The aim of this note is to present a fragmentary unguentarium, brought to light during the 2010 excavation of the PAL.M.A.I.S. archaeological project in Palmyra, Syria. Only the upper part of the vessel is preserved and stands out because it likely has part of its stopper, made of glass, still stuck in its mouth. It is possible to formulate different hypotheses on how this stopper was used and produced. The specimen from Palmyra is a unicum for this region and chronological horizon (sixth to seventh century CE).
Nurul Hasanah, Lia Ariska Ritonga, Hayatun Sabariah
et al.
This research examines Indonesian children's training in making feather wire keychain crafts with Asmaul Husna inscriptions at Elshaddai Studio, Klang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The research also wanted to explore the Islamic meanings and values contained in the work and its impact on the religious understanding and creativity of migrant children. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study type, which allows researchers to explore the phenomenon of handicraft skills applied in the social, cultural, and spiritual context of the Indonesian migrant children's community. Data was collected through observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results showed that the training provided practical skills to the children and introduced them to the values of tawhid and the beauty of Islam through Asmaul Husna. In addition, this training can increase children's self-confidence and provide them with valuable skills in daily life. This keychain craft also has a spiritual function as a reminder of the names of Allah. It could be an effective medium of da'wah to introduce Islamic teachings to the broader community. Thus, this research contributes to Islamic arts-based education among migrant children and introduces the potential of a creative economy through handicrafts.
Yusuf Adibah, Julian Mezi, Hussain S.A. Shaik
et al.
This study explores the dual impact of tourism on traditional arts in Cireundeu Cultural Village, located in West Java, Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that tourism significantly contributes to the preservation of traditional arts, such as local dances, music, and crafts, by providing economic incentives and wider recognition. It also enhances local income and generates employment, particularly in the cultural performance, handicrafts, and hospitality sectors. However, the study also identified several negative consequences, notably the commodification of culture. Sacred rituals and traditional performances have been adapted to suit tourist expectations, leading to the erosion of their original meanings and authenticity. Moreover, the unequal distribution of tourism benefits has created socio-economic gaps within the community. Local perceptions vary; while many appreciate the economic benefits, there is growing concern over the loss of cultural identity. The study concludes that sustainable tourism strategies are essential for balancing economic development and cultural preservation. Key recommendations include collaborative cultural programming, capacity building for local artists, and implementing regulatory frameworks to protect intangible cultural heritage. This research contributes to the discourse on inclusive and sustainable Tourism for All development, aligning with the global agenda of “Tourism for All” and empowering cultural communities. This study has practical implications for policymakers, tourism stakeholders, and researchers focusing on heritage-based community development.
The use of glass lamps can be traced back to the early Roman imperial period, at which time they were modeled after clay lucernae. A very small number of them have been preserved in their entirety. When fragmented, they are very difficult to recognize. In the late imperial period, glass lamps were made in a significantly larger number, were different in shape, and were used to illuminate private, public, and sacred spaces. This paper presents a fragment of glass lamp from Cibalae.
mohsen seidi, Fataneh Alizadeh Meshkani, Ahmad Sardari
et al.
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to design a model for improving the behavior of Iranian handicrafts e-commerce customers with the approach of improving customer trust. According to its purpose, the research method is applicable, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its implementation, and descriptive-exploratory in terms of data collection in the qualitative part. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 19 Iranian experts, including university professors in the fields of marketing management, handicrafts and senior managers of companies that export handicraft products, who through non-random sampling in the form of snowballs, were selected for interviews. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes 11 Iranian university professors in the fields of marketing management, handicrafts and senior managers of companies that export handicraft products, who were selected using non-probability sampling. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information in the qualitative section. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, first, content analysis was used to code the interviews, and in the quantitative part of the research, the self-interaction matrix was used for interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In the qualitative section, 16 sub-themes and seven main themes (indices) were extracted. In the quantitative part, a four-level model was obtained, and the most effective indicator of this model is electronic communication and interaction with customers. Also, its most effective indicator at the seventh level is confidence in purchasing. Therefore, 5 other criteria also play the role of interface factors in this model.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, advances in science and technology and the development of new technologies have created new competitive conditions for production and service organizations, so that quality and customer satisfaction and trust are the most important factors in global competition. Attracting and retaining customers in an organization is a category that is affected by various factors and conditions inside and outside the organization, the importance of which varies according to the type of organization and from one organization to another (Nguyen et al, 2020). Trust is defined as the trust of one party (trustee) to another person (trusted or trusted third party) (Yeon et al, 2019). Trust plays an important role in interactions and is important for companies and for developing relationships with consumers (Astono, 2021). Trust is the consumer's belief that the transaction will be carried out according to the plan. The way customers think about trust can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional (Papas, 2018). On the other hand, in the late 1990s, the Internet promoted the formation of e-commerce, and the development of information technology in the middle years has caused the rapid development of e-commerce in the past 20 years (Baylok, 2021). E-commerce and information technology (IT) have a positive relationship. E-commerce and information technology are measured by evaluating the value of their business; the more the company gains positive value and trust, the more buyers it attracts (Alam & Osly, 2021). Electronic commerce is a set of technologies, applications, and business processes that connect companies, consumers, and communities through electronic transactions and electronic commerce of goods, services, and information (Rafiah, 2019).
Based on this, the current research is looking for an answer to this question: What is the model for improving the behavior of Iranian handicrafts e-commerce customers with the approach of improving customer trust?
Theoretical Framework
Customer trust
There are many definitions about trust. The multiplicity of definitions of trust in the theoretical texts of the subject probably originates from two reasons; first, trust is an abstract concept and sometimes it is synonymous with concepts such as authenticity, trustworthiness, or reliability. Second, trust is a multifaceted concept that has different perceptual, sensory and behavioral dimensions (Latifi & Momenkashani, 2014).
electronic commerce
E-commerce refers to a broader definition of traditional business, which, in addition to buying and selling goods and services, includes welfare services for customers, cooperation with business partners, conducting electronic learning, and conducting electronic transactions in an organization (Torban & Lonino 2020).
Iranian handcraft
Iran's handicrafts experts believe that handicrafts refer to a set of arts and crafts that mainly use local raw materials and carry out some of the basic production steps with the help of hands and hand tools. In each unit, the artistic taste and intellectual creativity of the manufacturer are manifested in some way, and this factor is the main distinguishing feature of such products from similar machine and factory artifacts (Kazemi, 2019).
Zolfaghar Dolabi (2023) investigated the factors affecting customer loyalty and electronic trust in electronic commerce in Tehran Infrastructure Company. The results of the research in the Tehran infrastructure company showed that the quality of the user interface has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and trust. The quality of information has a significant effect on customer satisfaction, but it does not affect trust. Keeping privacy and security is not important for customer satisfaction, but it is important for trust. Customer satisfaction and trust have a positive relationship with each other and mediate customer loyalty with the determinants of service quality. The results of regression analysis show that the dependent variable of e-commerce loyalty is influenced by e-customer satisfaction and e-trust.
Sharifi & Mardani (2022) investigated the identification of the key success factors in e-commerce during widespread crises (the case study of DJ Kala online sales company). The findings of the research showed that besides paying attention to hardware and software factors related to information technology in e-commerce, paying attention to human factors can increase the efficiency of e-commerce even more.
Research methodology
The research method is applicable according to its purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its implementation, and a qualitative part of the descriptive-exploratory type in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 19 Iranian experts, including university professors in the fields of marketing management, handicrafts and senior managers of companies that export handicraft products, who were selected for interviews using non-random sampling in the form of snowballs. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes 11 Iranian university professors in the fields of marketing management, handicrafts and senior managers of companies that export handicraft products, who were selected using non-probability sampling. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information in the qualitative section.
Research findings
Analysis was used in the coding part of the content analysis; and in the quantitative part, the combined method of Dimetal and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used. The findings from the qualitative part of the research showed that 16 sub-themes and 7 main themes (indicators) of the desired model were extracted using content analysis and interviews of 19 experts. In the quantitative part, a four-level model was obtained, and the most effective indicator of this model is electronic communication and interaction with customers. Also, its most effective indicator at the seventh level is confidence in purchasing. Therefore, 5 other criteria also play the role of interface factors in this model.
Conclusion
The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing a model for improving the behavior of Iranian handicrafts e-commerce customers with the approach of improving customer trust. The results of the present research are in accordance with the results of Zolfaghar Dolabi (2023), Hashempor (2023), Sharifi & Mardani (2022), Yazdi (2022), Jalali (2021), Sutia et al, (2020), Bozic & Kuppelwieser (2019), Nekooeezade & Amini (2019), Issam (2016). Zolfaghar Dolabi (2023) showed that the quality of the user interface has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and trust. The quality of information has a significant effect on customer satisfaction, but it does not affect trust. Keeping privacy and security is not important for customer satisfaction, but it is important for trust. Customer satisfaction and trust have a positive relationship with each other and mediate customer loyalty with the determinants of service quality. The results of regression analysis show that the dependent variable of e-commerce loyalty is influenced by e-customer satisfaction and e-trust.
According to the results obtained from the research, it is suggested:
1- The development of Iranian handicrafts in the context of e-commerce should be considered as one of the important strategies to increase the market share of these industries, because unlike traditional retail, a craft e-commerce store can be up and running with just a few clicks. The e-commerce platform makes it easy and simple for craft business owners to create attractive and reliable sites with minimal effort.
2- Training and promoting the use of sales in the context of e-commerce by relevant organizations should be prioritized. Buyers search for the desired product in the e-commerce space for various reasons such as comparing prices, comparing brands, knowing the opinions of previous buyers, checking the amount of inventory and more. The only way to ensure potential buyers of your products is to have a persistent presence in the e-commerce space. Even if buyers are looking for the store's working hours or its address, access to the desired information through e-commerce is very important.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting integrated marketing communication and provide solutions for improving the customer experience in Chabahar coastal tourism industry. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is a survey research in terms of its implementation. The statistical population of the study includes all tourists who have traveled to Chabahar during November 2017 to September 2018. The number of samples selected by random cluster sampling method was 385 for tourists. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed in which 385 questionnaires were returned. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used. For this purpose, two researcher-made questionnaires of integrated marketing communication and customer experience were used. Statistical analysis (regression and Friedman test) was used to analyze the data. According to the findings of this study, the independent variable of integrated marketing communications has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable of improving customer experience. In the order of the components of direct sales and marketing, there is a positive and significant impact on the improvement of customer experience. Considering the positive impact of the double sale of direct sales and marketing, the need to pay more attention to them is a must. Introduction Chabahar is in the free zones this will lead to foreign investment attraction, export promotion, increased revenues from foreign investment, and the creation of suitable employment opportunities for the labor force and attracting tourists to the region. The necessity of such a research can be arranged in a way that the development of organizational units such as market development, public relations and etc. in the Chabahar coastal area for tourism problems such as inconsistency between them, conflicting and conflicting goals, as well as the absence of harmony in the message It has attracted customers and stakeholders. The huge volume of TV advertising, the heavy budget of the Public Relations Unit and their various promotional programs has become a serious issue for top executives in the region, with the effectiveness of the costs being spent only through an integrated approach. Case study The overall aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting integrated marketing communication and provide solutions for improving customer experience. With the passage from traditional economics and the intensification of competition in new dimensions, the customer has become the core of all the activities of organizations, so that from a competitive perspective, the survival of organizations depends on identifying and attracting new customers and maintaining the available Customers. Studies show that tourism, along with advanced industries, has a good future. Tourism is the main industry in many countries and plays a major role in the development of the global economy. As the importance of service modalities in advanced economies has increased, special issues in service marketing have attracted increasing attention. Provision of appropriate services to customers is one of the most important factors in creating a distinction between tourism industries in a competitive environment. Materials and methods The present study is applied research because its purpose is to develop knowledge. And descriptive research based on survey type. The instrument used in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by the experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The statistical population of this study includes all tourists who travel to the coastal area of Chabahar and are unlimited. A sample of 385 people was selected using Morgan table. They were selected using randomized cluster sampling. To each of the elements of the community to select the equal chance to choose. Discussion and Results Indicators of central tendency and dispersion tendencies of direct sales and marketing are respectively 3.84 and 3.79 respectively. The first subset of the research showed that promotion of sales has a positive and significant effect on improving customer experience. The second sub hypothesis shows that direct marketing has a positive and significant impact on improving customer experience. According to two sub-hypotheses, the main hypothesis was proved; the results showed that integrated marketing communications have a positive and significant effect on improving customer experience. Conclusions In line with the objectives of this research, a major hypothesis and two sub-hypotheses were introduced. Which was confirmed after analyzing the data and the results of the regression test. The research findings showed that sales promotion was effect in improving customer experience. Therefore, it is suggested that managers, decision makers and planners should hold coastal competitions along with the awarding of seasonal and concessional awards (cash and non-cash) to enhance and improve the customer experience, in seasons where the climate of the Chabahar coastal tourism zone is more suitable. The findings of the research indicate that direct marketing has a direct impact on improving customer experience. And it is recommended to create national markets, handicrafts centers and create booths on the coast In order to preserve and revitalize traditional arts and crafts, including the special needlework for women of the Baloch artist, to improve this goal.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
<p>Lilin batik (malam) biron merupakan jenis lilin batik yang digunakan pada proses mbironi (menutup sebagian ornamen pokok atau ornamen tambahan pada kain batik yang sudah berwarna). Proses mbironi memiliki peranan penting pada kualitas produk batik yang dihasilkan. Banyaknya produk batik warna alam yang memiliki kualitas kurang baik, dikarenakan terdapat rembesan warna akibat kurang baiknya kualitas lilin biron yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi lilin biron yang baik untuk produksi batik warna alam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan metode eksperimen acak menggunakan variasi komposisi bahan baku lilin biron yaitu paraffin dan lilin bekas. Prototipe lilin biron kemudian diaplikasikan pada kain katun dan sutera. Pengujian lilin biron meliputi uji titik leleh, identifikasi ketajaman motif dan warna, serta uji pelepasan lilin batik (pelorodan). Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh lilin batik biron yang mempunyai kualitas terbaik untuk kain katun adalah dengan formula 1 bagian kote, 5 bagian parafin, dan 4 bagian lilin batik bekas, adapun komposisi terbaik lilin batik biron untuk kain sutera dengan formula 2 bagian gondorukem, 5 bagian parafin, 14 bagian lilin batik bekas dan 1 bagian kendal.</p>
<p>Pencelupan menggunakan zat warna alam pada proses pembuatan batik dilakukan berulang kali agar dihasilkan warna yang kuat. Sedangkan, penyerapan warna oleh serat kain dibatasi oleh kejenuhan serat. Pencelupan berulang tanpa memperhatikan hasil yang diperoleh dapat menambah biaya, tenaga, dan waktu proses pewarnaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pengulangan pencelupan yang optimum dalam menghasilkan warna kain batik katun yang kuat. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan media kain katun, zat warna alam tingi dan indigofera, serta bahan fiksasi kapur, tunjung, dan tawas. Pewarnaan dilakukan secara berulang masing-masing 5, 8, 11, dan 14 kali pencelupan. Fiksasi warna tingi dengan menggunakan tawas, kapur, dan tunjung dilakukan setelah proses pewarnaan. Pengujian pada kain katun batik meliputi ketahanan luntur warna terhadap sinar matahari dan pencucian, serta uji beda warna (L*a*b*). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum pencelupan untuk memperoleh arah warna coklat tua/gelap menggunakan pewarna alami tingi dengan fiksasi tunjung adalah 5 dan 8 kali pencelupan, untuk tawas 11 kali pencelupan. Fiksasi dengan tunjung menghasilkan warna kain katun batik lebih tua apabila dibandingkan dengan fiksasi tawas. Perlakuan optimum dalam pencelupan menggunakan pewarna alam indigofera pada kain katun batik adalah sebanyak 8 kali pencelupan dengan hasil arah warna biru paling kuat.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : pencelupan, batik, warna alam, tingi, indigofera </p>
<p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Ekstrak kayu Tegeran digunakan sebagai sumber warna kuning untuk soga batik. Penggunaanya sebagai pewarna tunggal batik sangat jarang karena menurut perajin batik mudah luntur dan warna kurang cerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa ekstrak kayu Tegeran sebagai zat warna tunggal pada batik. Kayu Tegeran diekstraksi pada suhu kamar, 50ºC, 75ºC dan 100ºC menggunakan pelarut air selama 1 jam. Pewarnaan batik dilakukan dengan ekstrak kayu Tegeran sebanyak 8 kali pada suhu kamar. Proses pelepasan <em>malam</em> (lilin batik) dilakukan dengan pelarut air pada suhu 100ºC selama 1 jam. Batik dianalisa dengan menggunakan parameter uji arah, ketuaan warna, ketahanan luntur warna terhadap gosokan basah, pencucian dan sinar matahari. pH larutan ekstrak kayu Tegeran hasil ekstraksi pada suhu kamar, 50ºC, 75ºC dan 100ºC berturut-turut sebesar 5, 4, 4-5, 3-4. Arah warna batik hasil pewarnaan dengan kayu Tegeran yaitu kuning hingga cokelat tua. Nilai ketuaan warna batik katun hasil pewarnaan dengan kayu Tegeran antara 22,24 – 40,33 dan batik sutera bernilai antara 38,39 – 46,75. Nilai pengujian ketahanan luntur warna batik hasil pewarnaan dengan kayu Tegeran terhadap gosokan basah rata-rata memberikan nilai (4 – 5), sedangkan nilai ketahanan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan sinar matahari langsung rata-rata memberikan nilai 4. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kayu Tegeran dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna batik dengan warna cerah dan ketahanan luntur baik.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>ABSTRAC</em></strong><strong><em>T</em></strong></p><p><em>The Tegeran wood extract has been used as the yellow color source for batik soga. As a single color for batik, it is rarely used because tend to have poor color fastness and less bright color. This research aim is to analyze Tegeran wood extract as a single dye for batik. Tegeran wood extracted on various temperature (room temperature, 50ºC, 75ºC, 100ºC) using water as the solvent for an hour. Then it is used for batik dyeing with 8 times soaking at room temperature. The batik wax releasing process is conducted by base hot water for an hour. Batik is then analyzed using various testing parameters such as shade, color intensities and color fastness properties. The acidity of Tegeran extract from extraction process at </em><em>room temperature, 50ºC, 75ºC dan 100ºC are in line 5, 4, 4-5, 3-4. Shades of color are yellow to dark brown</em><em>. Color intensity score for cotton batik range is</em><em> </em><em>22,24</em><em> – </em><em>40,33</em><em> </em><em>and for silk batik is 38</em><em>,3</em><em>9</em><em> – </em><em>46,75. The color fastness score to wet rubbing is (4 – 5), and to washing and direct sunlight is</em><em> 4</em><em>.</em><em> From the result, it can be concluded that Tegeran wood extract can be used as batik dye with bright color and good color fastness properties. </em><em></em></p><p> </p>
Istihanah Nurul Eskani, Arif Perdana, Edi Eskak
et al.
<p>Perekat yang biasa digunakan di industri kerajinan adalah perekat sintetis yang tidak aman bagi kesehatan maupun lingkungan. Pemanfaatan bahan baku dari alam sebagai substitusi bahan baku sintetis telah banyak dilakukan, termasuk bahan baku perekat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perekat yang aman digunakan untuk pembuatan barang kerajinan dengan menggunakan bahan baku dari getah pohon Kudo <em>(Lannea coromandelica</em>) yang biasa disebut dengan getah <em>blendok</em>. Getah <em>blendok</em> dilarutkan dalam air dengan rasio getah <em>blendok</em> : air = 1:3 kemudian dipanaskan dalam <em>waterbath</em> pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C-80<sup>0</sup>C selama 1 jam. Zat aditif Maleat Anhidrida (MAH) ditambahkan dengan kadar 2,5%, 5%, 7,5% dan 10% dari berat getah <em>blendok</em>, dengan masing-masing ditambahkan kadar Benzoil Peroksida (BPO) 0,75%. Perekat yang diperoleh diaplikasikan pada bahan kulit kayu Jomok (<em>Arthocarpus elastica)</em> dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji sifat-sifat fisis dan mekanisnya. Sifat fisis perekat dibandingkan dengan SNI 06-6049-1999 Perekat PVAc sedangkan sifat mekanisnya dibandingkan dengan performa perekat sintetis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat-sifat fisis perekat dari getah <em>blendok</em> telah sesuai dengan SNI dan sifat-sifat mekanisnya sebanding dengan performa perekat sintetis yang biasa digunakan di industri kerajinan. </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Perekat alami, getah, pohon Kudo, maleat anhidrida</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Dibuat formulasi zat penguat lapisan peka sinar yang komponen utamanya adalah gondorukem. Gondorukem dicairkan dengan beberapa pelarut organik selektif sampai kekentalan tertentu. Untuk meningkatkan laju pengeringan, sistem larutan gondorukem setelah diberi stabilisator diemulsikan dengan kecepatan pengadukan 5000 RPM (konstant, selama 5 menit dengan pengemulsinya dibuat variatif.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Formulasi yang mempunyai tingkat ketahanan optimal ditentukan sebagai berikut: zat penguat lapisan peka cahaya setelah dioleskan diatas lapisan peka sinar (pada kasa cap) diamati laju pengeringannya kemudian diuji ketahanannya terhadap gosokan (mekanik) dan pasta zat warna (kimia). Nilai ketahanannya dibandingkan dengan ketahanan zat penguat peka sinar yang biasa dipakai seperti: lak merah, renyulux dan kopal vernis. </span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Dari hasil percobaan, ternyata bahwa formulasi yang menggunakan pelarut organik terpentin dan emulsifier TS memberikan ketahanan yang paling baik dengan laju pengeringan sekitar 3 jam (alamiah) atau 2 jam (dibantu kipas angin), nilai ketahanan gosok 3-4, sedikit lebih rendah dari nilai ketahanan gosok lak merah (4), sedang komposisinya sebagai berikut: gondorukem : terpentin = 1 : 1. asam sitrat 0,5%, air 5% dan pengemulsi 0,325% - 0,35%.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Dibuat formulasi zat penguat lapisan peka sinar yang komponen utamanya adalah gondorukem. Gondorukem dicairkan dengan beberapa pelarut organik selektif sampai kekentalan tertentu. Untuk meningkatkan laju pengeringan, sistem larutan gondorukem setelah diberi stabilisator diemulsikan dengan kecepatan pengadukan 5000 RPM (konstant, selama 5 menit dengan pengemulsinya dibuat variatif.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Formulasi yang mempunyai tingkat ketahanan optimal ditentukan sebagai berikut: zat penguat lapisan peka cahaya setelah dioleskan diatas lapisan peka sinar (pada kasa cap) diamati laju pengeringannya kemudian diuji ketahanannya terhadap gosokan (mekanik) dan pasta zat warna (kimia). Nilai ketahanannya dibandingkan dengan ketahanan zat penguat peka sinar yang biasa dipakai seperti: lak merah, renyulux dan kopal vernis. </span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Dari hasil percobaan, ternyata bahwa formulasi yang menggunakan pelarut organik terpentin dan emulsifier TS memberikan ketahanan yang paling baik dengan laju pengeringan sekitar 3 jam (alamiah) atau 2 jam (dibantu kipas angin), nilai ketahanan gosok 3-4, sedikit lebih rendah dari nilai ketahanan gosok lak merah (4), sedang komposisinya sebagai berikut: gondorukem : terpentin = 1 : 1. asam sitrat 0,5%, air 5% dan pengemulsi 0,325% - 0,35%.</span>
<p>Limbah kaca merupakan salah satu bahan baku untuk pembuatan batu-batuan tiruan atau manik-manik. Limbah tersebut perlu diolah terlebih dahulu menjadi bahan baku siap pakai berupa luluran kaca dengan cara melebur pada temperatur (1200-1400)°C sambil diputar. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pembuatan luluran kaca sebagai bahan baku siap pakai dari limbah kaca (gelas, piring, botol parfum, dll) dengan cara melebur kaca diatas tungku peleburan sambil diputar-putar (diulet) dengan variasi waktu 1-6 menit, kemudian ditarik sehingga menjadi luluran kaca. Variabel yang diamati meliputi waktu peleburan, panjang luluran dan kenampakan luluran kaca. Hasil uji coba diperoleh bahwa hasil kenampakan luluran kaca yang terbaik yaitu mengkilap, homogen, tidak mudah pecah dan panjang luluran 60 cm dicapai dengan waktu peleburan selama 5 menit, serta</p><p>pengadukan yang stabil.</p><p> </p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: limbah kaca, luluran kaca, manik-manik.
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Zat warna prada baik yang berujud bubuk maupun pasta dilekatkan pada kain dengan bantuan binder metalik dan air pada kekentalan tertentu. Dari hasil penelitian yang terdahulu (Sulaeman dkk., DKB., Nomer X, 1992), ternyata pada saat pasta prada dilekatkan masih terdapat indikasi ketidaklancaran aliran melalui lubang canting. Hambatan tersebut akan diatasi dengan merubah campuran pasta prada menjadi sistem emulsi.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Dalam percobaan ini sebagai pembentuk fasa kontinyu dipilih zat-zat berikut: minyak ikan, vernis dan terpentin yang digunakan baik secara tunggal atau campurannya, sedang komposisi dan waktu pembentukan emulsi dibuat variatif. Untuk membentuk sistem emulsi, dicoba 2 (dua) jenis emulsifier yaitu glycerin dan emulcifier TS.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pasta prada dalam bentuk emulsi (W/O) dengan fase kontinyu campuran minyak ikan, vernis dan terpentin (0,25 : 1 :1 ), emulsifier TS dan waktu pembentukan emulsi 5 menit, meningkatkan kelancaran aliran secara total dengan laju kering 5 – 10 menit baik pada katun maupun pada sutera, di samping keunggulan yang lain seperti kilau dan ketahanan luntur terhadap pencucian dan gosokan.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Zat warna prada baik yang berujud bubuk maupun pasta dilekatkan pada kain dengan bantuan binder metalik dan air pada kekentalan tertentu. Dari hasil penelitian yang terdahulu (Sulaeman dkk., DKB., Nomer X, 1992), ternyata pada saat pasta prada dilekatkan masih terdapat indikasi ketidaklancaran aliran melalui lubang canting. Hambatan tersebut akan diatasi dengan merubah campuran pasta prada menjadi sistem emulsi.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Dalam percobaan ini sebagai pembentuk fasa kontinyu dipilih zat-zat berikut: minyak ikan, vernis dan terpentin yang digunakan baik secara tunggal atau campurannya, sedang komposisi dan waktu pembentukan emulsi dibuat variatif. Untuk membentuk sistem emulsi, dicoba 2 (dua) jenis emulsifier yaitu glycerin dan emulcifier TS.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pasta prada dalam bentuk emulsi (W/O) dengan fase kontinyu campuran minyak ikan, vernis dan terpentin (0,25 : 1 :1 ), emulsifier TS dan waktu pembentukan emulsi 5 menit, meningkatkan kelancaran aliran secara total dengan laju kering 5 – 10 menit baik pada katun maupun pada sutera, di samping keunggulan yang lain seperti kilau dan ketahanan luntur terhadap pencucian dan gosokan.</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Bahan utama untuk pembuatan kerajinan kaca patri adalah kaca, lead dan tenol. Bahan-bahan tersebut terdapat di pasaran dengan bermacam-macam jenis, sehingga dlbutuhkun bahan untuk mendapatkan yang terbaik. Semakin tinggi kandungan Pb maka waktu pematrian semakin cepat. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan kegiatan pembuatan produk kaca patri dengan menggunakan variasi 3 jenis lead (X, Y, Z) dan 3 jenis tenol (A, P, C) dan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap waktu pematrian dan pemasangan lead pada kaca serta pengujian komposisi jenis lead dan tenol.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa semua tenol (A, P, C) mempunyai komposisi Pb, Sb dan semua lead (X Y. Z) mengandung unsur Pb, Sb, kecualt lead X mempunyai komposisi Ph, Sb, dan Sn serta mempunyai sifat paling kaku. Jenis tenol tidak mempengaruhi waktu pematrian pada ketiga jenis lead, tetapi jenis lead berpengaruh terhadap waktu pemasangan dan waktu pematrian. Penggunaan lead pada pembuatan kerajinan kaca patri paling baik menggunakan lead X.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">Bahan utama untuk pembuatan kerajinan kaca patri adalah kaca, lead dan tenol. Bahan-bahan tersebut terdapat di pasaran dengan bermacam-macam jenis, sehingga dlbutuhkun bahan untuk mendapatkan yang terbaik. Semakin tinggi kandungan Pb maka waktu pematrian semakin cepat. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan kegiatan pembuatan produk kaca patri dengan menggunakan variasi 3 jenis lead (X, Y, Z) dan 3 jenis tenol (A, P, C) dan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap waktu pematrian dan pemasangan lead pada kaca serta pengujian komposisi jenis lead dan tenol.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa semua tenol (A, P, C) mempunyai komposisi Pb, Sb dan semua lead (X Y. Z) mengandung unsur Pb, Sb, kecualt lead X mempunyai komposisi Ph, Sb, dan Sn serta mempunyai sifat paling kaku. Jenis tenol tidak mempengaruhi waktu pematrian pada ketiga jenis lead, tetapi jenis lead berpengaruh terhadap waktu pemasangan dan waktu pematrian. Penggunaan lead pada pembuatan kerajinan kaca patri paling baik menggunakan lead X.</span>