Hasil untuk "Metropolitan areas"

W. Chameides, R. Lindsay, J. Richardson et al.

E. Glaeser, Albert Saiz

Yu-hsin Tsai

Gopal K Singh, M. Siahpush

C. Jones, D. Kammen

Kevin A. Matthews, J. Croft, Yong Liu et al.

Problem/Condition Persons living in rural areas are recognized as a health disparity population because the prevalence of disease and rate of premature death are higher than for the overall population of the United States. Surveillance data about health-related behaviors are rarely reported by urban-rural status, which makes comparisons difficult among persons living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. Reporting Period 2013. Description of System The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed landline- and cellular-telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥18 years residing in the United States. BRFSS collects data on health-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and conditions, access to health care, and use of preventive health services related to the leading causes of death and disability. BRFSS data were analyzed for 398,208 adults aged ≥18 years to estimate the prevalence of five self-reported health-related behaviors (sufficient sleep, current nonsmoking, nondrinking or moderate drinking, maintaining normal body weight, and meeting aerobic leisure time physical activity recommendations) by urban-rural status. For this report, rural is defined as the noncore counties described in the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. Results Approximately one third of U.S. adults practice at least four of these five behaviors. Compared with adults living in the four types of metropolitan counties (large central metropolitan, large fringe metropolitan, medium metropolitan, and small metropolitan), adults living in the two types of nonmetropolitan counties (micropolitan and noncore) did not differ in the prevalence of sufficient sleep; had higher prevalence of nondrinking or moderate drinking; and had lower prevalence of current nonsmoking, maintaining normal body weight, and meeting aerobic leisure time physical activity recommendations. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of reporting at least four of the five health-related behaviors was 30.4%. The prevalence among the estimated 13.3 million adults living in noncore counties was lower (27.0%) than among those in micropolitan counties (28.8%), small metropolitan counties (29.5%), medium metropolitan counties (30.5%), large fringe metropolitan counties (30.2%), and large metropolitan centers (31.7%). Interpretation This is the first report of the prevalence of these five health-related behaviors for the six urban-rural categories. Nonmetropolitan counties have lower prevalence of three and clustering of at least four health-related behaviors that are associated with the leading chronic disease causes of death. Prevalence of sufficient sleep was consistently low and did not differ by urban-rural status. Public Health Action Chronic disease prevention efforts focus on improving the communities, schools, worksites, and health systems in which persons live, learn, work, and play. Evidence-based strategies to improve health-related behaviors in the population of the United States can be used to reach the Healthy People 2020 objectives for these five self-reported health-related behaviors (sufficient sleep, current nonsmoking, nondrinking or moderate drinking, maintaining normal body weight, and meeting aerobic leisure time physical activity recommendations). These findings suggest an ongoing need to increase public awareness and public education, particularly in rural counties where prevalence of these health-related behaviors is lowest.

C. Gibbs, Daniel A. Guttentag, U. Gretzel et al.

Kelly D. Blake, Jennifer L. Moss, Anna Gaysynsky et al.

Gregory D. Erhardt, J. Hoque, Vedant S. Goyal et al.

Between 2012 and 2018, bus ridership in the United States declined 15% and rail ridership declined 3%. These losses are widespread and in contrast to trends in other countries. Using data from 215 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we identify the factors responsible for this decline and quantify the contribution of each. We show that expanded transit service and land-use changes increased ridership 4.7% on bus and 10.7% on rail. However, losses due to other factors exceed these gains. Ride-hailing is the biggest contributor to transit ridership decline over this period, reducing bus ridership by 10%. Ride-hailing’s effect on rail varies by metropolitan area size: it has little effect on rail ridership in the largest metropolitan areas but decreases rail ridership 10% in mid-sized metropolitan areas. Lower gas prices and higher fares contribute to lower transit ridership, as do higher incomes, more teleworking and higher car ownership. By providing a clear understanding of the causes of transit ridership decline, our research provides the foundation on which communities can craft an effective response to the problem.

Shastitharran Baskaran, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis, Nur Hannani Ab Rahman et al.

Increasing urbanisation throughout the world has increased the number of mental health cases in citizens, especially in metropolitan areas. Various studies have conveyed the positive linkage between increased green space exposure in the daily life of urban citizens and mental health improvement. However, the current state of knowledge has limited information on percentage of effectiveness of green spaces in improving mental health. Apart from that, the contributions of green space attributes that enhance the improvement of mental health remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to discover the percentage of efficiency of green spaces in improving mental health through systematic review and meta-analysis.The formula for calculating confidence interval of odds ratio is used to calculate the standard error of each study and the random effect inverse-variance approach was used in the meta-analysis to identify the combined effect of thestudies. Results from meta-analysis indicated that green spaces can provide an average of 17% [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.78–0.88)] improvement in the mental health of a person in terms of stress, depression, and anxiety. Apart from that, green space effectiveness in improving mental health varies with the influence of attributes such as bigger size, better accessibility, and higher tree density. The findings of this review provide evidence that green space exposure can improve the mental health of urban citizens. This study is significant to government bodies and developers as a guideline to implement more green spaces in urban areas that are filled with dense buildings.Overall, this review provides insights on social benefits of green space in improving mental health of citizens, indicating that green space that is accessible, big and has high density of greenness can be beneficial for urban citizen’s mental health.

Manyama Majogoro, Oswald Devisch, Fredrick Bwire Magina

The global endeavour to develop inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements is paramount. Land use conflicts in urban areas persist as a critical issue among stakeholders in contemporary urban development discourse. This article examines the effectiveness of local mediation strategies in resolving land use conflicts within East African cities’ rapidly expanding metropolitan areas. It focuses explicitly on community-based leaders, referred to as “extended planners,” who foster sustainable communities through their involvement in conflict mediation. Unlike municipal authorities, whose responses can be slow, these grassroots leaders promptly engage in mediation efforts, demonstrating their critical role in urban land management. Through an ethnographic approach to data collection and analysis using the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), this study highlights the significant influence that extended planners have on conflict resolution and the improvement of community welfare. The findings indicate that residents generally report land use conflicts to the Mtaa Government Office, where mediation sessions are conducted. The grassroots leaders, acting as the primary mediators, facilitate these sessions with the conflicting parties and relevant stakeholders, utilising traditional methods and established mediation protocols. The study underscores the diverse roles of different actors in the mediation process, with grassroots (Mtaa) leaders mainly overseeing it. It concludes with a call for empowering these leaders with essential knowledge in urban planning and conflict resolution skills to increase the mediation sessions’ effectiveness.

Joice Genaro Gomes, Silvia Helena Galvão de Miranda, Julio Cesar Pedrassoli

Abstract Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions, particularly in slum areas of the Global South. While traditionally associated with poverty, socioeconomic factors alone cannot fully explain the uneven distribution of food insecurity within metropolitan areas. This study addresses critical gaps by proposing a novel Urban Vulnerability Index to Food Insecurity (UVI-FI) integrating socioeconomic conditions, health outcomes, and spatial accessibility to infrastructure in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) between 2000 and 2010. Using principal component analysis and geospatial techniques, we mapped food insecurity vulnerability at high spatial resolution (200 m × 200 m grid) across 39 municipalities. Results reveal significant disparities, with vulnerability increasing by 75.3% within slums while decreasing by 1.68% in the broader urban population. Spatial analysis demonstrates that vulnerability decreases with distance from slum boundaries, confirming a strong spatial gradient. The study identified critical infrastructure gaps, particularly regarding access to transportation, fresh food markets, and social assistance centers, that exacerbate food insecurity in peripheral areas. This spatially explicit framework offers valuable insights for targeting interventions in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Andesikuteb Yakubu Ali, Clement Yakubu Giwa, Ezra Lekwot Vivan et al.

This study appraises the role of SDGs and the provision of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in Plateau State, Nigeria, from 2015 to 2020. It utilized both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data were obtained through stakeholder interviews conducted on the Engineering staff of the SDGs office in Jos, Plateau State, the users of these projects were randomly sampled across the State and field observation of the authors. The secondary data, on the other hand, were obtained from the reports and other documents of the same SDGs office. In this study, frequency tables and maps were used in presenting and analysing the results. The study also found that the WASH projects were executed for social, political, and to some extent economic reasons and are not sustainable due to the inability of the government to carry the end users along from execution stages. Results also show that these projects are not evenly distributed across wards, districts, and Local Government Areas in Plateau State due to the presence and agglomeration of some of them in especially the metropolitan places and enumerated the benefits of these WASH projects to users to include reduced distance to water source, time savings, reduction in rates of open defecation and reduction in diseases rate. It is concluded that some level of government- community collaborations should be fostered to enable the projects become sustainable in delivering their gains in all locations of the State. The study recommends, among other things, the replication of these projects within communities across the state, the involvement of the communities at stages of execution, and the establishment of a mechanism for the sustainability of the projects.

Xinghua Li, Ziqi Yang, Yuntao Guo et al.

Access to healthcare services using public transportation (PT-based healthcare accessibility) is a crucial aspect in achieving healthcare equity as it affects individuals’ ability to receive healthcare. Previous research has focused on the spatial features of healthcare accessibility. However, less attention has been given to its temporal characteristics, which can be influenced by transit schedules, multimodal connectivity, congestion, and other factors. This study proposes a framework to better understand the impacts of temporally varying PT-based healthcare accessibility on healthcare equity. A case study of Shanghai, China is used to illustrate the temporal variation of healthcare accessibility, with a focus on hourly inter- and intra-regional disparities. These disparities are captured using the Gini coefficient and Theil index. Additionally, the study introduces bivariate local Moran’s I to identify healthcare shortage areas and evaluate the spatial autocorrelation between population density and healthcare accessibility. The findings of this study reveal that the accessibility to healthcare services experiences significant fluctuations throughout the day, leading to temporal variations in healthcare equity. Subway service quality contributes more to temporal variations than bus service quality. The lowest point of such equity is reached when PT operates at its full capacity. On a spatial level, individuals residing in newly developed regions, which surround the historical urban core or recently planned city subcenters, tend to experience decreased accessibility to healthcare via public transportation. Consequently, it results in a heightened reliance on motorized transportation in these areas. These findings provide insights that can inform the design of PT accessibility-based strategies, healthcare improvement plans and inclusive housing policies, to address healthcare equity issues in metropolitan areas. By considering both spatial and temporal factors, we can better understand the complex relationships between transportation and healthcare accessibility to promote equitable access to healthcare services and foster social equity.

Fabian Schuhmann, Maximilian Sievers, Stefan Schrott et al.

Mobility in metropolitan regions is changing. The distribution of space in cities, the design of transport modes, and the organization of mobility are being re-thought. However, no matter the changes and innovations on the way to a more sustainable future, essential constants must be upheld: In the event of minor, regionally limited emergencies, medical assistance must reach those in need quickly. When dealing with large-scale emergencies, the ability to evacuate the area promptly must be ensured. The impact analysis of mobility innovations on emergency services within urban areas so far has been based purely on empirical observations using existing data. Currently, it is only possible to analyze what-if considerations in a limited way. Nevertheless, due to the increasingly rapid changes in mobility, a comprehensive and interlinked analysis will be necessary. This is the key contribution of rescuePY: rescuePY is a simulation suite based on the mesoscopic and microscopic simulation environment hybridPY. It allows holistic and microscopic transport modeling of rescue infrastructure to quantify the impact of the mobility transition towards higher sustainability on the performance of rescue services. The main features of this software are: • Rescue system assessment for strategic, long-term planning • Mobility-influence studies for operative, mid-term planning • Activity-based urban evacuation modeling The capabilities of rescuePY are demonstrated by two applications: a simulation- based, mesoscopic system analysis of emergency services in Munich compared to real-world data and microscopic modeling of emergency vehicles (EMVs) in different road architectures. Ongoing developments aim to improve the evaluation methodology for the aggregated impact analysis of mobility innovations on rescue response services.

Marianne Rochette, Gabrielle Rochefort, Catherine Laramée et al.

Abstract Background Consumption of locally produced foods is generally perceived as being part of a healthy dietary pattern. Accordingly, in 2020, the provincial government of Québec (Canada) promoted the purchase of local foods for economic and health benefits. The present cross-sectional study aimed to document the association between the behavior of local food procurement and overall diet quality in a sample of adults from the province of Québec. Methods Data were collected in a sample of 834 adults (86.6% females) from the NutriQuébec project, a web-based longitudinal population study that aims to document the lifestyle and eating habits of adults in Québec, Canada. Dietary intakes were measured using a validated web-based 24-h recall tool and diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI-2019), which measures adherence to the 2019-Canada’s Food Guide recommendations on healthy food choices. Local food procurement behavior was measured using the Locavore-I-SF score, which assesses the frequency of short food supply chain use as well as the geographical origin of three locally produced foods. Results The Locavore-I-SF score was weakly correlated with the HEFI-2019 score (r = 0.08, p < 0.02). Positive correlations were observed for the Vegetables and fruits (r = 0.09, p = 0.005), Beverages (r = 0.08, p = 0.04) and Free sugars (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) components of the HEFI-2019. Associations between the Locavore-I-SF and the HEFI-2019 scores were found in specific subgroups of participants: males (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), participants aged between 50 and 70 years (r = 0.16, p = 0.003), participants with a greater education level (r = 0.13, p = 0.003) and higher income (r = 0.12, p = 0.02), non-vegetarian participants (r = 0.10, p = 0.008) and participants living in Census Metropolitan Areas (r = 0.11, p = 0.004). Conclusion These results suggest that the behavior of local food procurement is only weakly associated with better overall diet quality among a sample of adults from Québec, raising doubts on the relevance of promoting local food procurement as an effective public health measure for improving diet quality in Québec. Study registration number NCT04140071.

M. Zelnik, J. Kantner

Rhanda Kyerewaa Opuni, Dina Adei, Anthony Acquah Mensah et al.

Abstract Background In low-and middle-income countries, migrants are confronted with health needs which affect the promotion of their well-being and healthy lives. However, not much is known about the health needs of migrant female head porters (Kayayei) in Ghana. This study assesses the health needs of migrant female head porters in the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA) and Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). Methods The study adopted a convergent mixed methods design where both qualitative and quantitative data were used. A representative sample size of 470 migrant female head porters was used for the study. Results The study revealed that ante-natal care, post-natal care, treatment of malaria, treatment of diarrhoea diseases, mental health, sexual health, and cervical cancer were health needs of migrant female head porters. The findings showed that participants from the GAMA significantly have greater cervical cancer needs (71.6% vrs 67.1%, p = 0.001) compared to those from the GKMA. Kayeyei from the GKMA significantly have greater mental health needs than those from the GAMA (84.6% vrs 79.2%, p = 0.031). Also, Kayeyei from the GKMA significantly have higher attendance of post-natal care compared to those from the GAMA (99.4% vrs 96.2%, p = 0.013). Conclusion The findings underscore differential health needs across geographical localities. Based on the findings of the study, specific health needs such as ante-natal care and post-natal care should be included in any health programmes and policies that aim at addressing health needs of migrant female head porters in the two metropolitan areas of Ghana.

Luciana Alencar Ximenes, Adauto Lúcio Cardoso, Rosângela Marina Luft

Resumo A capacidade institucional e o aparato normativo do Estado são importantes campos de disputas pela produção do espaço e pelo reconhecimento de direitos sociais. Tais disputas ganham especial relevância na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, marcada por intensas desigualdades sociais. Nesse quadro, as políticas de urbanização de favelas consolidadas entre as décadas 1990 e 2010 representam importante reconhecimento das favelas enquanto espaços de moradia popular. Este artigo analisa as políticas de urbanização de favelas realizadas no Rio de Janeiro nesse período, focando nos modelos institucionais e conteúdos normativos, situando-as nas conjunturas políticas locais e tendo o direito à moradia como norteador. Observam-se a continuidade e centralidade relativa dessas políticas no período analisado, contudo, são ressaltadas importantes contradições e limitações.

Godfrey Tawodzera, Jonathan Crush

Abstract South Africa’s major cities are periodically wracked by large-scale xenophobic violence directed at migrants and refugees from other countries. Informal sector businesses and their migrant owners and employees are particularly vulnerable targets during these attacks. Migrant-owned businesses are also targeted on a regular basis in smaller-scale looting and destruction of property. There is now a large literature on the characteristics and causes of xenophobic violence and attitudes in South Africa, most of it based on quantitative and qualitative research in the country’s major metropolitan areas. One of the consequences of big-city xenophobia has been a search for alternative markets and safer spaces by migrants, including relocating to the country’s many smaller urban centres. The question addressed in this paper is whether they are welcomed in these cities and towns or subject to the same kinds of victimization as in large cities. This paper is the first to systematically examine this question by focusing on a group of towns in Limpopo Province and the experiences of migrants in the informal sector there. Through survey evidence and in-depth interviews and focus groups with migrant and South African vendors, the paper demonstrates that xenophobia is also pervasive in these smaller centres, in ways that both echo and differ from that in the large cities. The findings in this paper have broader significance for other countries attempting to deal with the rise of xenophobia.