Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Margaret Samu

In 1725, artist Andrei Matveev sent his Allegory of Painting to Catherine I from Antwerp, where Peter the Great had sent him to study. Matveev’s Allegory remains the earliest known easel painting on an allegorical subject by a Russian painter. This article examines the circumstances surrounding the painting’s creation in Antwerp and explores its iconography and sources. It then considers the place of Matveev’s work amid the allegorical imagery produced in early eighteenth-century Russia. This study offers a possible new interpretation of the painting and sheds light on the role Antwerp and its artistic legacy played in fostering Russia’s emerging artistic culture.

Georgy V. Chochiev

The article, based mainly on documents of British diplomatic correspondence, studies the approaches and moves of the Foreign Office in connection with the problem of the mass exodus of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire in 1863-1864. The main attention is paid to clarifying the facts, motives, nature and results of the relatively active formulation of proposals on this issue by British diplomats in Turkey and Russia during May-June 1864 and their attempts to put it on the international agenda. A conclusion is made about the dual character of the reaction of official London to the Circassian migration crisis and humanitarian catastrophe, conditioned by the general logic of the Anglo-Russian rivalry in the Ottoman East with its variability of the “hard” and “soft” lines. The reasons for the British Government’s ultimate refusal to both peddle the theme of St. Petersburg’s moral and financial responsibility for the “uncivilized” methods of expansion in the Caucasus and to finance Circassian colonization in Anatolia, as well as to limit itself to sending only moderate humanitarian aid to the refugees in the Ottoman Empire, are revealed. On the other hand, the examined correspondence fully confirms and supplements the data of other sources on the extreme inadequacy of the measures taken by the Russian and Ottoman authorities to organize, respectively, the dispatch and reception of Circassians and the high levels of mortality and human suffering caused by this. Overall, the work contributes to a better understanding of the role of the British factor in the processes of migration and settlement of North Caucasians within the Ottoman borders.

Elena Kurant

The aim of this paper it to discuss the techniques employed in modern political Russian verbatim drama, as well as in their performances. Modern verbatim drama seeks to stay relevant and up-to-date by referring to taboos, radical social controversies, and political incidents. So, it becomes an important event of not only cultural but also social life, and it exerts a strong impact on modern Russian society. The aesthetics of the modern verbatim drama is aimed at representing the reality which is absent from official discourse. Such texts as One hour eighteen minutes by Elena Gremina, Three quarters of sadness (Bolotnaya square case) by Polina Borodina, The last party by Anna Dobrovolskaya, and New Antigone by Elena Kostyuchenko openly explore the issues which do not function as part of the public discourse. Thus, they capture the traumatic experiences in order to overcome traumas. These texts take the traumatic events of current political and public life out of the marginal area, and they acquire the status of social statements which give hope for political and social changes, and give rise to unofficial discourse allowing the readers as well as the viewers to define their own opinion related to the traumatizing events.

The article examines the influence of the Soviet Union’s collapse on the early forms of cooperation and integration in the post-Soviet space. The author also focused on major attitudes and models of cooperation between the Russian Federation and former Soviet republics, which were elaborated on within Yeltsin’s administration. Among other things, the author outlines some key factors that posed serious obstacles to successful integration in the post-Soviet space and their negative impact on picking up the correct forms and models of interaction between former Soviet republics. For many of the former Soviet republics, the process of foreign policy adaptation to new forms of cooperation is still taking place. The tragic processes that we are witnessing today in relations between Russia and Ukraine, not least, have their roots in the early 90s. This indicates that the period of comprehension of the history of the formation of the renewed Eurasian space after the collapse of the USSR is not over yet and needs close attention from researchers.

Aleksandr Aibabin, Elzara Khairedinova

Introduction. The light played a big role in Byzantine culture. It was an integral part of the original architectural, artistic and symbolic design of the temple. For additional lighting inside the temple, polycandyla, lampadophoroi and candlesticks were used. Lighting devices are depicted on Byzantine mosaics, frescoes, icons, textiles and in manuscripts. Information about lighting devices is also contained in the typicons. Method. In 1930 and 2019–2021, during the excavations of the basilica erected by the Byzantines at the end of the 6th century on the Eski-Kermen plateau, fragments of Byzantine bronze candlesticks and a polycandylon were found. Their study is important for the reconstruction of the interior decoration of the once rich main city temple. Analysis and Results. These candlesticks and a polycandylon are only a small part of the lighting equipment of the main basilica of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau. The considered lamps give an idea of the complex of church lighting, which was known only by mentions in monastic inventory inventories and typicons of the late 11th – 13th centuries. The increase in the value of candles in the artificial lighting of churches is a characteristic feature of the Komnenos period, which is intensified under the Palaiologoi. Apparently, a new set of lamps began to be used in the main basilica after its reconstruction.

Yu. V. Vayrakh, G. O. Ibraimova

The article describes the macro-concepts Rod (a Slavic female deity) and Makosh (a Slavic female deity) in the Russian linguistic culture. It is the first attempt to analyze these macro-concepts in terms of conceptual signs. The authors studied the lexemes of Rod and Makosh / Mokosh as the main representatives of the macro-concepts in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, as well as compared their cognitive signs. The methods included descriptive, interpretive, and conceptual linguistic analyses. The macro-concept of Makosh revealed 33 cognitive signs, which were divided into 11 groups: 1. (Divine) motherhood (four signs): goddess, Mother of God / Virgin Mary, poppy head, crown. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (four signs): rain, star, earth, horns / cornucopia. 3. Fertility (two signs): abundance, harvest. 4. Spirits of nature (one sign): mermaids / pitchforks. 5. Kinship (six signs): wife, mother, grandparent, relationship, family, elder sister. 6. Functions (four signs): thunderbearer, spinner, creator, mistress. 7. Relationships (one sign): care. 8. Evaluation (one sign): good. 9. Person (two signs): girl, woman. 10. Fate (four signs): share, lot, fate, luck. 11. Cult (four signs): idol, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa (Saint Paraskevi of Iconium), Rozhanitsa (a Slavic female deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice. The structure of the macro-concept Rod had 35 cognitive features, which were divided into 13 groups: 1. (Divine) fatherhood (two features): god, God-father. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (three features): star, lightning, sky. 3. Fertility (one sign): harvest. 4. Kinship (four signs): father, grandparent, kinship, family. 5. Functions (five signs): agriculture, ruler, justice, creation, creator. 6. Relationships (two signs): care, protection. 7. Evaluation (three signs): good, deceit, adultery. 8. Fate (two signs): share, fate. 9. Cult (five signs): idol, feast, Stribog (a Slavic male deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice, Yarilo (a Slavic male deity). 10. Success (four signs): crown, profit, prosperity, success. 11. Place of birth (one feature): Motherland. 12. Property (one sign): strength. 13. People (two signs): civilization, humanity. These signs reflected the peculiarities of the Russian linguistic mentality, which preserved the memory of the cult of Rod (literally, kin) and Makosh (Mother Goddess). This cult was consistently reproduced in veneration of the Mother Earth and family deities Rod and Makosh, the divine parents of people. Christian aspects manifested themselves as the image of Virgin Mary and God the Father. The macro-concepts of Rod and Makosh appeared to have a number of overlapping cognitive features: good, deity (god, goddess), destiny, care, star, idol, progenitor, kinship, family, fate, creator, prayer / sacrifice, harvest.

O. N. Truevtseva, V. A. Kozhokar

He article is devoted to the study of the process of formation and development of public museums in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan. The relevance of studying the problems of social movements, in which the desire of people to learn about the history of their small homeland, cultural heritage in modern conditions, is significantly increasing. This is due to the growth of national self-awareness, the search for ethnocultural identity. In a number of former Soviet republics and, first of all, in Russia and Kazakhstan, the analysis of modern phenomena is often accompanied by an appeal to the historical experience of the Soviet Union. The analysis of a large array of documents carried out by the authors made it possible to identify the features of the formation and development of the local history movement and public museums from the 1950s to the present. The article reveals the objective and subjective factors of their mass revival in the second half of the 1960s: improvement of the material situation of the population, democratization of public life, search for effective means to implement the ideological tasks of the CPSU. Based on an interest in knowing its past, the local history movement gained powerful party and state support and was vividly embodied in the form of public museums. In contrast to the pre-war stage of its development, this movement was aimed not at the study of the natural and economic resources of the local region, but at the ideological processing of the main resource - the human one, which was consolidated in the party and state documents. In the 1990s, as a result of the transformation of the USSR , the liquidation of the CPSU, and the change in the role of the party in the political system, mass public museums that carried out an ideological, political and educational mission were deprived of material support for their existence. The only exceptions were museums of corporate, educational, scientific organizations, many of which limited themselves to performing representative functions. However, it would be wrong to limit ourselves to a negative and even neutral assessment of their social role. Even being ideologized, the activities of public museums contributed to the preservation and popularization of cultural heritage, the development of horizons, instilled a sense of patriotism, love for their native land, and contributed to the organization of leisure. Moreover, perhaps we are on the verge of another upsurge in the historical and local history movement. The peoples of many countries, sated with globalization, associate a new paradigm of their development with the growth of national self-awareness, patriotism, looking for their origins in their historical cultural heritage. It is no coincidence that the growth of public organizations is noted, the purpose of which is to preserve and popularize heritage, historical reconstruction, search work in places of battles, patriotic and social volunteering. New museums are also emerging based on private and public initiative.

Oksana Nagornaia

На основании анализа современной историографии холодной войны выявляются актуальные тенденции развития существующих тематических полей, а также перспективные направления изучения глобального феномена. В новейших условиях назрела необходимость пересмотра дихотомической модели «советизация vs американизация» в пользу дифференцированного подхода к изучению внешнеполитических репрезентаций социализма, институтов и акторов культурной дипломатии Восточного блока. На примерах имиджевых проектов социалистической интеграции и пространств внутри- и межблоковой коммуникации автор демонстрирует специфику форм и механизмов трансляции образа социалистического лагеря на зарубежную общественность, конфликтные поля сотрудничества, самостоятельные инициативы стран народной демократии в сфере культурной дипломатии. Сделан вывод о том, что после окончания Второй мировой войны пропаганда Советского Союза встраивалась в более масштабную конструкцию презентации мировой системы социализма, в которой государства Восточной Европы приобретали для СССР статус неосвоенных символических пространств и имиджевых ресурсов. Самостоятельные шаги стран социалистического лагеря по саморепрезентации на международной арене свидетельствуют о культурном плюрализме внутри Восточного блока. Эффективности символических посланий способствовали и географическая близость к границам блоков, и большая интегрированность в контексты западной культуры, и более развитые информационные ресурсы. Авторский анализ предваряет обзор материалов тематического раздела журнала о культурной дипломатии социализма. Представленные в блоке статьи, посвященные событийным проектам социалистического лагеря, наглядно иллюстрируют тезис о том, что возникшие в период холодной войны инструменты саморепрезентации Восточного блока, а также сложившиеся под их влиянием гибридные идентичности пережили крах биполярного порядка и являются определяющими для современных культурных пространств.

M. Lesiv

Barbara Rodziewicz

The present article is an attempt at establishing a way of understanding the term evil as well as characterizing all the phenomena the term encompasses in communities of Polish and Russian students. The author analyses the results of a Free Word Association Test on the material of associative dictionaries.

Alexander V. Vinogradov

Introduction. The author examines the insufficiently studied period of diplomatic communicationsof the Moscow Tsardom and the Crimean Khanate after Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov’s enthronement, which led to establishing relatively peaceful mutual relations between them at the final stage of military and political confrontation of Russia with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Crown. Materials. The paper reveals the circumstances of establishing contractual relations between Moscow and Bakhchysarai on the basis of unpublished sources. The information from the columns of 1613–1614 about the stay of the embassy of A. Lodyzhensky and P. Danilov in the Crimea from autumn of 1613 to July 1614, the preparation and holding of the embassy congress and exchange of ambassadors at Livny in August 1614, the stay of the embassy of Prince G.K. Volkonsky and P. Ovdokimov in the Crimea in August 1614 – June 1615, the stay of Magmet Chelebi’s embassy in Moscow in September 1614 – March 1615 and, finally, the embassy exchange under Valuyki in July 1615 form a single set of documents that let us trace the course of diplomatic relations between the Moscow Tsardom and the Crimean Khanate in 1613–1615. The decisive stage in difficult and tense diplomatic negotiations of the parties in this period, in our opinion, is the stay of the embassy of Prince Grigory Konstantinovich Volkonsky and clerk Peter Ovdokimov in the Crimea. Results. This article shows the role of relations with the Crimea in general foreign policy of the government of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and in the restoration of military and political control over the Lower Volga Region territory.

Sergey V. Gavin, Zoya A. Tanshina

The article discussed the role of contemporary tapestry art in modern culture, the history of the formation and growth of national decorative-applied and monumental art schools in the Republics of former Soviet Union, the importance of both group and personal tapestry exhibitions organized by regional creative organizations of the Union of Artists and the Russian Union of Artists as well as the state Museum-Reserve “Tsaritsyno”. It emphasizes the importance of using richest traditions of folk art, stories and legends of the people living in multiethnic Russia. The works of teachers and graduates of the Department “Folk Art Culture and Contemporary Art” of the Institute of National Culture of Ogarev Mordovia State University have been demonstrated as an example of those who apply modern tapestry in architectural space design. The paper also defines prospects for the development of tapestry art in the works of young artists.

Roksana Rebrova

На примере различных аспектов деятельности архитектора Ж.-Б. Леблона демонстрируется значение методов строительства и планирования французской архитектуры в создании облика раннего Петербурга. Деятельность Ж.-Б. Леблона оказала большое воздействие на развитие архитектурной школы России. Была реализована разработанная им структура образования, его идеи были воплощены П. М. Еропкиным в архитектурно-строительном трактате. Известны 12 адресатов, получивших «образцовый проект» для строительства. Представлены доказательства того, что дом Петра Матвеевича Апраксина также строился по проекту «образцового дома для именитых» Ж.-Б. Леблона. Усадьба и дворец Федора Матвеевича Апраксина строились по индивидуальному проекту архитектора, единственному, воплощенному при жизни зодчего. Затем дворец был снесен, и его фундаменты стали основанием части Зимнего дворца (теперь – здание Государственного Эрмитажа). В 1999 г. в большом дворе Эрмитажа происходили раскопки, в результате которых были обнаружены фундаменты усадьбы Ф. М. Апраксина и материалы, использовавшиеся при строительстве дворца Федора Матвеевича. Археологические экспонаты из местных пород мрамора и известняка наглядно представляют результаты поисков Леблоном в окрестностях Петербурга месторождений горных пород, пригодных для строительства. Для оптимизации и удешевления строительства архитектор работал с местными производителями, о чем красноречиво свидетельствуют находки «лунных стекол».

Andrzej Narloch

The article presents an attempt at structural and semantic description of terminological colour names in Russian. The material comes from The Catalogue of Colour Names in Russian, design magazines and Internet. The names under study differ structurally. More and more often nouns and phrases function as colour terms. One of the most important functions of the new colour terms is the advertising function. Many units are marked stylistically and emotionally.

E. Kravtsova, N. Veraksa, N. Veresov

A. Kinyakin, A. Kinyakin

M. Goncalves, E. C. Smith

Sergey Krasilnikov

Рассматриваются сфера труда и формировавшиеся на этой основе социально-трудовые отношения в постреволюционном советском обществе, которые всегда занимали важное положение среди государственных приоритетов большевистского режима. Целью исследования стал анализ причин, тенденций и результатов того, как трудовое право становилось инструментом доктринальных установок большевистского руководства, нацеленных на поступательное стирание граней между трудом наемным и обязательным и трудом обязательным и принудительным. Источниковая основа представлена документами и материалами ведущего ведомственного издания Наркомата юстиции РСФСР того периода – «Еженедельника советской юстиции», с начала 1930-х гг. переименованного в журнал «Советская юстиция». Показано, что государственная политика представляла собой противоречивый симбиоз доктринальных положений об «освобожденном труде» и прагматических решений об обязательности труда, трудовых мобилизаций и т. д. Этатизация данной сферы прошла несколько стадий, когда на смену директивности всеобщей трудовой повинности после окончания Гражданской войны пришла практика законодательного регулирования в форме Кодекса законов о труде 1922 г., объектом действия которого выступал труд по найму. В то же время сохранялся и имел постоянную тенденцию к расширению и дифференциации сегмент принудительного труда, часть которого (тюрьмы, колонии) регулировалась Исправительно-трудовым кодексом, тогда как другая (лагерная) была выведена из сферы действия не только КЗоТ, но и ИТК. Среди форм применения труда как меры уголовного наказания специфическое место занимал принудительный труд без нахождения под стражей как «мягкая» репрессия с кратким, до года сроком наказания. Массовое масштабное применение этой репрессивной меры в 1930-е гг. коснулось 4 млн чел., а с 1940 по 1955 г. за прогулы осуждению подверглись 11 млн чел. «Принудчики» стали обыденным элементом трудового потенциала страны и, по сути, символом симбиоза труда, обязательного и принудительного в раннесоветскую эпоху.