Hasil untuk "Socialism. Communism. Anarchism"

Mayada Oudah, John Wooders

Facial expressions are central to human interaction, yet their role in strategic decision-making has received limited attention. We investigate how real-time facial communication influences cooperation in repeated social dilemmas. In a laboratory experiment, participants play a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game under two conditions: in one, they observe their counterpart's facial expressions via gender-neutral avatars, and in the other no facial cues are available. Using state-of-the-art biometric technology to capture and display emotions in real-time, we find that facial communication significantly increases overall cooperation and, notably, promotes cooperation following defection. This restorative effect suggests that facial expressions help participants interpret defections less harshly, fostering forgiveness and the resumption of cooperation. While past actions remain the strongest predictor of behavior, our findings highlight the communicative power of facial expressions in shaping strategic outcomes. These results offer practical insights for designing emotionally responsive virtual agents and digital platforms that sustain cooperation in the absence of physical presence.

Victoria Ciobanu Austveg

I 1951 vedtok Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen (ILO) konvensjon nummer 100, som skulle sikre lik lønn for arbeid av lik verdi uavhengig av kjønn. Dette ble avgjørende for at Norge og Sverige det påfølgende tiåret aktivt debatterte likelønn og hvilket ansvar staten skulle ha i bedringen av kvinners lønnssituasjon. I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg norsk og svensk politisk likelønnshistorie fra ILO ble innlemmet i FN (Forente nasjoner) i 1946, og frem til kvinnesatsen ble historie i begge land i 1967. Perspektivet i artikkelen er trepartssamarbeid, og metoden er komparasjon. Ulikhetene mellom norsk og svensk trepartssamarbeid er viktig for å forstå hvordan likelønnsproblematikken ble løst nasjonalt i de to landene, noe som var overraskende ulikt. Landsorganisasjonen i Norge var positiv til ILOs likelønnskonvensjon, mens Landsorganisationen i Sverige var negativ, og dette fikk store konsekvenser for hvordan de to landenes sosialdemokratiske regjeringspartier stilte seg til saken. Dermed artet debatten om likelønn seg forskjellig i Norge og Sverige. Det hele endte med at Norge ratifiserte, som det første av de skandinaviske landene, i 1959, mens Sverige var sist, i 1962. Artikkelen viser at Stortinget var mer progressivt i likelønnspolitikken enn Riksdagen, og at svenskene så til Norge for inspirasjon. Til tross for at landene hadde ulike veier til målet, var sluttresultatet i lønnsforskjeller relativt likt der denne artikkelen slutter, i 1967.

Harald Espeli

Statlig minstelønnsregulering stod i varierende grad på den politiske dagsorden fra 1915 til 1940. Denne artikkelen ser nærmere på hvordan arbeiderbevegelsen, det vil si Landsorganisasjonen, relevante fagforbund og arbeiderpartiene så på slik lovregulering. Arbeiderbevegelsen støttet de to minstelønnslovene vedtatt i 1918 til fordel for ressurssvake grupper fordi disse vanskelig kunne bedre sin situasjon på kort sikt gjennom effektiv fagorganisering. Landsorganisasjonen og Arbeiderpartiet gikk i 1937 av samme grunn inn for minstelønnsregulering i jordbruket, men landsmøtet i Norsk Skog- og Landarbeiderforbund avviste skissen til lovregulering samme år. Det klareste uttrykk for arbeiderbevegelsens pragmatiske holdning til minstelønnslovgivning var bekledningsarbeiderforbundet, som hadde et vedtektsfestet forbud mot industrielt hjemmearbeid. Samtidig ble forbundet den fremste støttespilleren for minstelønnsreguleringene i hjemmearbeidsloven i løpet av mellomkrigstiden.

Hernán Camarero

Reseña de Massimo Modonesi, Gramsci y el sujeto político. Subalternidad, autonomía, hegemonía. México: AKAL/UNAM, 2023, 192 pp.

Kristina Lerman, Minh Duc Chu, Charles Bickham et al.

Social media platforms have become critical spaces for discussing mental health concerns, including eating disorders. While these platforms can provide valuable support networks, they may also amplify harmful content that glorifies disordered cognition and self-destructive behaviors. While social media platforms have implemented various content moderation strategies, from stringent to laissez-faire approaches, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how these different moderation practices interact with user engagement in online communities around these sensitive mental health topics. This study addresses this knowledge gap through a comparative analysis of eating disorder discussions across Twitter/X, Reddit, and TikTok. Our findings reveal that while users across all platforms engage similarly in expressing concerns and seeking support, platforms with weaker moderation (like Twitter/X) enable the formation of toxic echo chambers that amplify pro-anorexia rhetoric. These results demonstrate how moderation strategies significantly influence the development and impact of online communities, particularly in contexts involving mental health and self-harm.

Benjamin Smith, Tyler Pittman, Wei Xu

Patients at a comprehensive cancer center who do not achieve cure or remission following standard treatments often become candidates for clinical trials. Patients who participate in a clinical trial may be suitable for other studies. A key factor influencing patient enrollment in subsequent clinical trials is the structured collaboration between oncologists and most responsible physicians. Possible identification of these collaboration networks can be achieved through the analysis of patient movements between clinical trial intervention types with social network analysis and community detection algorithms. In the detection of oncologist working groups, the present study evaluates three community detection algorithms: Girvan-Newman, Louvain and an algorithm developed by the author. Girvan-Newman identifies each intervention as their own community, while Louvain groups interventions in a manner that is difficult to interpret. In contrast, the author's algorithm groups interventions in a way that is both intuitive and informative, with a gradient evident in social partitioning that is particularly useful for epidemiological research. This lays the groundwork for future subgroup analysis of clustered interventions.

Yuhang Zhou, Paiheng Xu, Xiyao Wang et al.

Emojis, which encapsulate semantics beyond mere words or phrases, have become prevalent in social network communications. This has spurred increasing scholarly interest in exploring their attributes and functionalities. However, emoji-related research and application face two primary challenges. First, researchers typically rely on crowd-sourcing to annotate emojis in order to understand their sentiments, usage intentions, and semantic meanings. Second, subjective interpretations by users can often lead to misunderstandings of emojis and cause the communication barrier. Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in various annotation tasks, with ChatGPT demonstrating expertise across multiple domains. In our study, we assess ChatGPT's effectiveness in handling previously annotated and downstream tasks. Our objective is to validate the hypothesis that ChatGPT can serve as a viable alternative to human annotators in emoji research and that its ability to explain emoji meanings can enhance clarity and transparency in online communications. Our findings indicate that ChatGPT has extensive knowledge of emojis. It is adept at elucidating the meaning of emojis across various application scenarios and demonstrates the potential to replace human annotators in a range of tasks.

Marie Charbonneau, Francisco Javier Andrade Chavez, Katja Mombaur

Humans often work closely together and relay a wealth of information through physical interaction. Robots, on the other hand, are not yet able to work similarly closely with humans and to effectively convey information when engaging in physical-social human-robot interaction (psHRI). This currently limits the potential of human-robot collaboration to solve real-world problems. This paper investigates how to establish clear and intuitive robot-to-human communication, while considering human comfort during psHRI. We approach this question from the perspective of a leader-follower dancing scenario, in which a full-body humanoid robot leads a human by signaling the next steps through a choice of communication modalities including haptic, visual, and audio signals. This is achieved through the development of a split whole-body control framework combining admittance and impedance control on the upper body, with position control on the lower body for balancing and stepping. Robot-led psHRI participant experiments allowed us to verify controller performance, as well as to build an understanding of what types of communication work better from the perspective of human partners, particularly in terms of perceived effectiveness and comfort.

Angelo Singh, Joseph O'Hagan

Users of social virtual reality (VR) platforms often use user reviews to document incidents of witnessed and/or experienced user harassment. However, at present, research has yet to be explore utilising this data as a monitoring mechanism to identify emergent issues within social VR communities. Such a system would be of much benefit to developers and researchers as it would enable the automatic identification of emergent issues as they occur, provide a means of longitudinally analysing harassment, and reduce the reliance on alternative, high cost, monitoring methodologies, e.g. observation or interview studies. To contribute towards the development of such a system, we collected approximately 40,000 Rec Room user reviews from the Steam storefront. We then analysed our dataset's sentiment, word/term frequencies, and conducted a topic modelling analysis of the negative reviews detected in our dataset. We report our approach was capable of longitudinally monitoring changes in review sentiment and identifying high level themes related to types of harassment known to occur in social VR platforms.

Nina Bratland, Tone Svinningen

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i temaet sosialistisk fotografi og hvordan dette blir forklart og praktisert i Norge i siste del av 1930-årene. Arbeidernes Fotolag kommer raskt fram som en forening og et aktivitetssenter for denne politiske fotoretningen. Foreningen var en av mange som ble etablert på denne tiden – litteratur, teater, kor og idrett gikk også inn i en ny satsing fra arbeiderbevegelsen. Klassebevisstheten skulle økes ved å utdanne og styrke arbeiderne for den sosialistiske sak. Arbeidernes Fotolag holdt kurs, drev med praktisk veiledning, inviterte til diskusjoner og utflukter og gjorde fotografering relevant i en aktuell debatt. Med kamera skulle amatørfotografene synliggjøre sin livssituasjon og sitt arbeid for allmenheten. Arbeiderbladet i Oslo hadde en sentral rolle både som fødselshjelper og samarbeidspartner. Et mål for Arbeidernes Fotolag var å bygge opp en kapasitet, et arkiv med bilder som skulle dokumentere folks levekår og arbeiderbevegelsens aktiviteter i hele landet. Artikkelen plasserer også disse fotoaktivitetene i et internasjonalt nettverk av politikk, kunst og fotohistorie.

Jastej Luddu, Thomas Kemple

Taking as our point of departure the final line of Frantz Fanon’s first book, Black Skins, White Masks (1952) – ‘Oh my body, always make me a man who questions!’ – we examine how Fanon’s posthumously published The Wretched of the Earth (1961) may be treated as a kind of ‘interrogation-machine’. Rather than approach this work as either transparently expressing the intentions of its author (‘the text as body’) or as a surface sliding across meanings that can be assembled in any number of ways (‘the text as machine’), we read three key episodes in The Wretched of the Earth as posing questions in ways that exceed those the answers Fanon himself offers — a prose poem by Guinea writer Fodéba Keïta, Fanon’s treatment of the radical potential of Islam through his correspondence with Iranian sociologist Ali Shariati, and the responses of his patients to the trauma of torture.  In highlighting these interlocutors (who tend to be neglected by most commentators on Fanon), we conclude that the text functions as a kind of ‘manifesto’ appealing to different audiences (in the tradition of Marx and Engels), both colonized and colonizer, and we consider how Fanon’s call for a ‘new humanism’ speaks to our own crises of virulent state-nationalism, religious fundamentalism, and institutionalized racism.

Renato Cortinovis, Devender Goyal, Luiz Fernando Capretz

Software and information technologies are becoming increasingly integrated and pervasive in human society and range from automated decision making and social media and entertainment, to running critical social and physical infrastructures like government programs, utilities, and financial institutions. As a result, there is a growing awareness of the need to develop professionals who will harness these technologies in fair and inclusive ways and use them to address global issues like health, water management, poverty, and human rights. In this regard, many academic researchers have expressed the need to complement traditional teaching of CS technical skills with computer and information ethics (computing for social good), as well as communication and leadership skills. In this paper, we describe our goals and some possible class activities we have developed and refined over the past few years with encouraging results, to help CS students understand the potential uses of computing for social good. In these carefully planned project assignments, we seamlessly integrate traditional approaches to develop technical skills with broader professional responsibility and soft skills. We then discuss the lessons learned from these activities and briefly outline future plans.

Yutong Quan, Xintong Wu, Wanlin Deng et al.

Blockchain technology is leading a revolutionary transformation across diverse industries, with effective governance being critical for the success and sustainability of blockchain projects. Community forums, pivotal in engaging decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), significantly impact blockchain governance decisions. Concurrently, Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly sentiment analysis, provides powerful insights from textual data. While prior research has explored the potential of NLP tools in social media sentiment analysis, there is a gap in understanding the sentiment landscape of blockchain governance communities. The evolving discourse and sentiment dynamics on the forums of top DAOs remain largely unknown. This paper delves deep into the evolving discourse and sentiment dynamics on the public forums of leading DeFi projects: Aave, Uniswap, Curve DAO, Yearn.finance, Merit Circle, and Balancer, focusing primarily on discussions related to governance issues. Our study shows that participants in decentralized communities generally express positive sentiments during Discord discussions. Furthermore, there is a potential interaction between discussion intensity and sentiment dynamics; higher discussion volume may contribute to a more stable sentiment from code analysis. The insights gained from this study are valuable for decision-makers in blockchain governance, underscoring the pivotal role of sentiment analysis in interpreting community emotions and its evolving impact on the landscape of blockchain governance. This research significantly contributes to the interdisciplinary exploration of the intersection of blockchain and society, specifically emphasizing the decentralized blockchain governance ecosystem. We provide our data and code for replicability as open access on GitHub.

Tong Xue, Haixia Zhang, Hui Ding et al.

The existing computation and communication (2C) optimization schemes for vehicular edge computing (VEC) networks mainly focus on the physical domain without considering the influence from the social domain. This may greatly limit the potential of task offloading, making it difficult to fully boom the task offloading rate with given power, resulting in low energy efficiency (EE). To address the issue, this letter devotes itself to investigate social-mobility-aware VEC framework and proposes a novel EE-oriented 2C assignment scheme. In doing so, we assume that the task vehicular user (T-VU) can offload computation tasks to the service vehicular user (S-VU) and the road side unit (RSU) by non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). An optimization problem is formulated to jointly assign the 2C resources to maximize the system EE, which turns out to be a mixed integer non-convex objective function. To solve the problem, we transform it into separated computation and communication resource allocation subproblems. Dealing with the first subproblem, we propose a social-mobility-aware edge server selection and task splitting algorithm (SM-SSTSA) to achieve edge server selection and task splitting. Then, by solving the second subproblem, the power allocation and spectrum assignment solutions are obtained utilizing a tightening lower bound method and a Kuhn-Munkres algorithm. Finally, we solve the original problem through an iterative method. Simulation results demonstrate the superior EE performance of the proposed scheme.

Dan André Fiskum Velle

Aksjonene for åttetimersdagen ble iverksatt 2. mai 1918 og var landsomfattende. Dette kommer fram i en rik historiografi om norsk arbeiderbevegelse, men ofte har det vært med fokus på Landsorganisasjonen og fagforbundene. Denne artikkelen undersøker aksjonene sett fra fagforeningene i Bratsberg amt og svarer på problemstillingene: Hvordan har historikerne drøftet åttetimers-aksjonene? Hvem var aktørene bak aksjonene, og hvilken rolle spilte arbeiderbevegelsen i Bratsberg i opptakten og etterspillet av disse aksjonene? Det anvendes i denne undersøkelsen forskjellige kilder, blant annet intervjuer og presseskriv, men først og fremst de lokale foreningenes egne arkiver. Disse arkivene er tidligere ikke blitt brukt i en slik kontekst. Til tross for at det var arbeiderne som «tok» åttetimersdagen, viser denne artikkelen at det på langt nær var noen konsensus rundt tema. Det var først og fremst representanter fra Norges socialdemokratiske ungdomsforbund som mer eller mindre var arkitektene bak aksjonene i amtet. Til tross for mye aktivitet, framsto aksjonene som spontane, blant annet på grunn av at foreningene foretrakk forhandlinger framfor aksjoner. Dette førte igjen til at aksjonene ikke fikk ønsket effekt, ved at de kun varte i en kort periode. Likevel, aksjonene førte partene til forhandlingsbordet og gav arbeiderne åttetimersdagen, både i tariff og lovverk i 1919.

Aaryan Gupta, Inder Khatri, Arjun Choudhry et al.

In recent years, social networking platforms have gained significant popularity among the masses like connecting with people and propagating ones thoughts and opinions. This has opened the door to user-specific advertisements and recommendations on these platforms, bringing along a significant focus on Influence Maximisation (IM) on social networks due to its wide applicability in target advertising, viral marketing, and personalized recommendations. The aim of IM is to identify certain nodes in the network which can help maximize the spread of certain information through a diffusion cascade. While several works have been proposed for IM, most were inefficient in exploiting community structures to their full extent. In this work, we propose a community structures-based approach, which employs a K-Shell algorithm in order to generate a score for the connections between seed nodes and communities for low-budget scenarios. Further, our approach employs entropy within communities to ensure the proper spread of information within the communities. We choose the Independent Cascade (IC) model to simulate information spread and evaluate it on four evaluation metrics. We validate our proposed approach on eight publicly available networks and find that it significantly outperforms the baseline approaches on these metrics, while still being relatively efficient.

Joon Sung Park, Lindsay Popowski, Carrie J. Cai et al.

Social computing prototypes probe the social behaviors that may arise in an envisioned system design. This prototyping practice is currently limited to recruiting small groups of people. Unfortunately, many challenges do not arise until a system is populated at a larger scale. Can a designer understand how a social system might behave when populated, and make adjustments to the design before the system falls prey to such challenges? We introduce social simulacra, a prototyping technique that generates a breadth of realistic social interactions that may emerge when a social computing system is populated. Social simulacra take as input the designer's description of a community's design -- goal, rules, and member personas -- and produce as output an instance of that design with simulated behavior, including posts, replies, and anti-social behaviors. We demonstrate that social simulacra shift the behaviors that they generate appropriately in response to design changes, and that they enable exploration of "what if?" scenarios where community members or moderators intervene. To power social simulacra, we contribute techniques for prompting a large language model to generate thousands of distinct community members and their social interactions with each other; these techniques are enabled by the observation that large language models' training data already includes a wide variety of positive and negative behavior on social media platforms. In evaluations, we show that participants are often unable to distinguish social simulacra from actual community behavior and that social computing designers successfully refine their social computing designs when using social simulacra.

C. Piselli, A. Fronzetti Colladon, L. Segneri et al.

The implementation of energy communities represents a cross-disciplinary phenomenon that has the potential to support the energy transition while fostering citizens' participation throughout the energy system and their exploitation of renewables. An important role is played by online information sources in engaging people in this process and increasing their awareness of associated benefits. In this view, this work analyses online news data on energy communities to understand people's awareness and the media importance of this topic. We use the Semantic Brand Score (SBS) indicator as an innovative measure of semantic importance, combining social network analysis and text mining methods. Results show different importance trends for energy communities and other energy and society-related topics, also allowing the identification of their connections. Our approach gives evidence to information gaps and possible actions that could be taken to promote a low-carbon energy transition.

Agnese Augello, Manuel Gentile, Frank Dignum

This paper describes the model of social practice as a theoretical framework to manage conversation with the specific goal of training physicians in communicative skills. To this aim, the domain reasoner that manages the conversation in the Communicate! \cite{jeuring} serious game is taken as a basis. Because the choice of a specific Social Practice to follow in a situation is non-trivial we use a probabilistic model for the selection of social practices as a step toward the implementation of an agent architecture compliant with the social practice model.