Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Piotr J. Wróbel

General Lucjan Żeligowski’s dilemmas regarding his national identity reflect the difficult choices faced by millions of people living in the borderlands between Russia and various East-Central European nations over the past several centuries. Born and raised in a Polish-patriotic family in 1865 in the heart of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was controlled by Tsarist Russia, he joined the Russian Army out of poverty and became almost entirely Russified. Seeking a compromise between his Polish and Russian identities, he became interested in Slavophile ideology. By the end of World War I, his Polish identity had prevailed over his Lithuanian and Russian sentiments, and he contributed to the rebirth of Poland. However, he noticed a distinction between Poles from central Poland and himself, a “Polish” or “Slavic Lithuanian”. He was very critical of Warsaw’s policies towards the regions of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and endeavoured to preserve their separate character. In 1939, he escaped from Poland and joined the Polish émigré authorities. In the West, he returned to Pan-Slavic ideology, hoping it would help bridge the Polish-Soviet chasm. Also, his political views shifted. In interwar Poland, he became an agrarian, but he was moving to the left, dreaming of a “People’s Poland”. This allowed him to stay connected with the Soviets during World War II and later to decide on his return to communist-controlled Poland. He had never found peace of mind and paid a steep price for his numerous identity crises. He was not alone; millions traversed similar mental paths, impacting the entire history of Eastern and East Central Europe.

Irena Šutinienė

In this article, the focus is on the memory of repressions in the Kazakhstan Lithuanian diaspora, a large part of which consists of the descendants of Lithuanians who were subject to repression. Based on data from a survey of semi-structured interviews, the interpretations, evaluations, and practices for the memorialisation and commemoration of the memory of the repressions among the representatives of the diaspora are analysed. The connections of this memory with Kazakhstan’s dominant collective memory discourses and the Lithuanian narrative of the memory of repressions are discussed. The analysis reveals how discourses of the memory of the repressions in the country impact the memory of the descendant of the migrants.

Frank Schimmelfennig

ABSTRACT The crises of the European Union and the geopolitical shifts in its international environment have generated a backlash against the post-Cold War ‘debordering’ of European integration. Whereas integration theories focus almost exclusively on the EU’s internal boundaries and developments, this framework paper conceptualizes and theorizes integration as a process of internal debordering and external rebordering. It sketches the history of European integration in a bordering perspective and proposes general assumptions about the EU’s bordering process. Accordingly, rebordering pressures result from widening boundary gaps at the EU’s external borders, exogenous shocks to cross-border transactions, growing community deficits of debordering, and their politicization. Whether external rebordering succeeds and how it interacts with internal boundary formation, depends on EU-level boundary negotiations and the relative costs and benefits of external vs. internal rebordering.

Evelin Kovács

Az új vidékfejlesztési gyakorlatok kialakulásának fontos alapja az ellátási láncok újra alkotása. A SFSCk (Short Food Supply Chain) arra is alkalmasak, hogy megtörjék a hosszú, összetett ipari láncok rendszerét. Az SFSC-k esetében a termelői fogyasztói kapcsolatok „lerövidülnek” és újra definiálódnak. A szakirodalmi feltárást követően arra a következtetésre jutottam, hogy a rövid ellátási láncok napjainkban egyre nagyobb figyelmet kapnak, hazánkban is egyre több működési forma jelenik meg. A helyi termékek népszerűsítését számos program segítette az utóbbi években. Azt tapasztaltam, hogy a nemzetközi szakirodalom esettanulmány jelleggel mutatja be a REL-ek működését. A tanulmány elsődleges célja az volt, hogy olyan nemzetközi példákat kutassak fel, amelyek összehasonlítási alapot képezhetnek a hazánkban működő, különös tekintettel a Hajdú-Bihar megyei szerveződéseknek. Ezt követően pedig konkrét Hajdú-Bihar megyében működő hálózatokat mutattam be, négy hálózatot sikerült azonosítanom. Végezetül pedig a REL tagok közötti kérdőíves felmérés eredményét taglaltam. Összegezve a válaszadók 80%-a hisz a REL-ek életképességében, gazdaságos működtetésében. A legtöbben az információs technológia fejlesztését jelölték meg, mint fejlesztendő működési terület. A gazdálkodók hajlandóak lennének a termékelőállítás gazdaságossága érdekében erősíteni a közvetlen értékesítést. A termelők 88%-a értékesít helyi, termelői piacokon. Ők alapvetően elégedettek a termelői piac működésével, emellett úgy vélik gazdasági szempontból kielégítő a termelői piacon történő árusítás.

P. John Clarkson, R. Coleman

Serhii Olhovskyi

У статті аналізується рівень розвитку бронзоливарного ремесла у Північному Причорномор’ї у VI-V ст. до н.е. Автор дійшов висновку, що всупереч традиційній думці про виняткову роль античних колоній в історії місцевого населення, кольорова металооб-робка у грецьких колоніях поступалася скіфській за обсягом і складністю технологічних прийомів. Така точка зору сформувалася у результаті певної лакуни у дослідженні скіфських пам’яток осілого побуту, яка трималася до 50-х рр. ХХ ст., коли розпочалися широкі дослідження скіфських городищ лісостепової зони. Практично на кожному великому городищі виявлено яскраві сліди місцевої металообробки, які за кількістю й якістю значно перебільшують ольвійські. Аналіз решток металообробного ремесла в Ольвії й у Нижньому Побужжі в цілому дає можливість стверджувати, що у зазначений час в Ольвії і на поселеннях її хори, на Березанському й Ягорлицькому поселеннях здебільшого працювали бродячі майстри – вихідці із варварського середовища – Балкано-Карпатського басейну, лісостепової зони України, Північного Кавказу і, навіть, Волго-Уралля та Західного Сибіру.

P. Piirimäe

Emer de Vattel has been widely considered a seminal figure in the European tradition of the law of nations. While attaching himself to the earlier tradition of natural jurisprudence, he offered a normative system of the law of nations that was more firmly and explicitly anchored to the political practice of his contemporary Europe than were the doctrines of his predecessors. Vattel promoted the practical applicability of his Droit des gens (1758), stressing that it was not so much written for interested ‘private individuals’, i.e. other scholars or the general public, but it was a ‘law of sovereigns’ that was primarily intended for ‘them and their ministers’. It would not help much, he explained, if his maxims were studied only by those who had no influence over public affairs; the ‘conductors of states’, on the other hand, if they chose to learn this science and adopt its maxims as the ‘compass’ for their policies, could produce many ‘happy results’.1 Vattel emphasized the easy comprehension and applicability of his book, contrasting his approach with that of Christian Wolff, whose treatise on the law of nations could be understood only if one ‘previously studied sixteen or seventeen quarto volumes which precede it’.2 As Vattel famously declared, his original intention was to introduce Wolff ’s system to a wider readership, by rendering his rigid and formal work more ‘agreeable and better calculated to ensure it a reception in the polite world’.3 While it is clear that Vattel’s work amounted to much more than a systematic account of Wolff ’s principles,4 it is in the manner of presentation that the differences between the two scholars are the most striking. Already the choice of French over Latin, the language of diplomats over that of the republic of

I. G. Dokuchaeva

The evacuation of industrial enterprises, educational institutions, and millions of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War is a tragic page in the history of Russia. This complex operation involved the evacuation and placement of hundreds of schools and factory training institutions in the rear areas of the country. The article describes the scale and complexity of the restoration of the work of educational institutions of Labor Reserves in the conditions of Western Siberia at the initial stage of the war. It includes an analysis of the restructuring process of Labor Reserve schools. The author evaluates the importance of mobilization measures taken to attract young people to accelerated vocational training. The paper also features the problem of the relationship between the management of the Labor Re-serves and the industrial and transport enterprises where students had to do practical training and got employed after graduation. The research offers a comparative statistics of growth in the number of educational institutions and stu-dents.

Александр Александрович Гужаловский

Софија Лазаревић

Овај рад износи основне поставке теорије Ајрис Јанг која, насупрот идеалу универзалног грађанства и једнакости жена истиче неопходност структурне и историјске анализе положаја различитих категорија жена. У њеним размишљањима се могу наћи елементи феминистичких теорија, политичке филозофије, марксизма и афроамеричке филозофије истичући важност и анализу положаја жена, структурно, али и историјски. Први део рада се бави темом одговорности и права где Јанг позива своје читаоце да размишљају о одговорности и обавезама друштва у стварању правде/исправљању неправде. У другом делу рада се говори о универзалном грађанству и остваривању једнаког права за све у друштву. Следећи део рада се тиче партиципативне демократије и хетерогене јавности. Уместо универзалног грађанства залаже се за групно диференцирано грађанство и хетерогену јавност. Јангова се не задржава само на критици споменутих теорија, него нуди и алтернативно решење засновано управо на њеним ставовима који представљају комбинацију феминизма, марксизма и теорија парципативне демократије.

Aram Ghaemmaghami

Manuel Aragón

Álvaro Ribagorda

La historiografía no ha dedicado mucha atención a las particularidades de la ciencia española durante la Segunda República, quedando diluida esta etapa dentro de las visiones generales del primer tercio del siglo XX que suelen abordar las historias de la cien­cia española. A partir de la revisión de la bibliografía concerniente a este tema, se plantea aquí el interés de desarrollar una perspectiva historiográfica espe­cífica sobre el mismo.

Ida Moltke, Matteo Fumagalli, T. Korneliussen et al.

Because of past limitations in samples and genotyping technologies, important questions about the history of the present-day Greenlandic population remain unanswered. In an effort to answer these questions and in general investigate the genetic history of the Greenlandic population, we analyzed ∼200,000 SNPs from more than 10% of the adult Greenlandic population (n = 4,674). We found that recent gene flow from Europe has had a substantial impact on the population: more than 80% of the Greenlanders have some European ancestry (on average ∼25% of their genome). However, we also found that the amount of recent European gene flow varies across Greenland and is far smaller in the more historically isolated areas in the north and east and in the small villages in the south. Furthermore, we found that there is substantial population structure in the Inuit genetic component of the Greenlanders and that individuals from the east, west, and north can be distinguished from each other. Moreover, the genetic differences in the Inuit ancestry are consistent with a single colonization wave of the island from north to west to south to east. Although it has been speculated that there has been historical admixture between the Norse Vikings who lived in Greenland for a limited period ∼600–1,000 years ago and the Inuit, we found no evidence supporting this hypothesis. Similarly, we found no evidence supporting a previously hypothesized admixture event between the Inuit in East Greenland and the Dorset people, who lived in Greenland before the Inuit.

Manuel Rivero Rodríguez

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Wayne F Wargo

Nicola Tonietto

The aim of this work is to describe German and Republican Fascists secret services espionage and sabotage networks, their missions and their agents who were sent to the South-Central Italy, between 1943 and 1945, with the goal of obstructing the Allied advance. The two German secret services, namely Abwehr and Sicherheitsdienst, recruited Italian agents (who belonged to the Milizia, the Black Brigades or Borghese’s Decima Mas) to take part in espionage and sabotage operations beyond the Allied lines. Even the fascists themselves, through the newborn SID or other groups like Prince Pignatelli’s or Pucci-Del Massa Office, tried to plan espionage networks but also to prepare the ground for the survival of the fascism after the end of the war.

G. Umhang, J. Knapp, V. Hormaz et al.

Silvije Vuletic

Health professionals are able to make right decision in right time only if they posses prompt, accurate and up to date information about health status of patients and general population. They also need knowledge and tools, computer and information technologies, for successful management of huge amount of information. Efficient management of information is of crucial importance for health policy and decision-making process, and to produce high quality results in public health and healthcare delivery. The book presents an original effort to summarize the basic knowledge about the history of medical informatics and informatics education in Europe and broader, development stages and influence of computer sciences on development of medical informatics. In addition, history and development of medical informatics in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina is also presented, as well as some basic facts about the establishment, importance and activities of the two key international associations–IMIA and EFMI. A broad list of 36 key actors, with brief biographies and photos, is included, as the most influential scientists and doyens in development of medical informatics worldwide. The authors of the book pay special tribute to four corypheés of medical informatics–Morris F. Collen, François Grémy, Peter L. Reichertz and Jean-Claude Healy. The book is fulfilling an important gap revealing the history and emphasizing the importance of medical informatics as a new scientific discipline with very fast development and implementation in health care sector. Health informatics is contributing remarkably in everyday practice of medical and public health professionals, in efficient management of huge and increasing amount of health information and general and specific medical knowledge toward improved quality of health care, as well as to professional and scientific competitiveness in Europe and broader. The knowledge of information technology is now part of general literacy. The 264 pages are distributed in 14 chapters with references and consulted literature added to each chapter. The book is directed toward medical and other professionals in biomedicine, especially the young doctors. The book can be used by students at all levels, from undergraduate to postgraduate master and doctoral studies, and professionals in various clinical disciplines and public health. The book can also be useful as a guideline for all medical and other professionals in biomedicine in conducting everyday activities and promoting of their professional and research work. Skopje, August 2014 Prof. Doncho Donev, MD, PhD BOOK REVIEW