Hasil untuk "German literature"

Florian B. Lagler, Thomas Scherer, Jörg Weber et al.

Abstract Background Follow-up assessments form the basis for the continuous optimization of therapy and supportive care on an individual level, for confirming treatment efficacy, and for detecting newly emerging or unexpectedly progressive symptoms early enough to permit timely therapeutic intervention. For Pompe disease, evidence based guidelines on which assessments should constitute the minimum standard and which are required in specific situations only, were missing. Therefore, we started the Austrian Pompe Outcome Consensus (APOC) Study. Methods APOC was a Delphi process with two classical online and a modified third round, implemented September 2023–May 2024, following the AWMF S2k guideline. A five-member interdisciplinary steering committee invited 23 clinical experts, achieving response rates of 69.6% and 100%. A questionnaire was developed via literature scoping and an expert workshop. The importance and recommended frequency of follow-up assessments were rated using AGREE II consensus thresholds, and the classification for recommendation strength of the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF;Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V.). Results 34 statements achieved consensus. Strong recommendations included the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), timed tests, Pompe PEDI and other age-appropriate functional tests in children, muscle tests, handheld dynamometry, Fatigue Severity Scale, patient-reported outcome measures (e.g. R-Pact), forced vital capacity (sitting/supine), morphologic muscle imaging studies, pain and quality of life assessment. Further recommendations included respiratory (MIP/MEP) and sleep studies (polysomnography), creatine kinase, antibody titers, swallowing studies, liver sonography, hearing tests and speech and speech/oromotor function, physical therapy and rehabilitation, bone density assessment, and caregiver psychosocial care. Conclusions The APOC Delphi consensus yields AGREE II–compliant, systematically weighted recommendations delineating essential and optional follow-up assessments for Pompe disease in the context of Austrian healthcare. The applied method enabled a structured and efficient consensus-building process and appears well suited for addressing comparable questions in other rare disease contexts. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Lukas Pätz, Moritz Beyer, Jannik Späth et al.

This study investigates political discourse in the German parliament, the Bundestag, by analyzing approximately 28,000 parliamentary speeches from the last five years. Two machine learning models for topic and sentiment classification were developed and trained on a manually labeled dataset. The models showed strong classification performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.94 for topic classification (average across topics) and 0.89 for sentiment classification. Both models were applied to assess topic trends and sentiment distributions across political parties and over time. The analysis reveals remarkable relationships between parties and their role in parliament. In particular, a change in style can be observed for parties moving from government to opposition. While ideological positions matter, governing responsibilities also shape discourse. The analysis directly addresses key questions about the evolution of topics, sentiment dynamics, and party-specific discourse strategies in the Bundestag.

Seyyedeh Mahdiyeh Hashempour, Mohammad Modarresi, Mojtaba Ghasemi et al.

The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in 42 German chamomile populations using morphological, biochemical, and ssr molecular markers, in both field and laboratory sections. Different populations of German chamomile collected from different regions were as statistical populations. Phenological, physiological and phytochemical traits, were measured. DNA extraction was done by CTAB method and DNA quantity and quality were checked by spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis. 5 target populations were genetically evaluated with the help of 6 SSR markers. According to the obtained results, Jam 1 and Shahijan populations had the most effective substances (essential oil and chamazulene). The correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation of 59% between the percentage of chamazulene and the percentage of essential oil. Chamazulene percentage and fresh weight as the most important traits were entered into the regression model step by step. These traits were found to explain 0.43% of the changes in the data. These findings have significant implications for future research aimed at identifying the most effective populations for essential oil and chamazulene production. The cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. The second group was the most important, and Jam1 and Shahijan genotypes were in this group. The results of the molecular analysis showed that the Seho Sermak-Dashti population had the most effective allele, and this population was superior to other populations in terms of Shannon's index and nei diversity coefficient. According to the diagram, analysis into main coordinates showed that the genotypes are scattered on the surface of the diagram and this indicates the appropriate diversity of the studied genotypes. As a result, it can be stated that the grouping of phenotypic and molecular data was very consistent with each other.

Magdalena Białek

Dieser Artikel untersucht die Rolle des Auswendiglernens im modernen didaktischen Kontext. Er zielt darauf ab, die Situationen und Konzepte zu untersuchen, in denen Auswendiglernen als nützlich betrachtet werden kann. Dabei wird sowohl die theoretische Perspektive als auch die praktische Anwendung des Auswendiglernens betrachtet. Der Artikel beginnt mit einer Diskussion über den Status quo des Auswendiglernens. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass Auswendiglernen nicht nur als mechanisches Wiederholen, sondern auch als kognitiver Prozess betrachtet werden kann, der das Verständnis des Gelernten einschließt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Auswendiglernen im frühen Fremdsprachenerwerb, wo traditionelle Methoden mit modernen Ansätzen kontrastiert werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass ritualisierte Sprache für Kinder von entscheidender Bedeutung ist und zur Automatisierung von Sprachkenntnissen beiträgt. Des Weiteren werden verschiedene Strategien des Auswendiglernens in der Unterrichtspraxis diskutiert. Schließlich wird das Auswendiglernen als eine Lernstrategie betrachtet. Dabei wird betont, dass das Auswendiglernen nicht isoliert betrachtet werden sollte, sondern als Teil eines umfassenderen Lernprozesses. Insgesamt bietet der Artikel einen umfassenden Einblick in die Rolle des Auswendiglernens im modernen Bildungskontext.

The LTD Collaboration, Selomit Ramírez-Uribe, Andrés E. Rentería-Olivo et al.

We present the first proof-of-concept application to decay processes at higher perturbative orders of LTD causal unitary, a novel methodology that exploits the causal properties of vacuum amplitudes in the loop-tree duality (LTD) and is directly well-defined in the four physical dimensions of the space-time. The generation of loop- and tree-level contributions to the differential decay rates from a kernel multiloop vacuum amplitude is shown in detail, and explicit expressions are presented for selected processes that are suitable for a lightweight understanding of the method. Specifically, we provide a clear physical interpretation of the local cancellation of soft, collinear and threshold singularities, and of the local renormalisation of ultraviolet singularities. The presentation is illustrated with numerical results that showcase the advantages of the method.

Lorenz Wendlinger, Christian Braun, Abdullah Al Zubaer et al.

We show that current open-source foundational LLMs possess instruction capability and German legal background knowledge that is sufficient for some legal analysis in an educational context. However, model capability breaks down in very specific tasks, such as the classification of "Gutachtenstil" appraisal style components, or with complex contexts, such as complete legal opinions. Even with extended context and effective prompting strategies, they cannot match the Bag-of-Words baseline. To combat this, we introduce a Retrieval Augmented Generation based prompt example selection method that substantially improves predictions in high data availability scenarios. We further evaluate the performance of pre-trained LLMs on two standard tasks for argument mining and automated essay scoring and find it to be more adequate. Throughout, pre-trained LLMs improve upon the baseline in scenarios with little or no labeled data with Chain-of-Thought prompting further helping in the zero-shot case.

Ivan Arias-Arias, Maria Jose Dominguez Vazquez, Carlos Valcarcel Riveiro

By means of pilot experiments for the language pair German and Galician, this paper examines the concept of efficiency and intelligence in lexicography and artificial intelligence, AI. The aim of the experiments is to gain empirically and statistically based insights into the lexicographical text type,dictionary article, in the responses of ChatGPT 3.5, as well as into the lexicographical data on which this chatbot was trained. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used for this purpose. The analysis is based on the evaluation of the outputs of several sessions with the same prompt in ChatGPT 3.5. On the one hand, the algorithmic performance of intelligent systems is evaluated in comparison with data from lexicographical works. On the other hand, the ChatGPT data supplied is analysed using specific text passages of the aforementioned lexicographical text type. The results of this study not only help to evaluate the efficiency of this chatbot regarding the creation of dictionary articles, but also to delve deeper into the concept of intelligence, the thought processes and the actions to be carried out in both disciplines.

Michael Achmann-Denkler, Jakob Fehle, Mario Haim et al.

This study investigates the automated classification of Calls to Action (CTAs) within the 2021 German Instagram election campaign to advance the understanding of mobilization in social media contexts. We analyzed over 2,208 Instagram stories and 712 posts using fine-tuned BERT models and OpenAI's GPT-4 models. The fine-tuned BERT model incorporating synthetic training data achieved a macro F1 score of 0.93, demonstrating a robust classification performance. Our analysis revealed that 49.58% of Instagram posts and 10.64% of stories contained CTAs, highlighting significant differences in mobilization strategies between these content types. Additionally, we found that FDP and the Greens had the highest prevalence of CTAs in posts, whereas CDU and CSU led in story CTAs.

Pasula Milica B.

Heinrich von Kleist is one of the most well-known names of the 19th-century German literature, an author of dramatic works and novellas which are still widely received on the world's literary and theatrical stages. His novella, The Earthquake in Chile, stands out in a row of controversial literary works which had shocked his contemporaries and was met with waves of disapprovals and censorships. Kleist's story has been translated into Serbian five times. It represents a linguistic as well as semantic challenge, not only in the original, but also in the translated interpretations. This paper focuses on the two versions of the translation by Raško Dimitrijević (1950/1978), as well as the translations of Marija Kon (1959), Zoran Gluščević (1964), and Jovica Aćin (2015). The main characteristics of the translational styles are analyzed, which include language interferences with German, stylistic features, transcription of personal names and toponyms, and obscurities in the translated texts. The analysis shows that the complexity of the original influenced many translational solutions, but also enabled an insight into various translational techniques and strategies. The aim of this paper is to specify the differences and peculiarities of the translations, to determine the main aspects of the translational poetics, and to highlight the crucial interpretative challenges of the original text.

Stefanie Marek

Professional writing competence is considered a key prerequisite for professional and societal participation across industries. Unlike professional writers in fields such as journalism, technical writing, or public relations, the majority of the approximately 40 million employed individuals in Germany do not receive advanced professional writing training after completing their school and vocational education – yet they are writing professionals. In German writing studies and didactics, this group has been scarcely studied or described, despite an apparent need for training and research. This article presents qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this population group based on an analysis of linguistic literature and demographic statistics, to identify gaps in the existing research. The description of this group serves as a foundation for further research into writing at work and for the development of professional writing pedagogy

Fatemeh Jabbari Gharebagh, Najmeh Dorri

. Introduction Stories and legends are like ships in the direction of the wind, moving east and west, north and south, traveling from one land to another, and sometimes changing from one form to another. The process of development and metamorphosis of these stories can usually be traced, despite their ups and downs. Among the most attractive examples of this type of story are those that have humorous content, and they have certainly played an important role in creating pleasure and entertainment for people in different nations. Since such stories were usually presented as anecdotes and in a short form, they could be passed on more quickly. One of the most famous comic characters in Iran is Molla Nasreddin, who has a long history among Iranians and other people. His popularity, presence, and influence are such that many instructive hints and answers are attributed to him and he is effectively represented in folk literature and Persian proverbs and sayings.The fact that stories have been used since ancient times as one of the best methods of education prompted us to look for similarities in the legends and stories of other peoples. Compare with domestic examples. Among the different countries, the German fairy tales collected by the Brothers Grimm seem to be more similar to the stories of Molla Nasreddin. In this article we will try to answer the question, what are the similarities and differences between the themes of the stories of Molla Nasreddin and the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm? 2.MethodologyThe method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. The data has been analyzed by content analysis technique and library documents have been used in it. The research approach in terms of comparative literature is based on the American school. 3.DiscussionFrom the distant past to the present, wise people have told stories and legends to guide others and teach them important life lessons. The problems that people faced on a daily basis required solutions, which were often found in stories. On the other hand, people's dreams and fantasies, and even unattainable desires could come true in stories and sweeten their palates, even if only for a short time. In the following article, we will review the summary of some stories of Molla Nasreddin and related stories in Grimm's Fairy Tales We will also .categorize and extract the salient features of the characters mentioned in the stories.We have selected 29 stories of Molla Nasreddin based on their similarities with the Brothers Grimm's fairy tales as examples for review. then we will compare the way of storytelling and their similarities and differences.In most of these stories, simplicity is the main characteristic of Molla Nasreddin. Moreover, the mullah can be seen as a simple and ignorant character who is often self-deprecating, but sometimes he appears so entitled and arrogant that this personality conflict makes the audience laugh. Sometimes he takes advantage of the experiences of others, and sometimes he is open to criticism with humility. All these traits are different characteristics of ordinary people, one of which is highlighted in each story to attract the audience's attention and make them correct their behavior.Most of the characters of the Brothers Grimm are naive, ignorant, and gullible. Some of them are the third brother or the third student and sometimes they are smaller and weaker than others. Resourcefulness and good-heartedness are positive qualities that connect the reader with the main character, and their cleverness at the last moment or their luck provides a happy ending in the stories. In some other stories, the main character is cunning and greedy and uses any means to achieve his wish. Here, however, contrary to Iranian stories, witches and wizards are present to help the hero in difficult times and save him from danger. After all, the German people also have common concerns and problems, and stories help them during the difficulties. 4.ConclusionFolklore consists of the language, behavior, way of thinking, and attitude of the members of the society reflected in their legends. The stories of Molla Nasreddin, with their humorous and wise aspects, have played a very important role in informing and sensitizing the people. The storytellers of Grimm's fairy tales have told stories to people by following the example of normal characters in society so that people can easily identify with them and find the way out of problems and succeed from the heart of the story.In Iranian culture, due to the belief in Islam and Islam's rejection of magic, humor was used instead of magic to portray popular culture and educate people, while in Germany, the tool of magic and legend was most commonly used to convey concepts and criticize the prevailing situation. Thus, the difference between these two cultures is the non-use of magic in Iranian stories.The similarities between these two collections lie more in the fact that a common person takes roles and positions in different stories, and this despite the naivety and stupidity and everyday events and sometimes laughter. Unexpectedly, he completes something and sees the consequences of his actions. The purpose of the stories is to condemn the bad qualities and traits in society and teach morality and lifestyle in a pleasant and effective way.In general, the mullah can be seen as a simple and ignorant character who is often self-deprecating, but sometimes he appears so self-righteous and arrogant that this personality conflict causes laughter among the audience. Sometimes he takes advantage of the experiences of others, and sometimes he is open to criticism with humility; but these behaviors do not last long, and they come across as stingy, greedy, selfish, and apologetic. The heroes of the Brothers Grimm's fairy tales are also naive, ignorant, and gullible. most of them are the third brother or the third disciple and sometimes they are smaller and weaker than others. Resourcefulness and good-heartedness are positive qualities that connect the reader with the main character, and their cleverness at the last moment or their luck provides a happy ending in the stories. In some other stories, the main character is cunning and greedy and uses any means to fulfill his desire.It can be concluded that the general culture of the two countries has many similarities and themes. Heroization of ordinary characters is the main theme of most of these stories. Sometimes the audience gets angry or laughs at the exaggerated naivety of the main character, but in the end, this method has a profound effect on the audience and teaches the audience many lessons during the story.

José María Paz Gago

This article tries to unveil one of the great enigmas of Kafka studies, namely, the identity of the author of the first translation of The Metamorphosis into a foreign language. Indeed, in 1925 the Revista de Occidente published a Spanish version of Kafka’s famous novella, a translation that was 3 years ahead of the first French version and 12 years ahead of the first English version. The author of this translation, which helped to make Kafka’s work known throughout Europe and also in America, has remained unknown until now, despite the most diverse attributions, from Margarita Nelken to Jorge Luis Borges. We try to demonstrate, through solid contextual and textual arguments, that the only possible author of this pioneering translation, still valid today, is the Galician Ramón María Tenreiro.

S. Rauer, Stephan Kastenbauer, H. Hofmann et al.

Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne infectious disease in Europe. A neurological manifestation occurs in 3–15% of infections and can manifest as polyradiculitis, meningitis and (rarely) encephalomyelitis. This S3 guideline is directed at physicians in private practices and clinics who treat Lyme neuroborreliosis in children and adults. Twenty AWMF member societies, the Robert Koch Institute, the German Borreliosis Society and three patient organisations participated in its development. A systematic review and assessment of the literature was conducted by the German Cochrane Centre, Freiburg (Cochrane Germany). The main objectives of this guideline are to define the disease and to give recommendations for the confirmation of a clinically suspected diagnosis by laboratory testing, antibiotic therapy, differential diagnostic testing and prevention.

Leonardo Gasparini, Germán Reyes

A common assumption in the literature is that the level of income inequality shapes individuals' beliefs about whether the income distribution is fair (``fairness views,'' for short). However, individuals do not directly observe income inequality (which often leads to large misperceptions), nor do they consider all inequities to be unfair. In this paper, we empirically assess the link between objective measures of income inequality and fairness views in a context of high but decreasing income inequality. We combine opinion poll data with harmonized data from household surveys of 18 Latin American countries from 1997--2015. We report three main findings. First, we find a strong and statistically significant relationship between income inequality and unfairness views across countries and over time. Unfairness views evolved in the same direction as income inequality for 17 out of the 18 countries in our sample. Second, individuals who are older, unemployed, and left-wing are, on average, more likely to perceive the income distribution as very unfair. Third, fairness views and income inequality have predictive power for individuals' self-reported propensity to mobilize and protest independent of each other, suggesting that these two variables capture different channels through which changes in the income distribution can affect social unrest.

Konstantin V. Dushenko

The Russian idiom “despicable metal” in the meaning of “gold/ money” was descendant of the phrases “vile metal” (calque from the French “vil metal”), “worthless metal,” “despicable gold” (calque from the French “or méprisable”). At first, they were used in a moralistic and exemplary context, as a sign of condemnation of the desire for enrichment. The idiom “despicable metal” also has a counterpart in French and German (“métal méprisable,” “verächtliche Metall”). It entered Russian literature at the turn of the 1830s and 1840s, and among the authors of the first row this expression is invariably given in an ironic and parodic manner, even before Goncharov’s Ordinary Story (1847). Nevertheless, the role of Goncharov’s novel in the perception of an idiom new to the Russian language was exceptionally great. “Despicable metal” is one of the cross-cutting motifs of the novel, arising in the context of fundamental polemics with a pseudo-romantic life concepts.

Nurseza Keleş, Kader Aksoy, Anastasia Şenyıldız

The present study examines the use of the hybrid learning model in lessons for teaching German as a foreign language carried out at a Turkish university in the 2021-2022 preparatory year. The quantitative investigation aims to evaluate the model that was used from students’ perspectives to gain insight regarding discussions on future hybrid learning models. Data were collected using a semi-structured, non-standardized online questionnaire with Likert-type statements and open ended questions. As a result, the study determined the opinions of 61 students regarding motivation and learning efficiency for the online and face-to-face aspects of the lesson, the features of hybrid learning, and the likelihood of its continuation. The data were evaluated numerically using Google Forms and Microsoft Excel. The results show that the students rated their motivation and learning efficiency significantly higher regarding the face-to-face aspects of the lesson compared to the online aspects, which can certainly be explained by the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluating the general Likert-type statements regarding hybrid learning revealed the students’ attitudes toward several aspects of hybrid learning. For example, the students stated that the digital activities used for the online parts of the lesson (e.g., interactive exercises) are able to support foreign language learning and that the face-to-face parts of the lesson positively emphasized collaborative learning in a community. When asked about the likelihood of continuing hybrid learning, the students turned out to be half in favor and half opposed. Due to the results from the present study, pedagogical added value should be placed more at the center of all didactic considerations when designing future hybrid learning classes.

Jinhan Wang, Yunzheng Zhu, Ruchao Fan et al.

This paper describes the SPAPL system for the INTERSPEECH 2021 Challenge: Shared Task on Automatic Speech Recognition for Non-Native Children's Speech in German. ~ 5 hours of transcribed data and ~ 60 hours of untranscribed data are provided to develop a German ASR system for children. For the training of the transcribed data, we propose a non-speech state discriminative loss (NSDL) to mitigate the influence of long-duration non-speech segments within speech utterances. In order to explore the use of the untranscribed data, various approaches are implemented and combined together to incrementally improve the system performance. First, bidirectional autoregressive predictive coding (Bi-APC) is used to learn initial parameters for acoustic modelling using the provided untranscribed data. Second, incremental semi-supervised learning is further used to iteratively generate pseudo-transcribed data. Third, different data augmentation schemes are used at different training stages to increase the variability and size of the training data. Finally, a recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) is used for rescoring. Our system achieves a word error rate (WER) of 39.68% on the evaluation data, an approximately 12% relative improvement over the official baseline (45.21%).

Gabriel German

We propose a modification of the Natural Inflation (NI) potential in such a way that the spontaneous symmetry breaking scale $f$ can take values less than one (in Planck units). The proposed potential seems simple enough, however, its consequences are difficult to calculate analytically. Therefore, we illustrate the feasibility of the model by considering some numerical examples that easily satisfy the conditions imposed on the observables $n_s$ and $r$ by the most recent observations, while at the same time maintaining the number of e-folds during the inflationary epoch within the expected range.

Zhao Qu

Exploring whether different patterns emerge across networks generated by organizational structures, co-authorships and citations for characterizing and evaluating cooperative relationships is particularly important for transferring the research results into practice. This research-in-progress paper focuses on using the structure of scientific collaborations and mapping knowledge transfer to gain insight into the influence of collaborative research centres linked to the German Research Foundation (DFG) funding. Within the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), the DFG sponsors research conducted across all participating universities and institutes by more than hundred research groups who bring their expertise to the manifold research fields of biodiversity. Using iDiv research from 2013-2020, we build co-authorship networks and identify the most cohesive communities in terms of collaboration and compare them with groups presented on its website. Corresponding cited and citing works are analysed by distributions to investigate disciplinary collaboration. Our findings show that the number of publications and the intensity of research collaboration have maintained a steady increase. Despite the highly cohesive cooperation structure addressed by iDiv, the internal scientific collaboration has not gained strong momentum compared with its growing trends in international collaborations. The tendency towards covering cross-disciplinary research foci is not evident.

Lena Janys

It is widely accepted that women are underrepresented in academia in general and economics in particular. This paper introduces a test to detect an under-researched form of hiring bias: implicit quotas. I derive a test under the Null of random hiring that requires no information about individual hires under some assumptions. I derive the asymptotic distribution of this test statistic and, as an alternative, propose a parametric bootstrap procedure that samples from the exact distribution. This test can be used to analyze a variety of other hiring settings. I analyze the distribution of female professors at German universities across 50 different disciplines. I show that the distribution of women, given the average number of women in the respective field, is highly unlikely to result from a random allocation of women across departments and more likely to stem from an implicit quota of one or two women on the department level. I also show that a large part of the variation in the share of women across STEM and non-STEM disciplines could be explained by a two-women quota on the department level. These findings have important implications for the potential effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing underrepresentation and providing evidence of how stakeholders perceive and evaluate diversity.