Hasil untuk "History of Law"

M. Mitzenmacher

Dalal Alrajeh, Vesna Nowack, Patrick Benjamin et al.

Investigating serious crimes is inherently complex and resource-constrained. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) grapple with overwhelming volumes of offender and incident data, making effective suspect identification difficult. Although machine learning (ML)-enabled systems have been explored to support LEAs, several have failed in practice. This highlights the need to align system behavior with stakeholder goals early in development, motivating the use of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE). This paper reports our experience applying the GORE framework KAOS to designing an ML-enabled system for identifying suspects in online child sexual abuse. We describe how KAOS supported early requirements elaboration, including goal refinement, object modeling, agent assignment, and operationalization. A key finding is the central role of data elicitation: data requirements constrain refinement choices and candidate agents while influencing how goals are linked, operationalized, and satisfied. Conversely, goal elaboration and agent assignment shape data quality expectations and collection needs. Our experience highlights the iterative, bidirectional dependencies between goals, data, and ML performance. We contribute a reference model for integrating GORE with data-driven system development, and identify gaps in KAOS, particularly the need for explicit support for data elicitation and quality management. These insights inform future extensions of KAOS and, more broadly, the application of formal GORE methods to ML-enabled systems for high-stakes societal contexts.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Guillem Domènech, Shi Pi, M. Sasaki

The scalar perturbation induced gravitational waves are a probe of the primordial density perturbation spectrum on small scales. In this paper, we show that they can also probe the thermal history of the universe. We assume the universe underwent a stage with a constant equation of state parameter w, followed by the radiation-dominated stage of the conventional big bang universe. We find that the infrared slope of the power spectrum of the induced stochastic gravitational wave background for decelerating cosmologies is related to the equation of state of the universe. Furthermore, the induced gravitational wave spectrum has in general a broken power-law shape around the scale of reheating. Interestingly, below the threshold 0w= of the equation of state parameter, the broken power-law presents a peak for a Dirac delta peak in the scalar spectrum. For a finite width peak, the threshold changes to w=−1/15 depending on the value of the width. In some cases, such a broken power-law gravitational wave spectrum may degenerate to the spectrum from other sources like phase transitions or global cosmic strings.

A. Biswas

Martina Míková

The article focuses on the functioning of military criminal justice in the period of the end of the First World War and in the first years of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The content of the article is a case study in which a criminal case is analyzed. The aim of this analysis is to outline the functioning of military criminal justice in the period under review, including the relevant legislation. Within the text, attention is also paid to the practical problems that the authorities involved in military criminal proceedings had to deal with.

Robert Law, David Chandler, Phillip Voigt et al.

Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.

Nataliia Timchenko, Taras Gutor

The increase in the frequency of pregnancy loss and the negative prognostic trend with the probable development of the demographic crisis in connection with the martial law in Ukraine and the mass migration of the female population provoked by it, requires the search for all possible ways of prevention and prophylactic of this pathology. Aim. Development and scientific substantiation of a risk-oriented model of prevention of pregnancy loss. Material and Methods. In the course of creating a model for determining the probability of the appearance of symptoms of pregnancy loss, we used a step-by-step method of logistic regression with the gradual exclusion of unreliable signs according to the Wald method. Results and Discussion. In the process of sociological research, the importance of 30 risk factors was analyzed, and 14 factors were singled out from among them using the logistic regression method, which, when combined, have a probable impact on the development of pregnancy loss. Namely: emotional strain/stress in everyday life, first ultrasound and biochemical screening, history of herpes type 1, chlamydial infection, COVID-19, tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis/sinusitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, presence of type I diabetes, use of artificial insemination, wine consumption, additional use of folic acid and drugs, marital status, and computer work. Among these 14 factors, three have a preventive effect, while the other 11 increase the risk of developing the pathology of pregnancy loss. This preventive model is reliable (p<0.001) and was transformed into the application "Individual prediction of the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology" created for the Android platform, which provides 95.5% accuracy of the prediction of the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology. Conclusions. The personalized preventive model can be applied by general practitioners/family doctors and obstetrician-gynecologists in order to form risk groups among pregnant women and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology.

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Christine Cooper

Abstract:This paper examines a problematic occurrence of translation in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale, specifically when Custance is understood by the Northumbrians as she speaks in her 'corrupt Latin' tongue. The paper argues that Custance's being understood is best explained by recognizing the tale's reliance on the hagiographical trope of xenoglossia, the sudden, miraculous ability to speak or understand a foreign language. By emphasizing the ambiguous nature of this moment of translation, however, Chaucer exposes the narrative conventions of different genres (saint's life, chronicle history, and romance) that allow foreign speakers to be understood through very different means.

E. S. Astakhova

The category of space, originally related to the field of scientific knowledge of philosophy, became the subject of linguistic research in the XX century after the structurallinguistic turn and the Sepir-Whorf hypothesis, which allowed expanding the possibilities of philological analysis of literary texts. Space is closely related to the understanding of time, so it is still difficult to interpret these categories without appealing to another one. There are many approaches to the definition of « space»: through chronotope, locativity, and text-forming categories; researchers understand space as a «specific system of signs», a «modeling language», and spatial metaphors. Therefore, the relevance of the work is seen in the deepening of research affecting the art space.The article pays special attention to the typology of space in works of art. The novelty of the work is expressed in an attempt to identify and describe the linguistic features of the space of the otherworld, which was actively addressed by writers and playwrights of the Silver Age of Russian literature. This is explained by the fact that the subjective (that is, the space created by the author) has its own structure, independence, it is developed by the individual consciousness, which, in turn, is a historical consciousness with a space-time concept of an era, culture. The core of the work of the writers of the beginning of the XX century was not real life, but subjective visions and experiences, behind which the symbolists wanted to recognize the reflections of invisible fire, the radiance of mysterious worlds, meanings that could not be translated into the language of logic. Real space ceases to be real, it is a model, an imitation, a representation of the existing world in an abstract sense.The otherworld, which in dictionaries is understood as a space opposed to the real, as the space of a literary text has different characteristics: it does not necessarily belong to the locus of the fantastic or «unreal», its main feature is to enter into an antithesis with the space in which the hero is initially located, to be different from the «real» space by a set of not only external features, but also the state of the characters moving into it.The paper presents and describes the main linguistic units with which the space of the otherworld is verbalized in literary texts of the beginning of the XX century.

Jianxin YU, Lianhao ZHOU, min GUO et al.

With the increasing demand for underground resources in China, the construction of ultra-deep shafts is becoming more and more popular. In order to stabilize the shaft wall and reduce the collapse of the shaft wall during the shaft excavation, the freezing method is generally used in the construction. However, the vibration generated during blasting will still have a certain impact on the stability of the shaft wall. In severe cases, even collapse will occur, causing certain casualties, delaying the construction progress and increasing the project cost. In order to solve such problems, based on the research background of 704.6 m deep alluvium frozen soil blasting excavation project in the west wind shaft of Zhaogu No. 2 Coal Mine, the vibration monitoring of deep shaft frozen soil blasting shaft wall was carried out, and combined with the ANSYS/LS-DYNA analysis software, the three-dimensional numerical model of shaft multi-stage blasting was established to deeply explore the vibration response law of shaft wall under frozen soil blasting excavation in the frozen topsoil section. The monitoring results show that the waveform of each section of the time-history curve of shaft wall vibration caused by frozen soil blasting is obviously distinguished. The blasting of segment 3 auxiliary holes with large charge and dense blasthole distribution has the greatest impact on shaft lining vibration, but they are all within the safety range which is 8.39 cm/s. For the cutting blasting segment, the shaft wall is mainly affected by longitudinal wave to produce vibration, and the vertical vibration velocity is greater than the radial and tangential vibration velocity. During auxiliary blasting, with the increase of free surface, the force generated by blasting gradually extends to the horizontal direction, the radial vibration velocity of the shaft wall gradually dominates, and the vertical vibration velocity decreases relatively. Based on one-dimensional elastic wave theory, the relationship between the vibration velocity of the shaft wall caused by blasting and the concrete stress is analyzed. The calculation results are less than the tensile strength of concrete. The reliability and accuracy of the model are verified by comparing the numerical simulation results with the measured vibration velocity waveform, and the vibration velocity in the vertical direction of the particle closest to the wellbore is 23 cm/s, which is within the safe range. The research ideas and methods can provide certain reference for the construction and vibration control of the same type of shaft blasting in frozen soil.

N. Bardi, G. Egry

According to Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920, the entire territory of historical Transylvania that belonged to Hungary became a part of Greater Romania. This area was inhabited by a big amount of Hungarian people, the Hungarian national minority in Romania numbered approximately 1,5 million people. The issue is aimed to present the process of isolation of Hungarians in state life and local governments in Transylvania within the framework of Romanian efforts for creating a homogenic state. The irst half of the 1930s was a period of economic crisis and the position of the Hungarians was shaken even more. From 1938 to 1940, in order to protect against revanchist aspirations, the implementation of which in the international arena became more and more real, discriminatory measures against Hungarians continued in the ield of labor law, the use of language and economy.

G. V. Stankevich

The article analyzes the features of the entrepreneurial legal personality of juvenile entrepreneurs and the mechanism of its formation and implementation. The author makes a proposal to indicate in the registration certificate of an entrepreneur that the person is under age. The author analyses particular features of the protection of the legal capacity of juvenile entrepreneurs in business activities.

N. Pukhovsky

The article examines the process of creation of the Don Cheka during the period of establishing the Soviet statehood in the Don region in 1920-1921. The Don Cheka was organized under conditions of the activities of some criminal bands, interveners, white-cossaks, anarchists, swindlers and speculators in the city and its outskirts. However, the shortage of highly professional cadre, the lack of any undercover agents did not affect the effectiveness of the Don Cheka’s fight with the resistance moment in the region.

Xiao-Jun Yang

In this article, we propose an anomalous chaotic system of the scaling-law ordinary differential equations involving the Mandelbrot scaling law. This chaotic behavior shows the "Wukong" effect. The comparison among the Lorenz and scaling-law attractors is discussed in detail. We also suggest the conjecture for the fixed point theory for the fractal SL attractor. The scaling-law chaos may be open a new door in the study of the chaos theory.

Jeroen van Dongen

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.

C. Grigné, M. Combes

Abstract Geochemical constraints on mantle temperature indicate a regular decrease by around 250 K since 3 Ga. However, models of Earth's cooling that rely on scaling laws for thermal convection without strong plates are facing a thermal runaway backwards in time, due to the power‐law dependence of heat loss on temperature. To explore the effect of surface dynamics on Earth's cooling rate, we build a two‐dimensional temperature‐dependent model of plate tectonics that relies on a force balance for each plate and on Earth‐like parameterized behaviors for the motion, creation, and disappearance of plate boundaries. While our model predicts the expected thermal runaway if plate boundaries are fixed, we obtain an average cooling rate consistent with geochemical estimates if the geometry of plate tectonics evolves through time. For a warmer mantle in the past, plates are faster but also larger (and less numerous) so that the average seafloor age and resulting heat flux always remain moderate. The predicted decrease in the number of plates backwards in time is in good agreement with recent plate reconstructions over the last 400 Myr. Our model also gives plate speed and subduction area flux consistent with these reconstructions. We finally compare the effect of parameters controlling mantle viscosity and individual plate speeds to the effect of localized surface processes, such as oceanization and subduction initiation. We infer that studies of Earth's thermal history should focus on surface processes as they appear to be key control parameters.

Fernando B. Figueiredo, João M. Fernandes

In 1782 José Monteiro da Rocha, astronomer and professor of the University of Coimbra, presented in a public session of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon a memoir on the problem of the determination of the comets' orbits. Only in 1799, the "Determinação das Orbitas dos Cometas" (Determination of the orbits of comets) would be published in the Academy's memoires. In that work, Monteiro da Rocha presents a method for solving the problem of the determination of the parabolic orbit of a comet from three observations. Monteiro da Rocha's method is essentially the same method proposed by Olbers and published under von Zach's sponsorship two years before, in 1797. To have been written and published in Portuguese was certainly a hindrance for its dissemination among the international astronomical community. In this article, we intend to present Monteiro da Rocha's method and trying to see to what extent Gomes Teixeira's assertion (Teixeira 1934) that Monteiro da Rocha and Olbers must figure together in the history of astronomy, as the first inventors of a practical and easy method for the determination of parabolic orbits of comets, is justified.