Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Meijiang Hou, Jiegang Peng, Minan Yang et al.

Addressing the critical detection range limitation in active electrosensing (AES) for underwater sensing, this study proposes an enhanced AES system via novel array optimization. While AES offers advantages like interference immunity, acoustic stealth detection, and low cost, its short range restricts applicability. A target perturbation model under differential signal acquisition reveals that signal strength increases with local electric field intensity, target size, differential channel spacing, and conductivity contrast, but decreases with target-electrode distance.To extend detection, novel array configurations were explored. Simulations demonstrate that both rectangular and offset arrays significantly outperform the traditional collinear layout. Specifically, an offset array (with 8 m transmitting–receiving spacing) achieved an effective detection range enhancement exceeding 83% under the same distortion threshold while maintaining simplified electrode structure. Experimental validation confirmed a 100% increase in maximum detection distance to 5 m under identical noise thresholds compared to the collinear array. Furthermore, a fully connected neural network-based localization model achieved a mean positioning error of 14.12 cm at 3.15 m in static scenarios. In dynamic scenarios within 1–3 m, mean errors were controlled between 13.19 cm and 27.56 cm.Mechanistic analysis indicates that increasing the array baseline enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by simultaneously suppressing near-field environmental noise and amplifying far-field signal reception. Structural innovations in array design enabled this study to significantly expand the detection range of AES systems without compromising cost efficiency. These advancements directly promote the engineering application of AES technology, offering critical technical support for underwater defense security monitoring, long-range early warning systems, and maritime rights protection.

Михайло Пасько, Світлана Шумовецька

У статті висвітлено зарубіжний досвід підготовки фахівців кібербезпеки засобами неформальної освіти. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена необхідністю визначення педагогічних шляхів належної підготовки офіцерів військ зв’язку та кібербезпеки до вищих рівнів відповідальності, підвищення рівня злагодженості військових частин (підрозділів) зв’язку та кібербезпеки. Предметом дослідження є досвід передових країн щодо організації неформальної освіти для кіберлідерів, насамперед за допомогою онлайн-курсів, наставництва і професійного читання. Автори визначили значення лідерства в секторі безпеки та оборони України, окреслили історію лідерства в історико-філософському вимірі, з’ясували характеристики лідерства як соціального феномену, ключові ознаки офіцера-лідера військ зв’язку та кібербезпеки. Детально розкрито тематику онлайн-курсів, тренінгових семінарів та програм з лідерства, лідерської комунікації, створення команд і керування ефективністю. Новизною дослідження є виокремлення ефективних практик підготовки кіберлідерів в Інституті кіберлідерства у Сіднеї (Австралія), в Академії технологічних лідерів (Велика Британія) та Кібервійськах США, де філософія навчання передбачає поєднання онлайн-уроків, регулярні телефонні контакти, персоналізоване наставництво для ґрунтовного вивчення ролі кібероперацій на стратегічному, оперативному та тактичному рівнях ведення війни. Виокремлено важливі інструменти навчання у цих закладах (моделювання, презентації, зворотний зв’язок, позааудиторна коучингова підтримка, цифрові онлайн-підручники) для розвитку стратегічних професійних відносин з кіберлідерами-однодумцями з інших країн та обміну досвідом. Окремо висвітлено практику професійного читання, яку використовують у Кібервійськах США для належного ознайомлення офіцерів з кіберпрофесійною літературою про нові стратегії війни, кібершпигунство та загалом мілітаризацію комунікаційних процесів і дезінформаційні кампанії. Ці книги є важливим засобом глибшого пізнання сучасного інформаційного світу, військової стратегії та новітньої кібернетичної війни, оптимальним інструментом вирішення кіберінцидентів. За результатами вивчення зарубіжного досвіду підготовки кіберлідерів автори пропонують використовувати низку практик для розвитку лідерської компетентності офіцерів військ зв’язку та кібербезпеки Збройних Сил України засобами неформальної освіти, що допоможе підготувати їх до ефективного виконання завдань на різних рівнях бойових дій.

Nikolić Danijela, Rašković Talović Violeta, Stojadinović Miša

This paper analyses the contemporary relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Azerbaijan, focusing on the energy dimension of their cooperation and the impact of these relations on regional and broader energy security. In the context of China’s growing involvement in the South Caucasus and Azerbaijan’s strategic positioning as an essential transit and export energy hub, the paper seeks to address the key question of whether the relationship between Baku and Beijing represents a sustainable partnership based on complementary strategic interests or a limited, pragmatic cooperation driven by current economic and geopolitical circumstances. Special attention is given to the analysis of energy projects in which both states are directly or indirectly involved such as oil and gas pipelines as well as infrastructure initiatives like the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway, which connects China’s Belt and Road Initiative with Europe through Azerbaijani territory. Methodologically, the paper relies on a qualitative analysis of official bilateral documents, relevant scholarly and analytical literature, official government and institutional statements, reports from international energy organisations, and key infrastructural and energy project case studies. The theoretical framework is based on energy security, geoeconomics, and realpolitik, focusing on modelling energy relations as instruments of foreign policy influence. The paper also considers global geopolitical shifts, including the consequences of the conflict in Ukraine, changes in European energy strategy, and China’s position within the emerging multipolar order. The research contribution of this paper lies in its systematic assessment of the level of interdependence between China and Azerbaijan in the energy sector, as well as in evaluating the potential long-term stability of this relationship from the perspectives of regional security, economics, and politics.

Алина Иванова, Михаил Базилевич

The article opens a series of publications written by the authors as part of the work on the grant of the Russian Science Foundation “Military Theme in the Architectural and Spatial Development of the Far East”. An overview of the ‘barracks discourse’ is given from the academic “History of the Barracks of Troops in Russia” by N. P. Lyapidevsky (1881–1885) to modern publications of both domestic and foreign researchers. Various periodizations of the development of barracks construction are given.

Markiyan Kostiv, Anatolii Adamovskyi, Yevhen Cherniavskyi et al.

Multi-object tracking (MOT) aims to maintain consistent identities of objects across video frames. Associating objects in low-frame-rate videos captured by moving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in actual combat scenarios is complex due to rapid changes in object appearance and position within the frame. The task becomes even more challenging due to image degradation caused by cloud video streaming and compression algorithms. We present how instance association learning from single-frame annotations can overcome these challenges. We show that global features of the scene provide crucial context for low-FPS instance association, allowing our solution to be robust to distractors and gaps in detections. We also demonstrate that such a tracking approach maintains high association quality even when reducing the input image resolution and latent representation size for faster inference. Finally, we present a benchmark dataset of annotated military vehicles collected from publicly available data sources. This paper was initially presented at the NATO Science and Technology Organization Symposium (ICMCIS) organized by the Information Systems Technology (IST)Scientific and Technical Committee, IST-209-RSY - the ICMCIS, held in Oeiras, Portugal, 13-14 May 2025.

Yuhan Zhang, Yishu Wei, Yanshan Wang et al.

Suicide remains one of the main preventable causes of death among active service members and veterans. Early detection and prediction are crucial in suicide prevention. Machine learning techniques have yielded promising results in this area recently. This study aims to assess and summarize current research and provides a comprehensive review regarding the application of machine learning techniques in assessing and predicting suicidal ideation, attempts, and mortality among members of military and veteran populations. A keyword search using PubMed, IEEE, ACM, and Google Scholar was conducted, and the PRISMA protocol was adopted for relevant study selection. Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. These studies consistently identified risk factors relevant to mental health issues such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, prior attempts, physical health problems, and demographic characteristics. Machine learning models applied in this area have demonstrated reasonable predictive accuracy. However, additional research gaps still exist. First, many studies have overlooked metrics that distinguish between false positives and negatives, such as positive predictive value and negative predictive value, which are crucial in the context of suicide prevention policies. Second, more dedicated approaches to handling survival and longitudinal data should be explored. Lastly, most studies focused on machine learning methods, with limited discussion of their connection to clinical rationales. In summary, machine learning analyses have identified a wide range of risk factors associated with suicide in military populations. The diversity and complexity of these factors also demonstrates that effective prevention strategies must be comprehensive and flexible.

Nebojša N. Gaćeša

The instructions to authors about the article preparation for publication in the Military Technical Courier are based on the Regulations on categorization and ranking of scientific journals of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 159/20). This Regulations aims at improving the quality of national journals and raising the level of their compliance with the international system of scientific information exchange. The editorial policy of the Military Technical Courier is based on the COPE Core Practices, common COPE, DOAJ, OASPA and WAME Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing as well as on the best accepted practices in scientific publishing. The Military Technical Courier has been a COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) member since 2nd May 2018 and a member of OASPA (Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association) since 27th November 2015. The editorial office applies Checklist for open access publishers on implementing the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science. This document is part of the UNESCO Open Science Toolkit, designed to support implementation of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science. It has been produced in partnership with OASPA.

Mladen S. Kostić, Aca D. Jovanović, Mitar V. Kovač

Introduction/purpose: The goal of the research in this paper is to present and evaluate the method of modeling operations by aggregating forces by simulating the battle process with Lanchester's equations. This method is the software basis of a certain number of programs used in NATO, in war simulations, and in the planning and analysis of operations. Its value is in understanding the consequences of decisions made with outcomes and results of combat actions. Methods: The case study of the well-known Operation Desert Storm gathered the necessary data on operational parameters and the way forces are used in battles. The obtained data were transformed into operational variables of the combat model using the force aggregation method, whose simulation was carried out using the method of differential Lanchester's equations (quadratic law). Results: By simulating the modeled operation, the parameters of the outcome of the conflict were obtained with numerical indicators of success, consumption of resources, etc. The results were analyzed and a certain correlation with the parameters of the real operation was determined, which enables the validation of the model. Conclusion: The partial validity of the model describing the conflict on a practical historical example from a case study was confirmed. There are objective limitations in the application of modeling of military operations and optimization of the use of forces. The value of this method is the possibility of a reliable strategic assessment of the adversary's military power at the strategic level.

Natalia Medvedovska, Bogdan Zhupan, Igor Lurin et al.

Background: A full-scale Russian invasion of the territory of Ukraine required the military medical authorities to introduce corrections in the operation of the support system for treatment and evacuation of casualties with combat ocular trauma (COT). While the combat activities were taking place in Kyiv’s suburbs, the inpatient eye clinics of the city actively contributed to the provision of care to casualties. Purpose: To examine the results of the managing decisions made on the introduction of corrections in the operation of the support system for treatment and evacuation of casualties with COT on the basis of the comparative analysis of the efficacy of medical care provided to casualties at the eye clinic of the National Military Medical Clinical Center “Main Military Clinical Hospital” (NMMCC “MMCH”). Material and Methods: We presented the results of the analysis of (a) changes in the pattern and amount of treatment and diagnostic interventions provided to casualties in different time periods related to changes in the tactical combat situation and (b) transformation in the levels of provision of medical care to casualties with COT that took place due to the above changes. The structure of causes and locations of ocular and ocular adnexal injuries was calculated based on the aggregated data from medical papers related to treatment of combat casualties at the eye clinic of the NMMCC “MMCH” during 2014-2021 and February-April 2022. System, comparative and content analysis methods, descriptive modeling, statistical analysis and principal methods of treatment and diagnosis of eye disease were used as methods of the study. Results: It was demonstrated that the urgent corrections introduced in the conventional four-level system of medical and evacuation support during combat activities in the metropolitan suburbs of Kyiv were timely and adequate. We reviewed the changes in the pattern of COT in different periods of combat activities on the territory of Ukraine and indentified the issues requiring primary consideration in order to remove the shortcomings in the organizational support of the treatment and evacuation of casualties with COT. Conclusion: First, the results of our comparative analysis of the advanced support system for treatment and evacuation of casualties under combat actions in aggravated tactical situations (particularly, during the defense of the metropolitan area of Kyiv), demonstrated the efficacy of the algorithms and standards recommended by NATO. Second, the front line advancing to the outskirts of the metropolitan area required making urgent managing decisions on introducing corrections in the classical four-level support system for treatment and evacuation of casualties (particularly, those with COT), which caused the NMMCC “MMCH” to unite and coordinate their care efforts with those of the special medical facilities of the metropolitan area of Kyiv. There were changes in the amount of eye care provided, with a change to level 3 and subsequently in the opposite direction to level 4, within a very short period, which did not cause difficulties for the military medical personnel. Third, combat actions at the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Kyiv resulted in an increase in the percentage of the wounded with combat-related injuries of the eye and adnexa to 9.4% of the total number of wounded, with more than half (54%) of them represented by penetrating injuries, particularly those with an intraocular foreign body (43.3%). The percentage of binocular injuries and eye destruction increased to 29.8% and the percentage of multiple combat-related injuries to 81.4%, likely primarily due to wide use of high-kinetic-energy weapons with high-velocity fragments from explosive munitions of these systems having wide-area effects. Fourth, we found that treatment outcomes were better when casualties with COT (a) had an early single-stage evacuation to the destination point and (b) were timely provided with special care, which is especially important in bilateral severe eye injuries with a threat of irreversible visual function loss. Finally, the identified problems and shortcomings were causeded primarily by impaired logistics of the support of treatment and evacuation of casualties, and shortage of medical staff (particularly, specialty doctors), medications and medical supplies, particularly at the territories which external communications were temporarily blocked.

Marijn Hoijtink

Abstract In recent years, the concept of ‘prototype warfare’ has been adopted by Western militaries to accelerate the experimental development, acquisition, and deployment of emerging technologies in warfare. Building on scholarship at the intersection of Science and Technology Studies and International Relations investigating the broader discursive and material infrastructures that underpin contemporary logics of war, and taking a specific interest in the relationship between science, technology, and war, this article points out how prototype warfare captures the emergence of a new regime of warfare, which I term the experimental way of warfare. While warfare has always been defined by experimental activity, what is particular in the current context is how experimentation spans across an increasingly wide range of military practices, operating on the basis of a highly speculative understanding of experimentation that embraces failure as a productive force. Tracing the concept of prototype warfare across Western military discourse and practice, and zooming in on how prototype warfare takes experimentation directly into the battlefield, the article concludes by outlining how prototype warfare reconfigures and normalises military intervention as an opportunity for experimentation, while outsourcing the failures that are a structural condition of the experimental way of warfare to others, ‘over there’.

Nan Ma, Deyi Li, Wen He et al.

Barbora Boltnarova, Jana Kubackova, Josef Skoda et al.

Macrophages possess an innate ability to scavenge heterogenous objects from the systemic circulation and to regulate inflammatory diseases in various organs via cytokine production. That makes them attractive targets for nanomedicine-based therapeutic approaches to inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we have prepared several different poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer nanospheres for macrophage-targeted drug delivery using both nanoprecipitation and emulsification solvent evaporation methods. Two experimental linear PLGA polymers with relatively low molar weight, one experimental branched PLGA with unique star-like molecular architecture, and a commercially available PLGA, were used for nanosphere formulation and compared to their macrophage uptake capacity. The nanosphere formulations labelled with loaded fluorescent dye Rhodamine B were further tested in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and in hepatocyte cell lines AML-12, HepG2. We found that nanospheres larger than 100 nm prepared using nanoprecipitation significantly enhanced distribution of fluorescent dye selectively into macrophages. No effects of nanospheres on cellular viability were observed. Additionally, no significant proinflammatory effect after macrophage exposure to nanospheres was detected as assessed by a determination of proinflammatory cytokines <i>Il-1β</i> and <i>Tnfα</i> mRNA. All experimental PLGA nanoformulations surpassed the nanospheres obtained with the commercially available polymer taken as a control in their capacity as macrophage-specific carriers.

Vasily Y. Kozhevnikov, Andrey V. Kozyrev

Introduction/purpose: A fundamental theoretical explanation is given for the fact that in subnanosecond vacuum diodes there exists a group of electrons with kinetic energies much higher than the applied voltage (multiplied by the value of the elementary charge) qUmax. Methods: A mathematical method is used based on the numerical solution of the Vlasov-Poisson differential equations system for one-dimensional vacuum diodes of various designs. Results: It is shown in detail that the so-called "anomalous" electrons appear in the transient time domain characterizing the processes of establishing current flow in vacuum diodes. Conclusion: It has been convincingly shown that the presence of “anomalous” electrons is not associated with either the diode design or the presence of additional current carriers. In vacuum diodes with a subnanosecond leading edge of the voltage pulse, the excess of energy over qUmax can be over 20%.

T. Marshall Eubanks, W. P. Blase

The radio environment of the Moon at low frequencies, particularly in lunar polar regions and the permanently shadowed regions (PSR) found there, is relatively poorly explored and may contain some novel features. In addition, these areas of the Moon, shielded from the natural and artificial emissions of the Earth, and the natural radio emissions of the Sun and the other planets, are near-ideal locations for radio astronomy observations in the last unexplored region of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum. We are developing a low-mass RadioLuna radio science precursor mission to deploy an interferometric array on the lunar surface using Space Initiatives "Mote" penetrometers. The current RadioLuna default mission would be an array of 10 - 12 penetrators deployed on the floor of Shackleton crater in the PSR 4 km below the crater rim, where it would be shielded from all terrestial, solar and planetary interference. At the present level of understanding of the low frequency lunar radio environment there will be a tight coupling between advances in technology and advances in science, and RadioLuna can be expected to lead to improvements in both lunar radio science and lunar communication techniques.

R. Kline

A. Germain, Daniel J Buysse, E. Nofzinger

О.В. Лезік, А.Ф. Волков, О.А. Токар et al.

Розглядаються основні питання стосовно сутності та змісту управління, основ оцінки ефективності управління з метою вирішення певних  завдань, а також можливості системи управління та визначаються  основні фактори, від яких залежать можливості системи управління. Також визначений критерій ефективності та розроблені пропозиції  щодо підвищення ефективності управління підрозділом ППО СВ та вогнем в бою в різних умовах обстановки. Дані положення можуть бути використані для підвищення ефективності навчання курсантів факультету та тих, що навчаються на курсах підвищення кваліфікації, вдосконалення навчального процесу підготовки спеціалістів факультету, а також якості підготовки спеціалістів за фахом.

Gideon Nkrumah, Dmitrii S. Maltsev, Paez-Escamilla A. Manuel et al.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR. Methods: A systematic literature search focusing on current multimodal imaging for CSCR was performed. Only articles reporting on original clinical data were selected, studies in a language other than English were included only if an English abstract was provided. Additional sources included articles cited in the references list of the first selected articles. We deduced imaging findings based on current and relevant literature on the topic. Results: We found that sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were greater in eyes with acute CSCR than in eyes with chronic CSCR or normal eyes. There was increased choroidal thickness (CT) in the macula compared to peripapillary region. In healthy eyes, the highest CVI was found in the nasal region followed by the inferior, temporal, and superior quadrant. The area with the least CVI was the macula. In eyes with CSCR, 100% had asymmetric dominant vortex veins compared to 38% in normal eyes. Conclusion: Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyper-reflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR.

Алла Назаренко, Наталія Демченко

Національна доктрина розвитку освіти в Україні в XXI столітті визначає головну мету освіти, яка полягає в створенні умов для особистісного розвитку та творчої самореалізації кожного громадянина України, сформувати покоління, здатне навчатися впродовж життя, створювати та розвивати цінності громадянського суспільства тощо. Тому сучасний навчальний заклад зобов’язаний запровадити нові підходи до викладання, які забезпечують учнів необхідними компетентностями. Поняття компетентності містить сукупність знань, умінь та навичок, які дають змогу індивідові ефективно виконувати діяльність через реалізацію відповідних функцій. Одним із таких підходів є розвиток навичок критичного мислення, що разом із професійною та соціальною компетентністю забезпечує конкурентоспроможність та мобільність освіченого військовослужбовця у Збройних Силах України, його готовність жити та служити в умовах, що постійно змінюються. Метою статті є аналіз стратегій навчання, необхідних для інтеграції навичок критичного мислення в навчальний процес. Таким чином, навички та компетентність критичного мислення стають сьогодні надзвичайно актуальними для ефективного вирішення непередбачуваних проблем. Англійська мова вже давно має статус міжнародної мови. Завдяки цьому факту в даний час ми помічаємо багато змін у методах та підходах викладання, що зосереджуються насамперед на розвитку комунікативної компетентності. Використання технології для розвитку критичного мислення сприяє якості виконання цих завдань. На уроках іноземної мови елементи критичного мислення задають творчий мікроклімат, який спонукає учнів висловлювати власні бачення та думки, а також робить навчальний матеріал дискусійним та цікавим. Критичне мислення також впливає на навички міжособистісного спілкування студентів. Критичне мислення та погляд на речі з різних точок зору допомагають студентам стати більш відкритими та сумлінними, бути кращими комунікаторами, більш схильними до співпраці з однолітками, приймати та обговорювати свої ідеї. Заохочуючи учнів більше мислити як людей, що використовують практичні принципи критичного мислення на уроці іноземної мови, допомагає їм розвивати свою творчу сторону, дозволяючи їхньому мисленню працювати вільніше та досліджувати більше можливостей. Ці навички роблять їх кращими, хто приймає рішення, і на практиці також допомагають їм економити час у прийнятті цих рішень.

T. Marshall Eubanks, Jean Schneider, Andreas M. Hein et al.

The recent discovery of the first confirmed Interstellar Objects (ISOs) passing through the Solar System on clearly hyperbolic objects opens the potential for near term ISO missions, either to the two known objects, or to similar objects found in the future. Such ISOs are the only exobodies we have a chance of accessing directly in the near future. This White Paper focuses on the science possible from in situ spacecraft exploration of nearby ISOs. Such spacecraft missions are technically possible now and are suitable potential missions in the period covered by the 2023-2032 Decadal Survey. Spacecraft missions can determine the structure and the chemical and isotopic composition of ISO in a close flyby coupled with a small sub-probe impactor and either a mass spectrometer or a high resolution UV spectrometer; this technology will also be useful for fast missions to TransNeptune Objects (TNOs) and long period comets. ISO exploration holds the potential of providing considerable improvements in our knowledge of galactic evolution, of planetary formation, and of the cycling of astrobiologically important materials through the galaxy.