Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Chuangxia Huang, Xiaodan Ding, Qian Wang

This study is devoted to the stability issue of a time-varying delayed Nicholson's blowflies equation of neutral type. By the aid of the Lyapunov stability theory and novel analysis techniques, two sharp conditions ensuring separately the global asymptotic stability of the zero equilibrium and positive equilibrium are derived, which completely cover the corresponding ones in the associated non-neutral equation. In addition, a numerical example is taken to support the availability of the theoretical results.

Leszek Hensel

Laughter Closed up in Horror: The Case of the Hungarian Ballad about a Walled-up Woman The paper is dedicated to a paradox. By approaching the topic of violence, I am actually trying to answer the question of whether and how it is possible to combine it with laughter. I was inspired to adopt this perspective by research on the different types of humorous recycling of one of the most popular works of Hungarian folk literature, the ballad Kőmives Kelemenné [Kelemen Mason’s Wife], which is a story of men’s violence against a woman: the walling-up of the master mason’s wife so that the husband and his team could build a durable castle and receive the agreed payment for their work. The article is based on a rich material base, including both short lexical jokes and longer satires and humorous sketches that have been produced in Hungary since the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to written texts, it refers to humorous drawings published in newspapers and magazines and to versions of the ballad that are present in the internet space. Based on theoretical works by, among others, S. Freud, V. Raskin, R. A. Martin, it seeks an answer to the question of the image of Hungarian society that the analysed materials reflect.   Humor zamknięty w horrorze. Przypadek węgierskiej ballady o zamurowanej kobiecie Artykuł poświęcony jest pewnemu paradoksowi. Podejmując temat przemocy, w istocie próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy i jaki sposób jest możliwe jej połączenie ze śmiechem. Do przyjęcia takiej perspektywy skłaniają badania nad różnymi rodzajami humorystycznego recyklingu jednego z najpopularniejszych utworów węgierskiej literatury ludowej – ballady Kőmives Kelemenné [Żona Kelemena Murarza]. Ballada opowiada o zamurowaniu żony mistrza murarskiego, aby mąż i jego współpracownicy mogli zbudować trwały zamek i otrzymać wysoką zapłatę za swoją pracę. Artykuł opiera się na bogatej bazie materiałowej, obejmującej zarówno krótkie żarty leksykalne, jak i dłuższe satyry i humorystyczne skecze, które powstawały na Węgrzech od początku XX wieku do czasów współczesnych. Oprócz tekstów pisanych odwołuje się do humorystycznych rysunków publikowanych w gazetach i czasopismach oraz do wersji ballady obecnych w przestrzeni internetowej. Biorąc za podstawę prace teoretyczne m.in. S. Freuda, V. Raskina, R. A. Martina, autor poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie o obraz społeczeństwa węgierskiego, jaki odzwierciedlają analizowane materiały.

Kristóf Mihály Heil

The codification attempts of Criminal Law in the time of the Enlightenment of the 1790 s and the liberalism of the 1830s and 1840s are the focal points of the study. In order to draft bills to reform the feudal state based on customary law and privileges without changing the basic public law framework, nine so-called national regular committees were set up by Article 67 of Act 1791. The committees completed their work and sent their drafts, known as operatives, to the king between 1792 and 1795. After all, the completed operatives were not put on the agenda of the Parliament due to changes in the domestic and foreign policy status quo. They could find a way out from the archives of the Chancellery only thanks to the committees set up by Article 8 of Act 1827. These committees were responsible for reviewing the „forgotten“ operatives, which were finally printed and sent to the counties for comments. The Hungarian liberal noble opposition was organised first as a movement and then as a party during these county debates (1831–1832) in order to replace the feudal system by manifesting the basic principles of the civil transition in the so-called laws of April.

Zsuzsanna Fábián

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Robert T. Woodward, Alexander Bismarck

editorial

Áron Horváth, Eszter Ferentzi, Kristóf Schwartz et al.

Background: Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual's ability to perceive proprioceptive information, that is, the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system, which originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors located in the skin. Proprioceptive accuracy appears to be an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning; however, no widely accepted standard assessment exists. In this systematic review, our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy. Methods: A literature search was conducted in 5 different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink). Results: Overall, 1139 scientific papers reporting 1346 methods were included in this review. The methods assess 8 different aspects of proprioception: (a) the perception of joint position, (b) movement and movement extent, (c) trajectory, (d) velocity, and the sense of (e) force, (f) muscle tension, (g) weight, and (h) size. They apply various paradigms of psychophysics (i.e., the method of adjustment, constant stimuli, and limits). Conclusion: As the outcomes of different tasks with respect to various body parts show no associations (i.e., proprioceptive accuracy is characterized by site-specificity and method-specificity), the appropriate measurement method for the task needs to be chosen based on theoretical considerations and/or ecological validity.

Dlovan Ali Jalal, Barna Vásárhelyi, Béla Blaha et al.

Introduction: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is used to monitor glucose homeostasis and to identify risk for diabetes. As diabetic patients are frequently present with dyslipidaemia, low-grade inflammation and hyperuricemia, we tested whether HbA1c levels can be estimated having the information about lipid profile, uric acid (UA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. We developed formulas to describe the association of these parameters with HbA1c levels. Methods: Data of 9599 male and 10,817 female patients, measured between 2008 and 2018, were analysed. Patients represented a general hospital patient population with overrepresentation of those with elevated HbA1c over 5.6%. The impact of gender, age, CRP, lipid profile and UA levels on HbA1c % on HbA1c levels was tested with multiple linear regression model. The magnitude of effects of individual factors was used to develop formulas to describe the association between HbA1c and other cardiometabolic parameters. With these formulas we estimated median HbA1c values in each age in both gender and compared them to measured HbA1c levels. Results: The developed formulas are as follow: HbA1c (estimated) in women = 0.752 + 0.237*log10(HDL/cholesterol) + 0.156*log10 (cholesterol) + 0.077*log10 (triglyceride) + 0.025*log10(CRP) +0.001*log10 (age) −0.026*log10(HDL/LDL) −0.063*log10 (uric acid)-0.075*log10 (LDL)-0.199*log10(HDL); HbA1c (estimated) in men = 1.146 + 0.08*log10 (triglyceride) + 0.046*log10(CRP) + 0.01*log10 (cholesterol) + 0.001*log10 (age) −0.014*log10(HDL)-0.018*log10(HDL/LDL)-0.025*log10(HDL/cholesterol) −0.068*log10 (LDL)-0.159*log10 (uric acid)Between 20 and 70 years of age, estimated HbA1c matched perfectly to measured HbA1c in. Conclusion: At population level, HbA1c levels can be estimated almost exactly based on lipid profile, CRP and uric acid levels in female patients between 20 and 70 years.

Lamnganbi Mutum, Tibor Janda, Éva Darkó et al.

The present work aimed to test selected microalgae strains from the Mosonmagyaróvár Algae Culture Collection (MACC) on germination ability and certain physiological processes in winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) plants. Germination tests showed substantial differences between the strains, meaning that certain strains (such as MACC-430, MACC-612, MACC-922) improved the germination processes while others performed worse (MACC-438, MACC-755) than the control in a concentration-dependent manner. The germination index of seeds treated with MACC-430 @ 1 g L⁻¹ concentrations was 87, while that of the control was 45. The mungbean rooting bioassay proves that microalgae biomass may exhibit auxin-like activity, especially in strain MACC-612 (<i>Nostoc</i> sp.), which was characterized by the highest endogenous level of plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic-acid among the selected strains. Foliar spray on the leaves of developed plants did not significantly alter the photosynthetic processes, but it influenced the secondary metabolite composition. After the application of microalgae biomass, there were also changes in plant hormones, including salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid-leucine/isoleucine conjugate compositions, which play a role in plant stress signaling in plants. A decrease in indole-3-acetic acid was also observed in the Mv Nádor cultivar. These results suggest that the application of certain microalgae strains can be used effectively to improve the germination of wheat seeds, and as a foliar spray, they may also modify the acclimation processes in a genotype-dependent way.

Stefano DellaVigna, A. Lindner, Balázs Reizer et al.

B. Merkely, A. Szabó, A. Kosztin et al.

After months of restrictive containment efforts to fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic, European countries are planning to reopen. To support the process, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among the Hungarian population to estimate the prevalence of infectious cases and prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. A representative sample (n = 17,787) for the Hungarian population of 14 years or older living in private households (n = 8,283,810) was selected. The study was performed within 16 days after 50 days of restrictions, when the number of confirmed cases was stable low. Naso- and oropharyngeal smears and blood samples were collected for PCR and antibody testing. The testing was accompanied by a questionnaire about symptoms, comorbidities, and contacts. Design-based prevalence estimates were calculated. In total, 10,474 individuals (67.7% taken into account a sample frame error of 2315) of the selected sample participated in the survey. Of the tested individuals, 3 had positive PCR and 69 had positive serological test. Population estimate of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity were 2421 and 56,439, respectively, thus active infection rate (2.9/10,000) and the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure (68/10,000) was low. Self-reported loss of smell or taste and body aches were significantly more frequent among those with SARS-CoV-2. In this representative, cross-sectional survey of the Hungarian population with a high participation rate, the overall active infection rate was low in sync with the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. We demonstrated a potential success of containment efforts, supporting an exit strategy. NCT04370067, 30.04.2020.

Attila Bátorfy, Agnes Urban

ABSTRACT The study uses a comparative-historical perspective to examine the practice of state advertising in the Hungarian media by looking at the relevant practices of three governments. Using previous economic and political theoretical assumptions and data on Hungarian state advertising between 2006 and 2017, we argue that state advertising is a powerful tool of political favouritism as well as an instrument of market distortion, censorship and building an uncritical media empire aligned with the government. This practice can be viewed as part of a broader set of instruments deployed by illiberal states and hybrid political regimes to consolidate their hold on power.

F. Rencz, V. Brodszky, L. Gulácsi et al.

OBJECTIVES The wording of the Hungarian EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L descriptive systems differ a great deal. This study aimed to (1) develop EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L value sets for Hungary from a common sample, and (2) compare how level wording affected valuations. METHODS In 2018 to 2019, 1000 respondents, representative of the Hungarian general population, completed composite time trade-off tasks. Pooled heteroscedastic Tobit models were used to estimate value sets. Value set characteristics, single-level transition utilities from adjacent corner health states, and mean transition utilities for all possible health states were compared between the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L. RESULTS Health utilities ranged from -0.865 to 1 for the EQ-5D-3L and -0.848 to 1 for the EQ-5D-5L. The relative importance of the 5 EQ-5D-5L dimensions was as follows: mobility, pain/discomfort, self-care, anxiety/depression, and usual activities. A similar preference ranking was observed for the EQ-5D-3L with self-care being more important than pain/discomfort. The EQ-5D-5L demonstrated lower ceiling effects (range of utilities for the mildest states: 0.900-0.958 [3L] vs 0.955-0.965 [5L]) and better consistency of mean transition utilities across the range of scale. Changing "confined to bed" (3L) to "unable to walk" (5L) had a large positive impact on utilities. Smaller changes with more negative wording in the other dimensions (eg, "very much anxious/feeling down a lot" [3L] vs "extremely anxious/depressed" [5L]) had a modest negative impact on utilities. CONCLUSION This study developed value sets of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L for Hungary. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how the wording of descriptive systems affects the estimates of utilities.

A. Buzogány

ABSTRACT This article analyses the democratic involution in Hungary, which was followed by the country embracing a pro-Russian policy in 2010. These processes came to be viewed as a rare case of authoritarian diffusion taking place towards an EU member state. Based on the discussion of interest versus ideational appeal as factors of authoritarian diffusion, the article develops a relational and dynamic framework to analyse the question of authoritarian diffusion. The framework underlines the importance not only of “sender state” attributes, but also those of receiver states. The analysis finds no empirical evidence for authoritarian diffusion; Hungary’s slide into illiberalism was not inspired or supported by Vladimir Putin. Instead, mutual interests are sufficient to understand Russo-Hungarian cooperation.

Balázs Taksás, Ernő Hegedűs

A 20. és 21. századi tapasztalatok alapján a nemzeti védelmi ipar létrehozásának 3 alapvető feltétele van: külső vagy belső biztonsági kihívások, politikai akarat, gazdasági és társadalmi erőforrások. Ez a cikk ez utóbbin keresztül mutatja be a magyar védelmi ipar jövőképét. Átfogóan elemzi a védelmi ipar erőforrásbázisát, megvizsgálja az olyan szükséges elemeket, mint a technológia és know-how, tőke, munkaerő, menedzsment tudás, beszállítói lánc, kapcsolódó ipar és szolgáltatás ágak, innovációs ökoszisztéma, kutatás- fejlesztési infrastruktúra. Bemutatja a védelmi iparpolitika céljait, lehetséges eszközeit, jövőbeni lehetőségeit és korlátait. Based on 20th and 21st century experiences the successful creation of national defense industry has three essential requirements: external or internal security challenges, strong political commitment, economic and social resources. Focusing on the last one, this article presents the vision of the Hungarian defense industry. It comprehensively analyzes the defense industrial base with all its required elements: technology and know-how, labour forces, entrepreneurship and management skills, domestic supply chains, connecting industrial and service branches, innovation ecosystem, research and development infrastructure. It is also a brief of the goals, possible tools, future opportunities and restrictions of the defense industrial policy.

László Trautmann

A Köz-Gazdaság interjút kért Kalotay Kálmántól, az UNCTAD korábbi vezető közgazdászától, aki jelenleg az ELKH KRTK Világgazdasági Intézetének kutatója. Kalotay Kálmán 1983 és 1990 között az akkori Marx Károly Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi Egyetem Világgazdasági Tanszékének volt ösztöndíjasa, adjunktusa. 1990 és 1996 között az Egyesült Nemzetek Kereskedelmi és Fejlesztési Konferenciája (UNCTAD) Fejlődő Országok Közötti Gazdasági Együttműködési Főosztályának volt (ECDC) gazdasági ügyekkel foglalkozó segédmunkatársa, majd 1996-tól egészen 2021-ig az Egyesült Nemzetek Kereskedelmi és Fejlesztési Konferenciája (UNCTAD) Befektetési és Vállalkozásfejlesztési Főosztályának (DIAE) gazdasági ügyekkel foglalkozó munkatársa. Tagja volt a World Investment Reportokat és az Investment Policy Review-kat készítő csoportnak. Az előbbinek 1996–2010 és 2016–2021 között, az utóbbinak 2010–2016 között. Széles körű oktatási tapasztalattal rendelkezik, tanított Torinóban, Finnországban és Mexikóban is.

Erika Erzsébet Vörös

Several sites in East Asia have been identified as Potalaka, originally thought to be located near the southern seas of India. The basis of this phenomenon is built upon the nature of Avalokiteśvara as a mediator between sentient beings and buddhas, the nature of Potalaka as a boundary between their worlds, and Buddhist philosophy. The belief in the abode of Avalokiteśvara bodhisattva on Earth incorporates various places into a Buddhist world transcending borders. This paper examines Korean beliefs about Potalaka and Avalokiteśvara through legends about Naksan Temple, with special emphasis on their relationship with mountain and sea worship. At the same time, the study attempts to connect the beliefs with the philosophical background of Hwaŏm tradition, which is in close relation with this ritual site. The aim of this approach is to point out the unique and universal, as well as the local and translocal elements in Korean narratives about Potalaka. In other words, the paper searches for patterns that are to be found in the wider Buddhist world and characteristics that are created by the specific religious environment of Korean culture.

G. Röst, F. Bartha, N. Bogya et al.

COVID-19 epidemic has been suppressed in Hungary due to timely non-pharmaceutical interventions, prompting a huge reduction in the number of contacts and transmission of the virus. This strategy was effective in preventing epidemic growth and reducing the incidence of COVID-19 to low levels. In this report, we present the first epidemiological and statistical analysis of the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hungary. Then, we establish an age-structured compartmental model to explore alternative post-lockdown scenarios. We incorporate various factors, such as age-specific measures, seasonal effects, and spatial heterogeneity to project the possible peak size and disease burden of a COVID-19 epidemic wave after the current measures are relaxed.

L. Lenkey, János Mihályka, Petra Paróczi

The heat flow map of Hungary was presented in the Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe in 2002 and was last updated in 2005. Since that time several geothermal projects, e.g. TransEnergy (2010-13), assessment of the geothermal potential of the Drava basin (2013) Paks-II, NPP (2016) and continuous drilling activity in the country have been in progress. Large amount of temperature data became available, which allowed the update of the Geothermal Database of Hungary and the compilation of an updated heat flow map and temperature maps. The heat flow is determined based on the Fourier law using the thermal conductivities of rocks and temperature gradient calculated from temperature observations in boreholes and wells. The thermal conductivity is known from laboratory measurements made on core samples. The thermal conductivities and the temperature data are stored in the Geothermal Database of Hungary. The heat flow is calculated in 2001 boreholes and wells using the Bullard-plot technique. The mean heat flow in Hungary is 90 mW/m2, varying between 30 mW/m2 and 120 mW/m2. The high values are found over buried basement highs in the eastern and southern part of the country, while the low values are located in the recharge areas of karstic flow systems. In the sedimentary basins, where the thickness of the Neogene and Quaternary sediments reaches 5-7 km, the heat flow is slightly below the mean value (80-90 mW/m2) due to the cooling effect of sedimentation. These basins contain the main thermal water aquifer in Hungary utilized for district heating and green house heating. The buried basement highs characterized by high heat flow (100-120 mW/m2) are potential sites to create artificial geothermal reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing (EGS). Temperature maps at 500 m, 1 km, 2 km and 3 km depths were also compiled. Similarly to the heat flow, the temperature anomalies strongly reflect the local and regional groundwater flow systems.

K. Alsafadi, S. A. Mohammed, B. Ayugi et al.

Historically, Hungary has witnessed numerous waves of drought episodes, causing significant agro-economic loss. Over the recent decades, the intensity, severity and frequency of drought occurrence have dramatically shifted, with undisputable upward tendencies across many areas. Thus, the main aim of this study was to characterize drought trends, intensity and duration over Hungary during 1961–2010. To attain the study goals, the present analyses utilized climate datasets obtained from Climate of the Carpathian region project-CARPATCLIM for 1045 gridded points covering entire Hungary. Meanwhile, a well-known drought index, namely; standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 12-month timescales were employed for drought characterization. Furthermore, the sub-set regions of drought in Hungary were identified using S-mode of the principal component analysis. The Mann–Kendall trend test analysis showed a significant negative SPI-12 trend (P < 0.05) in 11.5% of the total points over the western part of Hungary. In comparison, 43.2% of the total numbers of the SPEI-12 time series gridded points showed a significant negative trend (P < 0.05) over the similar locale. However, both indices’ trends highlighted the fact that the northeastern region is less sensitive to drought despite experiencing the highest of total drought duration. Results also suggested that the SPI-12 indicates that no significant change can be detected from 1961 to 2010 over Hungary. In contrast, the SPEI-12 exhibits that the drought waves that hit Hungary were more pronounced, with a significant positive (P < 0.05) trend of + 1.4% per decade being detected for the area affected by very extreme drought. All in all, this study is one of the primary steps toward a better understanding of drought vulnerability assessment in Hungary.

Dorothee Bohle, B. Greskovits

Abstract Focusing on the critical Hungarian case, this article analyses the fate of embedded neoliberal capitalism in the wake of the global financial crisis. The changes include policies to combat foreign dominance in the financial, energy, and retail sectors, and efforts to reform and retrench the hitherto relatively generous welfare state. Nevertheless, the article finds no less evidence of continuity than of change: the politicisation of fighting dependency is combined with the quiet politics of subsidising foreign direct investment in manufacturing, and the noisy politics of protecting pensioners and middle-class families parallels the erosion of future-oriented social investment. Notwithstanding the radical turn in development rhetoric, the actual path correction has merely shifted the pattern of dependency without breaking out of it: financing socio-economic development in Hungary (as in other Visegrád states) is still largely dependent on foreign sources, albeit of a more diversified nature, including not only manufacturing FDI, but the EU’s structural funds and migrant labour’s remittances as well.