Hasil untuk "Islam"

عادل الوادي, عبد السلام الصوايني

اعتنى هذا البحث بمصطلحي البيع والاشتراء؛ بغية تتبعهما في النسق القرآني توسلًّا بمنهج الدراسة المصطلحية، وذلك باعتماد الاستقراء التام لمادة المصطلحين، مع اعتماد خطوات الدراسة المعجمية والدراسة النصية بما تسمح به حدود هذا البحث، وذلك في محاولة لفهم معاني البيع والاشتراء وأهميتها في حياة الإنسان وعلاقاته؛ دلالة له على سلوك سبيل التجارة الرابحة الفالحة، الذي بها يحصل العبد الرضا، فلا تعِس ولا انتكس.  من نتائج هذه الدراسة: تأسست دلالة البيع في القرآن الكريم على أصلها اللغوي وهو: إخراج الشيء من الحوزة وانتقاله بعوض إلى الغير على وجه المبادلة، وما يدور حول هذا الأصل من معاني كثرة العطاء، والانتقال والتبادل والمداولة، والنفع والحياة والخير والبركة، والسمو والرفعة. أما الأصل اللغوي للاشتراء في القرآن الكريم، فانبنى على معنى تحصيل الشيء وأخذه من الغير، وانتقاله بعوض إلى الحوزة على وجه المبادلة. وقد تميز مصطلحا البيع والاشتراء بحجم مادتهما المعتبر، الوارد بالتكافؤ في ثماني سور، مع عظم شأن المفهومين، وارتباطهما بحياة الإنسان ومآله في العاجل والآجل؛ فتأكد أهميتهما في نسق المصطلحات التي تنتمي إلى أسرتهما المفهومية: كالميزان والتجارة والقبول والقناعة، والربح والكيل والخسارة. وقد ارتقت دلالة مصطلحي البيع والاشتراء في القرآن الكريم بمعناها المرتبط بالمبادلة مع الناس؛ تحقيقًا للربح الدنيوي، إلى المعنى المتعلق بالمتاجرة مع الخالق المنعم الشكور؛ سعيًا إلى تجارة منجية فائزة لا تبور.

Putri Gayatri, Hafida Ruminar, Alies Poetri Lintangsari

The shift from traditional to online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has caused various hurdles. As indicated by many reports, both students and the teachers experienced dissatisfaction and met challenges during the teaching and learning process. Amidst several students’ dissatisfaction with the online delivery of various subject, a report on teaching and learning experience revealed the exceptional performance of an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) teacher named Ms. Sarah (a pseudonym) as recognised by the student. The researchers then did a mixed method study to identify the specific features of Ms. Sarah's teaching that students found engaging and pleasurable. The data, both quantitative and qualitative, was gathered by administering closed and open-ended questionnaires to a total of 38 students who were enrolling in Ms. Sarah's class. The findings indicated that Ms. Sarah's online ESP lesson was well-received. All students (100%) expressed confidence in Ms. Sarah's competence to deliver online ESP instruction. A majority of over 80% of the participants indicated their endorsement for other teachers to embrace Ms. Sarah’s instructional approach, while a total of 97.37% conveyed their intention to join Ms. Sarah's other courses in the upcoming semester. This paper also presents a more detailed explanation of the rationales why students appreciate Ms. Sarah's online class. Besides, considering SLA theory and cultural dimension was also found to contribute to the effective online instructions. Ms Sarah's approach in conducting online ESP course might be an invaluable resource for ESP teachers looking to improve their online teaching strategies. Keywords: Online instructions, ESP, SLA, Cultural dimensions

Utama Satria, Sofiana Ratna, Suwarsi Aqidah Asri

In the digital era, people are increasingly demanding digital financial services, including in the field of philanthropy, such as Mosque Donation. Purpose – The paper aims to investigate the Technology Acceptance Model towards the adoption of QRIS digital Payment in Mosque Donation among Muslim society in Yogyakarta. Methodology– The hypothetical model was tested quantitatively by collecting data from 225 respondents in Yogyakarta throughout surveys, and structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was carried out. Findings – This research found that 1) Perceived Ease of Use has a positive effect on the intention to use QRIS, 2) Perceived Usefulness has a positive effect on the intention to use QRIS, 3) Perceived Security has a positive effect on the intention to use QRIS digital payment. Originality/ Value/ Implication – Previous philanthropy literature only focused on Indonesian Muslims in General. However, this study observes the adoption of QRIS digital payment in philanthropy, specifically in Mosque Donation among Muslim society in Yogyakarta.

Mohammed Yusri Abu Hadoor

يستعرض هذا المقال كتاب الإسلام والعلمانية، للمؤلف أوليفيه روا، الذي ترجمه صالح الأشمر، وصدر عن دار الساقي، في الطبعة الأولى للعام 2016م. ويتكون من 174 صفحة. وأوليفيه روا كاتب ومفكر وأستاذ جامعي فرنسي، ولد في عام 1949م، وهو مهتم ومتخصص في شؤون الحركات السياسية الإسلامية والأصولية الراديكالية منها على وجه الخصوص، ويتناول روا في كتابه الإسلام والعلمانية مسألة العلاقة الملتبسة والشائكة ما بين تصاعد الإسلام والعلمانية في الغرب عموما، وفي فرنسا على وجه الخصوص.

Anditri Weningtyas, Puja Lina Ma'rufa, Dina Fauziah

Introduction: Stunting is a cumulative growth and development disorder caused by inadequate nutritional intake, recurrent infectious diseases, or both. RISKESDAS data for 2018 recorded a national stunting prevalence of 30.8%, and Dilem Village, Malang Regency, is one of the loci for stunting in Indonesia in 2020. Anthropometry is a growth monitoring method for assessing children's nutritional status and one of the activities at Posyandu, is organized and led by cadres. Hence, it is important to increase the knowledge of Posyandu cadres to achieve the accuracy of children's nutritional status. Aim: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of short course intervention in the knowledge levels of Posyandu cadres in Dilem Village on early detection of stunting and anthropometric measurements of child. Method: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short course intervention in the knowledge levels of Posyandu cadres in Dilem Village on early detection of stunting before and after course This study was a pre-experimental study using one group of pre-posttest designs to assess the knowledge of 20 Dilem village cadres for early detection of stunting and correct anthropometric measurements before and after the intervention. Result: The results showed an increase of pre and posttest increase in score 16.5 points (p<0.001). Conclusion: So, it can be concluded that short course intervention can improve cadre’s knowledge on early detection of stunting.

Alfahmi Ristianto, Hijrah Purnama Putra, Fina Binazir Maziya

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan penduduk Kota Bogor sangat tinggi, sehingga terjadi peningkatan sampah yang tidak terkelola dengan baik. Pengelolaan sampah seperti tempat penampungan sementara pemerintah belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat, yang mengarah pada munculnya LPS (Lokasi Pembuangan Sampah) ilegal akibat praktik pembuangan sampah ilegal oleh masyarakat setempat. Bahaya LPS ilegal adalah dapat mencemari lingkungan, berpotensi menyebarkan penyakit dan menghilangkan nilai estetika di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan menganalisis penyebaran situs LPS ilegal dengan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh. Data penelitian diambil langsung dengan observasi dan pengukuran di lokasi tersebut dan dengan bantuan studi perpustakaan. Hasil penelitian kami menunjukkan ada 6 kecamatan yang menjadi objek penelitian di Kota Bogor, antara lain Bogor Utara, Bogor Barat, Bogor Tengah, Tanah Sareal, Bogor Timur, Bogor Selatan. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan 28 lokasi LPS ilegal yang tersebar di 6 kecamatan. Sebaran dipengaruhi oleh kepadatan penduduk, lahan, jarak ke sungai, jenis jalan dan ketersediaan TPS (Tempat Pemrosesan Sampah) legal. Kata kunci: Kota Bogor, LPS ilegal, pemetaan, sistem informasi geografi ABSTRACT The population growth of Bogor city is very high, so there is an increase in waste that is not managed properly. Although waste management facilities such as temporary shelters have not been able to meet the needs of the community, which leads to the emergence of illegal garbage disposal location due to illegal waste disposal practices by the local community. The danger of illegal garbage disposal location is that it can pollute the environment, potentially spreading disease and eliminating aesthetic value in the area. This study aims to map and analyze the spread of illegal garbage disposal location sites with influential factors. The research data was taken directly with observation and measurement at the site and with the help of library studies. The results of my research showed that there are 6 sub-districts that are the object of research in Bogor City, including North Bogor, West Bogor, Central Bogor, Tanah Sareal, East Bogor, South Bogor. The results of this study found 28 illegal garbage disposal locations spread across 6 sub-districts. Furthermore, the distribution is influenced by population density, land, distance to the river, type of road and availability of legal Garbage Processing Site. Keywords: Bogor City, illegal garbage disposal location, mapping, geographic information system

Syed Aun R. Rizvi, Mohsin Ali

This study examines whether Islamic gold-backed cryptocurrencies (Onegram and X8X) provide any diversification benefits to the Islamic investors of Indonesia. We study the co-movements between return and volatility of cryptocurrencies and Indonesian Islamic equity indices during the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods. We employ Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic-Dynamic Conditional Correlation (M-GARCH-DCC) and Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) for this study. We find that the COVID-19 crisis enhanced the spillover effect among the Islamic gold-backed cryptocurrencies and Islamic equities. We also provide evidence that Indonesian investors may invest in cryptocurrencies to minimize the equity sector risks during the pandemic. Our results bear significant implications for portfolio diversification strategies for Indonesian investors.

A. S. M. Jannatul Islam, Md. Sherajul Islam, Md. Sayed Hasan et al.

Muchtar A H Labetubun

Copyright as an exclusive right for the creator or copyright holder to carry out the results of his ideas or ideas in the form of specific information or certain. Basically, copyright is the right to copy, adapt or produce a work, copyright is possible for the right holder to limit the copying or in any form without the illegitimate permission of a work, it can be realized by registration copyright, in its application, of course, there are obstacles that exist in the enforcement of copyright law itself. One example is the lack of awareness in registration copyright of songs by the creator. The research objective was to determine and analyze the legal awareness of regional pop songwriters to register their copyright. The research method uses normative research through a conceptual approach and a statue approach. The results show that the composers of regional pop songs know the importance of recording copyright because it is in accordance with the mandate of Act No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and has also participated in the socialization carried out by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, but songwriters do not record their work. Some songwriters consider that the registration is of no use because, from an economic standpoint, they cannot profit or lose personally, besides that their aspirations have not been fully channeled by the related institutions they shelter in this case the Collective Management Institute. Therefore to decide on the sale of the song's copyrighted work rather than registering it to the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in the Field of Intellectual Property.

Imam Wicaksono

This study aims to reveal the symptoms, forms, and purposes of love of the characters in the novel Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah, and how they behave when their love for fellow human beings is hindered by the boundaries of their religion (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity) thus resulting in conflict and opposition within the novel environment. This research is a literature study by analyzing Arabic literary works in the form of novels and used Erich Fromm's psychosocial approach to the concept of love. The novel Fi Qalbi Untsa 'Ibriyyah presents the characters who initially live in a peaceful atmosphere and love each other, then the love turned into conflict after their different religious identities are unveiled. The characters have two choices: either following their feelings of love for humanity regardless religious identity or leaving their love by reason of obeying religious boundaries as a form of love for God. Research becomes important when it is found that love that departs from feelings of personal liking without seeing social ties can actually lead to many conflicts when it comes to meeting religious identity and its boundaries. Penelitian bertujuan mengungkap gejala, bentuk, dan tujuan perasaan cinta tokoh-tokoh dalam novel Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah, serta bagaimana mereka bersikap ketika perasaan cinta kepada sesama manusia terhalang oleh batasan agama yang mereka anut (Yahudi, Islam, dan Kristen) sehingga mengakibatkan konflik dan pertentangan di antara mereka. Penelitian ini berbentuk studi pustaka dengan melakukan analisis terhadap karya sastra Arab yang berbentuk novel serta menggunakan pendekatan psikososial Erich Fromm tentang konsep cinta, dimana Fromm berpandangan bahwa cinta merupakan solusi dari semua permasalahan manusia. Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah menampilkan kehidupan para tokoh yang awalnya dalam suasana damai saling mencintai tanpa melihat identitas agama, tetapi kemudian cinta mereka berubah menjadi konflik setelah mengetahui perbedaan agama di antara mereka. Para tokoh memiliki dua pilihan, antara mengikuti perasaan cinta kepada manusia tanpa memandang identitas agama atau melepaskan rasa cinta tersebut dengan alasan menaati batasan agama sebagai wujud cinta kepada Tuhan. Penelitian menjadi penting ketika ditemukan fakta bahwa cinta yang berangkat dari perasaan suka kepada personal tanpa melihat ikatan sosial ternyata bisa melahirkan banyak konflik ketika bertemu dengan identitas agama beserta batasan-batasannya.

Herda Deki Tri Seppin, Idrus Al-Kaf, Murtiningsih Murtiningsih

Abstrak Seni sastra memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan tassawuf. Ia menjadi kajian penting untuk memahami seni dan spiritualitas Islam, karenanya sastra menempati posisi yang istimewa diantara berbagai bentuk seni yang ada dalam masyarakat Islam untuk mengekspresikan ajarannya. Novel Kun Fayakun adalah novel yang sarat akan nilai-nilai ajaran tasawuf. Novel ini bercerita tentang perjalanan spiritualitas seorang preman yang bertaubat kepada Allah Swt. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji nilai-nilai tasawuf dalam novel Kun Fayakun karya Andi Bombang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Pengumpulan datanya menggunakan metode dokumentasi yaitu menyelidiki data-data yang bersifat tertulis berupa buku-buku, literature dan sebagainya yang relevan dengan penelitian. Sumber primer penelitian adalah novel Kun Fayakun. Analisa datanya menggunakan imetode analisis isi dengan cara menganalisis isi novel dan membagikannya ke dalam beberapa macam nilai-nilai tassawuf. Dalam mengambil kesimpulan penelitian ini menggunakan metode deduktif. Hasil dari penelitian ini meliputi dua hal: pertama, novel Kun Fayakun mengandung nilai-nilai tassawuf yakni taubat, wara’, zuhud, syukur, ma’rifat, dan mahabbah; kedua, karakteristik tasawuf pada novel Kun Fayakun adalah karakteristik tassawuf akhlaki, yaitu bentuk tasawuf yang memfokuskan pada pembersihan jiwa dari perilaku buruk dengan akhlak terpuji dalam mencapai kedekatan diri kepada Allah Swt. Katakunci: Nilai-Nilai Tassawuf, Novel Kun Fayakun.   Abstract This research is based on the understanding that literary arts have a close relationship with tassawuf. Literary art is an important study to understand Islamic art and spirituality, because Islamic teachings are based on the word of God which is revealed as the holy book, so literature occupies a major and special position among various art forms in Islamic society to express its teachings. Kun Fayakun's novel is a novel that is full of Sufism values. The novel which tells about the spiritual journey of a repentant thug illustrates how the story of repentance and getting closer to Allah SWT. This study aims to examine more deeply the values ​​of Sufism in Andi Bombang's Kun Fayakun novel. The typology of this research is library research (library research). Collecting data in this study using the documentation method, namely investigating written data in the form of books, literature and so on that are relevant to this study. The iprimary source iof ithis research is Kun Fayakun novel. To analyze the data, used the content analysis method, namely analyzing the contents of the novel and distributing it into several kinds of tassawuf values. In drawing the conclusions of this study using the deductive method. The results of this study conclude two things: first, Kun Fayakun's novel which contains tassawuf values, namely repentance, wara', zuhud, gratitude, ma'rifat, and mahabbah; second, thefreance of Sufism in Kun Fayakun's novel is the tassawuf akhlaki, which is a form of Sufism that focuses on the soul of bad behavior which exercises self-filling with commendable morals in achieving closeness to Allah Swt. Keywords: Tasawwuf Values, Kun Fayakun Novel.

Seyed Masood Shahmoradi

Along with the advent of Safavid and official status of Shiite Twelvers in Iran, Nizari Ismaelites faced with some problems and limitations. Mohammad Shahi Nizaris decided upon the transferring their activities and even center of their Imamate to India after feeling disappointed related to preserving their position in Iran, while Qasem Shahi Nizaris continued their existence by taking concealment strategy through the facade of Sufism and succeeded to redevelop and systematize their organization until the end of Safavid era and even transferred it to the next era. The main issue of the present research is the study of political, cultural, social, and religious conditions of Mohammad Shahi and Qasem Shahi Nizari Ismaelites of Iran in time of Safavid via the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical documents

Akmal Hawi

The policy of regional autonomy has also implicated the education sector with the concept of decentralization of education, which aims to provide widespread authority to regulate and manage madrasah (local authorities) in the framework of improving the quality of education for all levels of society. Madrasah as one of the educational institutions that take shelter in the Department of Religion inevitably come into contact with the issue of educational autonomy. But the problem is whether the Department of Religion remains in the position of the autonomous rights holder for the entire education system in the madrasah or only limited to religious subjects only. A consistent, cautious but definite and nondisadvantageous attitude to the Department of Religion needs to be addressed in a special discussion.

As’ad Muzammil

Map of political Islam in Indonesia is always colored by the government political map. From the pre-independence era, the post-independence (old order), the new order and the reform era. Islamic education is still in a position that is generally not in favor of the empowerment of the people. Education is a tool for which the government used it to escort people and people to the desired political objectives, theoretically it is not wrong if the government wants the product graduate of educational institutions contribute to development. But at the same time the government should also give freedom to the world of education to determine its direction with permanent gets assistance, support, and facilitation from the government.

Mahmud Arif

<p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>:</strong><em> </em><em>Islam will be existing forever to interact with dynamic social-culture of human life because of its flexibility. </em><em>T</em><em>he </em><em>I</em><em>slamic shari’a is capable to respond any problems in social life.</em><em> </em><em>In line with syari’a flexibility </em><em>there was</em><em> Jamal al-Banna&gt; </em><em>who</em><em> determined customs and traditions as the fourth base of Islamic shari’a. The customs were what was planted in the collective memory of the community: perceived well by common sense, accepted by human instinct and insight</em><em>,</em><em> and related to the pattern of life. The essential position of customs was reflected in determining the law. Thus, the relation of the texts and reality including the customs was in the form of dialogues-dialectics. Islamization process showed a high appreciation to local tradition. Uka Tjandrasasmita considered that cultural acculturation in Indonesia could be viewed from it’s Islamization process, like strategy done by the Nine Saints (Wali Songo) in spreading Islam. This strategy was reimplemented through educational system in many Islamic Traditional Institutions (pesantren), including Pesantren Tegalrejo Magelang. This pesantren has chosen to utilize local culture, i.e. Javanese popular art (jatilan), to embrace the irreligious society (the secularized-traditionalist abangan). </em></p><p dir="RTL"><strong>ال</strong><strong>ملخص:</strong><strong> </strong>سيبقى الإسلام ويسير جدليا بدينامية المجتمع والثقافة في حياة الانسان لأن من خصائص الشريعة الإسلامية هي المرونة التي تجعلها قادرا على إجابة المسائل المستجدّة المختلفة لتطوّر المجتمع مع عدم فقدان الهوية. وفقا بمرونة الشريعة الإسلامية قرّر جمال البنا العادة أو العرف أساسا رابعا للشريعة. والعرف كلّ ما يلتصق بالوعي الجماعي ويقوّم إيجابيا ونافعا ويقبله العقل السليم وهو يتعلق بشؤون الحياة الإجتماعية. كانت العادة على هذا البيان هي العرف الحسن المحتاج إليه لتقوية الإتحاد الإجتماعي. بهذه العلّة يذهب بعض الفقهاء إلى قبول العادة بحريّتها على شرط عدم تناقضها بمنطوق النصّ. منذ البداية تشيرعملية الأسلمة إلى كون التقدير الكبير والاعتبار بحسن العرف المحليّ كما أكّدته فكرة أندسة الإسلام التي تدعو إلى أهمية التوفيق والتنسيق بين الإسلام والعادة المحلّية. قال جاندرا ساسميتا إن تثاقف الثقافة في إندونسيا يمكن أن يحلّل من عملية الأسلمة كما فعلها الأولياء التسعة. هم واعيون تماما أنّ قبل مجيء الإسلام كان السكّان المحلّيون لهم العادة والثقافة المحتاجة لاستمرار الحياة والتناسق والتكيّف بالبيئة. وحقيقة أن ما سلك عليه الأولياء التسعة مطبّق في كثير من البسنترينات ومنها بسنترين تجالريجا ماجيلانج الذي اختارانتفاع الثقافة المحلّية (جاتيلان) لاعتناق مجتمع المسلمين الخافضين في التمسّك بالإسلام (أباعان). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong>:</strong><em> Secara normatif </em><em>I</em><em>slam terus eksis </em><em>karena</em><em> kelenturan syariatnya</em><em> yang</em><em> mampu merespon perkembangan sosial. Gagasan </em><em>tentang </em><em>kelenturan </em><em>syariat Islam</em><em> telah disuarakan banyak pemikir Muslim kontemporer. </em><em>Di antaranya adalah</em><em> Jama&gt;l al-Banna&gt; yang menetapkan kebiasaan (‘urf atau a&gt;dah) sebagai dasar keempat syariat. Kebiasaan dimaknai sebagai apa yang melekat dalam ingatan kolektif masyarakat, dinilai baik oleh akal budi, diterima oleh naluri manusia, dan berkaitan dengan pola kehidupannya. Kebiasaan yang diakui berguna untuk menguatkan kohesi sosial dan mengurai masalah bersama disebut kearifan lokal. Kedudukan penting kebiasaan tercermin dalam salah satu kaidah hukum Islam yang populer, al-</em><em>Ā</em><em>dah Muh</em><em>}</em><em>akkamah (kebiasaan adalah dasar penetapan hukum). Oleh sebab itu, para ahli fikih menerima kebiasaan dengan segala kebebasannya selama tidak bertentangan dengan teks. Dengan demikian, relasi teks dengan realitas, termasuk di dalamnya kebiasaan, bersifat dialogis-dialektis. Semenjak awal, proses </em><em>I</em><em>slamisasi memang menunjukkan apresiasi yang tinggi terhadap kearifan tradisi/budaya lokal. Uka Tjandrasasmita menilai akulturasi kebudayaan di Nusantara dapat dilihat pada proses </em><em>I</em><em>slamisasinya, seperti dijalankan para Wali Songo. Pola dakwah Wali Songo ternyata diejawantahkan ulang melalui sistem pendidikan di banyak pesantren, antara lain </em><em>Pesantren Tegalrejo yang memilih untuk menggunakan kebudayaan lokal berupa kesenian populer Jawa untuk merangkul kaum abangan. </em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>K</strong><strong>eywords</strong><strong>:</strong> Kelenturan Islam, akulturasi, kearifan lokal, kontekstualisasi pendidikan</p>

Handa yani

Penelitian ini membahas peran kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam mewujudkan budaya pendidikan budi pekerti di SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga. Masalah yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pembiasaan beragama dan berbudi pekerti siswa SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga tahun 2014/2015. Sesuai dengan pendekatan kualitatif, kehadiran peneliti di lapangan penting sebagai instrumen langsung sebagai pengumpul data dari observasi mendalam dan terlibat secara aktif dalam penelitian. Penulis menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi sebagai pengamat untuk data yang telah diperoleh dari hasil wawancara terhadap peran kinerja kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam pembiasaan beragama dan berbudi pekerti di SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga pada tahun 2014/2015. Analisis data dilakukan dengan memeriksa data yang ada, reduksi data, penyajian data, menarik kesimpulan kemudian validitas data dengan menggunakan pengamatan triangulasi. Berdasarkan penelitian, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa peran kepemimpinan sekolah sebagai pendidik, manajer, administrator, supervisor, pemimpin, inovator dan motivator. Pembiasaan karakter religius dan budi pekerti adalah untuk mengatur kegiatan, baik yang bersifat rutin, spontan, terprogram, maupun keteladanan.   This study discusses the role of Principal leadership in bringing cultures of moral education in SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga. The problems are examined in this study is how the religious and well-mannered habituated to students of SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga in the year of 2014/2015. In accordance with a qualitative approach, the presence of researchers in the field is important to remember to act directly as a researcher and as a direct instrument of collecting data from the depth observation and are actively involved in research. The author uses data collection techniques by observation, interviews, and documentation as an observer to the data which have been obtained from interviews on the role of school leadership performance of religious habituation and virtuous character in SMP Negeri 3 Salatiga in the year of 2014/2015. The data analysis was done by examining existing data, data reduction, data presentation, draw conclusions then entered into the validity of the data using triangulation observations persistence. Based on the research, the researcher concludes that the role of school leadership is as an educator, manager, administrator, supervisor, leader, innovator and motivator. The principal religious and virtuous character habituations are to organize activities both routine, spontaneous, programmatic, and exemplary.   Kata kunci: kepemimpinan, pembiasaan, budi pekerti

Sobar Ihsan

Jenis penukar kalor sangatlah beragam dan masing masing dirancang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang spesifik. Namun demikian jenis shell & tube sejauh ini merupakan jenis yang paling banyak dipergunakan berkat konstruksinya relatif sederhana dan memiliki keandalan karena dapat dioperasikan dengan beberapa jenis fluida kerja. Efek pendinginan yang dihasilkan dalam sistem refrigerasi tergantung dari efektivitas kinerja kondensor. Sementara, kinerja kondensor semakin lama akan menurun seiring dengan terjadinya fouling factor. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis optimasi sistem termal pada kondensor shell and tube sebagai Alat Penukar Kalor (APK). Dari hasil optimasi kondensor shell and tube dengan menggunakan analisis full factorial yang di validasi dengan sofware Heat Transfer Research Inc (HTRI) dan disimulasi Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Didapat hasil optimum adalah diameter shell 720 mm, jumlah tube 192 buah, diameter tube 38.1 mm, panjang tube 3 m, beda temperatur rata-rata LMTD 8.86 K, dan dengan koefesien perpindahan panas menyeluruh U 1448.21 W/m2K. Dalam penentuan parameter temperatur desain kondensor sistem cooling-tower, harus mempertimbangkan kinerja cooling-tower dan perubahan temperatur udara. Kata kunci: kondensor, optimal, shell and tube

E. Haberland, J. S. Trimingham

J. Tucker, M. Rodinson