Hasil untuk "America"

R. Schulz, J. Eden

D. Vleeschouwer, A. Silva, F. Boulvain et al.

T. Dellit, R. Owens, J. Mcgowan et al.

R. Seager, M. Ting, Isaac M. Held et al.

A. Quijano, M. Ennis

L. Kohn, J. Corrigan, M. Donaldson

I. D. Hodkinson, R. Merritt, K. Cummins

R. Bland

G. Glass, Dewayne A. Matthews, John E. Chubb et al.

N. McCarty, K. Poole, H. Rosenthal

William Strauss, N. Howe

D. Boorstin

A. Quijano

L. Berger, R. Speare, P. Daszak et al.

E. E. Schattschneider

C. Scully, A. Et

H. Blumberg, W. Burman, R. Chaisson et al.

B. Husted, José Milton de Sousa-Filho

Abstract We examine the effect of board structure on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure in Latin America. Previous studies have presented diverse results, but Latin American companies are rarely studied. We argue that the institutional context of Latin America should change some of the relationships between board structure and ESG disclosure ordinarily observed in the literature. We tested our hypotheses about the influence of board size, women on the board, CEO duality, and independent directors, on ESG disclosure using a four-year panel collected from the Bloomberg and Capital IQ databases. We found that board size and independent directors impact ESG disclosure positively, but women on the board and CEO duality impact ESG disclosure negatively. These findings provide new insights into ESG disclosure in Latin America.

J. Mueller, Kathryn McConnell, P. Burow et al.

Significance Rural people have been left out of the vast majority of research on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, our evidence-based understanding of the pandemic in the United States is incomplete, and rural recovery policies risk being informed by anecdotal or urban-centric information. We begin to complete this picture by measuring and assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural well-being in the North American West. Findings show there have been significant impacts on health-related and economic dimensions of well-being, and that these impacts are shared across sex, age, ethnicity, and education. Despite considerable social scientific attention to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on urbanized areas, very little research has examined its impact on rural populations. Yet rural communities—which make up tens of millions of people from diverse backgrounds in the United States—are among the nation’s most vulnerable populations and may be less resilient to the effects of such a large-scale exogenous shock. We address this critical knowledge gap with data from a new survey designed to assess the impacts of the pandemic on health-related and economic dimensions of rural well-being in the North American West. Notably, we find that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural populations have been severe, with significant negative impacts on unemployment, overall life satisfaction, mental health, and economic outlook. Further, we find that these impacts have been generally consistent across age, ethnicity, education, and sex. We discuss how these findings constitute the beginning of a much larger interdisciplinary COVID-19 research effort that integrates rural areas and pushes beyond the predominant focus on cities and nation-states.

J. Overpeck, B. Udall

Discussions of droughts and their impacts often center on the lack of precipitation, just as assessments of hydrologic impacts under a changing climate most often focus on how average precipitation in a given locale is likely to change in the future. Within climate science, however, focus has begun to include the growing role warming temperatures are playing as a potent driver of greater aridity: hotter climate extremes; drier soil conditions; more severe drought; and the impacts of hydrologic stress on rivers, forests, agriculture, and other systems. This shift in the hydrologic paradigm is most clear in the American Southwest, where declining flows in the region’s two most important rivers, the Colorado (Fig. 1) and Rio Grande, have been attributed in part to increasing temperatures caused by human activities, most notably the burning of fossil fuels (1⇓⇓⇓–5). Warmer summers are also likely to reduce flows in the Columbia River, as well as in rivers along the Sierra Nevada in California (6). Now, an important study (7) documents how warming is also causing flow declines in the northern Rocky Mountains and in the largest river basin in the United States, the Missouri. This work further highlights the mechanisms behind the temperature-driven river flow declines and places more focus on how anthropogenic climate warming is progressively increasing the risk of hot drought and more arid conditions across an expanding swath of the United States. Fig. 1. Climate change is causing the Southwest to aridify. ( Left ) Since the 1930s, increasing temperatures have caused the percentage of precipitation going to evapotranspiration (ET) to increase at the expense of precipitation going to Colorado River flow, resulting in an unprecedented and still ongoing megadrought (shading) starting in 1999 (8). ( Right ) Higher temperatures have already reduced Colorado River flow by 13%, and projected additional warming, … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: overpeck{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1