners. The questionnaires used in this study focus on exploring students’ experience and perception toward the use CSM and Comic Life in creating short story for young learners, whereas  interview was used to explored more the data about obstacles faced by the students in using CSM and Comic Life. The data collected from the respondents were gathered together to be analyzed using qualitative analysis of interactive models. The results of this study are TEYL students have positive perception toward the use of CSM and Comic Life in creating short story for young learners, CSM is easier and more suitable to use than Comic Life in creating story for young learners, and the obstacles faced by students are choosing appropriate template for young learners, writing text in text tool or bubble, and record the voice in audio bubble.