Hasil untuk "History (General)"

C. Papadimitriou

I. Perry, R. Morris, S. Ebrahim et al.

J. Friedman

H. Walker, W. D. Hall, J. Hurst

M. Inuiguchi, J. Ramík

A. Stoler

List of Illustrations ix Appreciations xi Chapter One: Prologue in Two Parts 1 Chapter Two: The Pulse of the Archive 17 Part I: Colonial Archives and Their Affective States 55 Chapter Three: Habits of a Colonial Heart 57 Chapter Four: Developing Historical Negatives 105 Chapter Five: Commissions and Their Storied Edges 141 Part II: Watermarks in Colonial History 179 Chapter Six: Hierarchies of Credibility 181 Chapter Seven: Imperial Dispositions of Disregard 237 Appendix 1: Colonial Chronologies 279 Appendix 2: Governors-General in the Netherlands Indies, 1830-1930 285 Bibliography 287 Index 000

S. Larney, Hannah Kopinski, C. Beckwith et al.

L. Harmon, J. Schulte, A. Larson et al.

C. Coello

Jakub Fusiak, Andreas Wolkenstein, Verena S. Hoffmann

BackgroundPatient preferences are a critical component of shared decision-making (SDM), particularly when choosing between treatment options with differing risks and outcomes. Many methods exist to elicit these preferences, but their complexity, usability, and acceptance vary.ObjectiveWe aim to gain insight into the acceptance, effort and preferences of participants regarding five different methods of preference assessment. Additionally, we investigate the influence of health status, experiences within the health system and of demographic factors on the results.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey including five preference elicitation Methods: best-worst scaling, direct weighting, PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise Rankings of all Possible Alternatives), time trade-off, and standard gamble. The questionnaire was distributed via academic and patient advocacy mailing lists, reaching both healthy individuals and those with acute or chronic illnesses. Participants rated each method using six standardized statements on a 5-point Likert scale. Additional items assessed general acceptance of algorithm-assisted preference assessments and the clarity of the questionnaire.ResultsOf 258 initiated questionnaires, 123 (48%) were completed and included in the analysis. Participants were diverse in age, gender, and health status, but predominantly highly educated and digitally literate. Across all measures, the PAPRIKA method received the highest ratings for clarity, usability, and perceived ability to express preferences. Simpler methods (best-worst scaling, direct weighting) were rated as less useful for capturing nuanced preferences, while abstract utility-based methods (standard gamble, time trade-off) were seen as cognitively demanding. Subgroup analyses showed minimal variation across demographic groups. Most participants (82%) could imagine using at least one of the presented methods in real clinical settings, but also emphasized the importance of physician involvement in interpreting results.ConclusionThe interactive PAPRIKA method best balanced cognitive demand and expressiveness and was preferred by most participants. Structured methods for preference elicitation may enhance SDM when integrated into clinical workflows and supported by healthcare professionals. Further research is needed to evaluate their use in real-world decisions and among more diverse patient populations.

Володимир Ятченко

У статті піддаються розгляду процеси генези феномену колективного самоусвідомлення предків сучасних українців на етапі переходу від тотемного до антропоморфічного типів світогляду в текстах українського фольклору. При цьому основна увага переноситься на дослідження метафізичного виміру цього процесу. Підкреслено, що особливо рельєфно виділяються фази переходу від одного типу світогляду до іншого на прикладах порівняння текстів первісних міфів і народної казки. В українській народній казці, на відміну від первісного міфу, на просценіум виходять мотиви, моральна позиція персонажів. У казках людина перебуває в напружених рефлексіях про суперечності між загальноприйнятим і особистісним, а вже пізніші міфологічні тексти «заземлюють» просторові і часові горизонти діяльності героя, поміщуючи їх у контекст співвіднесення правового й морального, світського й релігійного. В горизонті генези форм колективної самосвідомості казка виявляє свою історично зумовлену амбівалентність: у ній фігурують герої давніх міфів, в сюжети казок вживлені лінії і структурна будова первісних міфів, окрушини тотемного світогляду. Однак приявність у казках моральних регулятивів, зародків свободи особистості виказує на прорив духовності людини за межі тотемізму й зоолатрії первісного міфу на простір антропоморфізму. На цьому новому етапі розвитку колективної свідомості істотною ознакою самосвідомості постає поєднання свободи і моральності, особливо рельєфно це проступає в сюжетах казок, у яких йдеться про стосунки між людиною і смертю.  

Susobhan Mandal, S. Shankaranarayanan

General relativity and quantum field theory are the cornerstones of our understanding of physical processes, from subatomic to cosmic scales. While both theories work remarkably well in their tested domains, they show minimal overlap. However, our research challenges this separation by revealing that non-perturbative effects bridge these distinct domains. We introduce a novel mechanism wherein, at linear order, spin-2 fields around an arbitrary background acquire \emph{effective mass} due to the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of either global or local symmetry of complex scalar field minimally coupled to gravity. The action of the spin-2 field is identical to the extended Fierz-Pauli (FP) action, corresponding to the mass deformation parameter $α= 1/2$. We show that this occurs due to the effect of SSB on the variation of the energy-momentum tensor of the matter field, which has a dominant effect during SSB. The extended FP action has a salient feature, compared to the standard FP action: the action has 6 degrees of freedom with no ghosts. For local $U(1)$ SSB, we establish that the effective mass of spin-2 fields is related to the mass of the gauge boson and the electric charge of the complex scalar field. Interestingly, our results indicate that the millicharged dark matter scalar fields, generating dark photons, can produce a mass of spin-2 fields of the same order as the Hubble constant $(H_0)$. Hence, we argue that the dark sector offers a natural explanation for the acceleration of the current Universe.

E. Kennedy, Madeleine Davis

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

Lyudmila B. Karpenko

В статье прослежены жизненный, педагогический и научный путь советского и российского слависта С.Б. Бернштейна, роль выдающегося ученого в возрождении славяноведения в СССР. Актуальность ее обусловлена важностью оценки состояния славяноведения в советский период и роли профессора С.Б. Бернштейна в становлении славяноведения в XX в. Предметом исследования служит организационная, научная, педагогическая деятельность С.Б. Бернштейна, направленная на возрождение и развитие советской славистики. Цель статьи – в контексте истории отечественного славяноведения и определявших его тенденций показать роль организационной и научной деятельности выдающегося советского и российского слависта профессора С.Б. Бернштейна. В исследовании использованы системный, историко-культурный подходы; сравнительный и историографический методы. В статье в обобщенной форме прослежен исторический путь отечественного славяноведения. Автор обозначает состояние российской славистики XIX в., характерный для данного этапа рост научного знания в разных областях на основе широкого сравнительно-исторического осмысления текста культуры: в исследовании истории славянской письменности, славянской народной поэзии, русского литературного языка, русской паремиологии и т. д. Опираясь на воспоминания С.Б. Бернштейна и ученых Института славяноведения РАН, автор показывает состояние славистической науки в 20–30-е годы ХХ века, известное гонениями на славистов. В центре внимания в статье оказываются 40-е и последующие годы ХХ века, на которые приходится возрождение славистики при деятельном участии С.Б. Бернштейна. В обзоре представлена роль ученого в процессе возрождения славянского отделения МГУ, в организации кафедры славянской филологии МГУ, Института славяноведения, в развитии ряда научных направлений: советской болгаристики, кирилломефодиевистики, славянской диалектологии и лингвогеографии, сравнительной грамматики славянских языков, этнолингвистики и славянских древностей и др.

Christine Njiru, Wenxin Xue, Sander De Rouck et al.

Abstract Background Generalist herbivores such as the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae thrive on a wide variety of plants and can rapidly adapt to novel hosts. What traits enable polyphagous herbivores to cope with the diversity of secondary metabolites in their variable plant diet is unclear. Genome sequencing of T. urticae revealed the presence of 17 genes that code for secreted proteins with strong homology to “intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenases (DOGs)” from bacteria and fungi, and phylogenetic analyses show that they have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi. In bacteria and fungi, DOGs have been well characterized and cleave aromatic rings in catecholic compounds between adjacent hydroxyl groups. Such compounds are found in high amounts in solanaceous plants like tomato, where they protect against herbivory. To better understand the role of this gene family in spider mites, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to functionally characterize the various T. urticae DOG genes. Results We confirmed that DOG genes were present in the T. urticae genome and performed a phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptomic and genomic data to advance our understanding of the evolutionary history of spider mite DOG genes. We found that DOG expression differed between mites from different plant hosts and was induced in response to jasmonic acid defense signaling. In consonance with a presumed role in detoxification, expression was localized in the mite’s gut region. Silencing selected DOGs expression by dsRNA injection reduced the mites’ survival rate on tomato, further supporting a role in mitigating the plant defense response. Recombinant purified DOGs displayed a broad substrate promiscuity, cleaving a surprisingly wide array of aromatic plant metabolites, greatly exceeding the metabolic capacity of previously characterized microbial DOGs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the laterally acquired spider mite DOGs function as detoxification enzymes in the gut, disarming plant metabolites before they reach toxic levels. We provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that this proliferated gene family in T. urticae is causally linked to its ability to feed on an extremely wide range of host plants.

Sebastian Karnatz

Автор анализирует визуализацию героев немецкого героического эпоса «Песнь о нибелунгах». То, как иллюстраторы изображают тела персонажей, какие позы им придаются, на фоне какого ландшафта происходит действие, сколько действующих лиц на картине и что именно они делают – все это может стать активным семантическим фактором. Намеренное вторжение в сюжет некоторыми художниками не только создает новый контекст для восприятия, но и придает тексту иное или дополнительное значение. Иногда семантика иллюстраций находится в явном противоречии с событиями сюжета – автор показывает, как и почему это происходит, какие смыслы зашифрованы в иллюстрациях к поэме, как изображения влияют на восприятие текста реципиентами.

محمد الكامل

تتناول الدراسة المجتمع المدني، والذي حظي باهتمام متزايد؛ بعد فشل آليتي الدولة والسوق، من خلال رؤية نقدية حول المفهوم، وعن السياق العام لنشأته والاهتمام الواسع به، والرهان على وظيفته السياسية في الحد من تسلط الدولة، وترسيخ الديمقراطية وتوسيع المشاركة، وعن علاقته بالأحزاب السياسية، وكذلك وظيفته في عملية التنمية والتخفيف من الفقر، وفي دعم النظام الاجتماعي، ونشر قيم التسامح  والتعايش ونبذ العنف وضمان الحقوق، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الرهانات على المجتمع المدني وفاعليته تتوقف على بنيته، وعلى مستوى التطور السياسي والاقتصادي والثقافي للمجتمع، والتي تختلف من مجتمع لآخر.

Hanne Lefrère, Giuseppe Floris, Marjanka K. Schmidt et al.

Postpartum breast cancer (PPBC) - which according to new data, can extend to 5–10 years after the birth - are estimated to represent 35–55% of all cases of breast cancer in women younger than 45 years. Increasing clinical evidence indicates that PPBC represents a high-risk form of breast cancer in young women with an approximately 2-fold increased risk for metastasis and death. Yet, the exact mechanisms that underlay this poor prognosis are incompletely understood and, hence, it is unknown why postpartum breast cancer has an enhanced risk for metastasis or how it should be effectively targeted for improved survival. This article is an accompanying resource of the original article entitled “Breast cancer diagnosed in the post-weaning period is indicative for a poor outcome” and present epidemiological data that compare standard prognostic parameters, first site of metastatic disease and survival and metastatic rates in young women with primary invasive breast cancer diagnosed within two years postpartum (PP-BC), in young women diagnosed during pregnancy (Pr-BC) and nulliparous women (NP-BC). Via an international collaboration of 13 centres participating in the International Network on Cancer, Infertility and Pregnancy (INCIP), retrospective data of 1180 patients with primary invasive breast cancer, aged 25–40 years and diagnosed between January 1995 and December 2017 were collected. In particular, tumour-, patient, and therapy-related characteristics were collected. Furthermore, patient files were reviewed thoroughly to assess, for each parity, if and for how long breastfeeding was given. For PP-BC patients, breastfeeding history was used to differentiate breast cancers identified during lactation (PP-BCDL) from those diagnosed post-weaning (PP-BCPW). Primary exposures were prior childbirth or no childbirth, time between most recent childbirth and breast cancer diagnosis, time between cessation of lactation and breast cancer diagnosis and time between breast cancer diagnosis and metastasis or death. Distribution of standard prognostic parameters and first site of distant metastasis among study groups was determined applying fisher's exact, chi-squared, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests or logistic regression models, where applicable. The risks for metastasis and death were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. A subgroup analysis was performed in PP-BCPW patients that never lactated (PP-BCPW/NL), lactated ≤3 months (PP-BCPW/Lshort) or lactated >3 months (PP-BCPW/Llong).

Phil J. Bouchet, Phil J. Bouchet, Catriona M. Harris et al.

Concerns over cetacean mortality events coincident with maritime warfare exercises have motivated efforts to characterize the effects of anthropogenic noise on free-ranging whales and dolphins. By monitoring the movement, diving, and acoustic behaviors of individual whales before, during, and after sound exposure, behavioral response studies (BRSs) have supported significant progress in our understanding of the sensitivity of various cetacean species to high-powered naval sonar signals. However, differences in the designs and sampling capabilities of animal-borne tags typically used in BRS experiments prompt questions about the influence of data resolution in quantitative assessments of noise impacts. We conducted simulations to examine how uncertainty in the acoustic dose either measured on high-resolution multi-sensor biologging tags or modeled from position-transmitting satellite telemetry tags may affect predictions of behavioral responses in Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) exposed to low- and mid-frequency active sonar. We considered an array of scenarios representative of real-world BRSs and used posterior estimates of dose-response functions obtained under an established Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework to explore the consequences of different tag choices for management decision-making. Our results indicate that (1) the zone of impact from a sonar source is under-estimated in most test conditions, (2) substantial reductions in the uncertainty surrounding dose-response relationships are possible at higher sample sizes, and (3) this largely holds true irrespective of tag choice under the scenarios considered, unless positional fixes from satellite tags are consistently poor. Strategic monitoring approaches that combine both archival biologging and satellite biotelemetry are essential for characterizing complex patterns of behavioral change in cetaceans exposed to increasing levels of acoustic disturbance. We suggest ways in which BRS protocols can be optimized to curtail the effects of uncertainty.