Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

Ingjerd Hoëm

Huang Junyao, Situ Ruimin, Ye Renqin

As artificial intelligence systems increasingly mediate consumer information discovery, brands face algorithmic invisibility. This study investigates Cultural Encoding in Large Language Models (LLMs) -- systematic differences in brand recommendations arising from training data composition. Analyzing 1,909 pure-English queries across 6 LLMs (GPT-4o, Claude, Gemini, Qwen3, DeepSeek, Doubao) and 30 brands, we find Chinese LLMs exhibit 30.6 percentage points higher brand mention rates than International LLMs (88.9% vs. 58.3%, p<.001). This disparity persists in identical English queries, indicating training data geography -- not language -- drives the effect. We introduce the Existence Gap: brands absent from LLM training corpora lack "existence" in AI responses regardless of quality. Through a case study of Zhizibianjie (OmniEdge), a collaboration platform with 65.6% mention rate in Chinese LLMs but 0% in International models (p<.001), we demonstrate how Linguistic Boundary Barriers create invisible market entry obstacles. Theoretically, we contribute the Data Moat Framework, conceptualizing AI-visible content as a VRIN strategic resource. We operationalize Algorithmic Omnipresence -- comprehensive brand visibility across LLM knowledge bases -- as the strategic objective for Generative Engine Optimization (GEO). Managerially, we provide an 18-month roadmap for brands to build Data Moats through semantic coverage, technical depth, and cultural localization. Our findings reveal that in AI-mediated markets, the limits of a brand's "Data Boundaries" define the limits of its "Market Frontiers."

Zheng Wei, Yunqi Li, Yucheng He et al.

Social media use has been shown to be associated with low fertility desires. However, we know little about the discourses surrounding childbirth and parenthood that people consume online. We analyze 219,127 comments on 668 short videos related to reproduction and parenthood from Douyin and Tiktok in China, South Korea, and Japan, a region famous for its extremely low fertility level, to examine the topics and sentiment expressed online. BERTopic model is used to assist thematic analysis, and a large language model QWen is applied to label sentiment. We find that comments focus on childrearing costs in all countries, utility of children, particularly in Japan and South Korea, and individualism, primarily in China. Comments from Douyin exhibit the strongest anti-natalist sentiments, while the Japanese and Korean comments are more neutral. Short video characteristics, such as their stances or account type, significantly influence the responses, alongside regional socioeconomic indicators, including GDP, urbanization, and population sex ratio. This work provides one of the first comprehensive analyses of online discourses on family formation via popular algorithm-fed video sharing platforms in regions experiencing low fertility rates, making a valuable contribution to our understanding of the spread of family values online.

J. Blake

International treaties and policy are often responsive to developments in scientific knowledge in predominantly non-legal disciplines, such as environmental protection, trade and investment. This involvement of non-legal expertise is mainly at the stage of policy-setting and aims to provide tools for implementing these instruments. The author of this chapter proposes that the degree of involvement of non-legal specialists, particularly those of cultural anthropology and ethnology, has been more profound than is normally the case, and has exercised a continuing influence over the process of the initial development, subsequent policy-setting and implementation of UNESCO’s 2003 Convention, which is unusual. This is not surprising in view of the strong human (cultural) rights orientation of the 2003 Convention and influence of the discipline of anthropology on development of that field of law and the subsequent jurisprudence of treaty bodies. Placing the discussion within broader framework of mutual interaction between and influence of the fields of law and anthropology, the current chapter traces the role of anthropological, ethnological and related social science expertise from before and during the treaty’s drafting and its subsequent implementation up until today, concluding that this relationship, whilst presenting challenges, has overall been positive and continues to map the future orientations for the 2003 Convention.

Hoda Abdo

: This topic is addressed in order to understand the importance of food tourism restaurants in attracting visitors and promoting the tourism sector, and to highlight the challenges that can be faced in this field. The aim of this theme is to shed light on best practices and trends in the field of food tourism, and to enhance public understanding about the field of food tourism and its contribution to the economy and tourism. The anthropological and ethnological difference between human nations is an important factor in enriching and reviving global tourism, but most local human cultures still suffer from marginalization and exclusion, and this is due to many media, social and political variables that have contributed, intentionally or unintentionally, to disrupting efforts to stimulate and develop domestic tourism.The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) notes in its latest 2020 booklet on food tourism that travelers' destinations are beginning to be determined based on the type of food and the degree of its connection to the heritage of cities, making ancient tourist cities and rural areas the leader in this type of tourism. This type of tourism becomes a major attraction for other tourism patterns, especially as it is an unseasonal pattern, unlike beach tourism and adventure tourism, and targets year-round tourist markets from different countries of the world. Despite the novelty of food tourism, social media has succeeded in spreading the pattern among different countries of the world, through various videos and photos, so that food becomes a vital element in tourism experiences.

S. Naumović

This paper examines the generational TV series "Morning Changes Everything", which aroused significant public attention and received critical acclaim, but it also sparked certain controversies. The series follows the lives of four young people in their early thirties over a year time period, who are striving to find a meaningful way to live their lives within the bustling capital city, caught between identity dilemmas, parental expectations, and under pressure of the local version of the neoliberal order. The study is conceived as a hybrid form that combines an anthropological exploration of the domestic media landscape with an autoethnographic analysis of the reception of a generational TV series. It incorporates a personal, reflective perspective, and analyzes the reactions of both the author and their family members to the specific ways television depicts the lifestyles and self-discovery of the generation of young adults in their early thirties. In the first place it is an attempt to interpret spontaneous reactions to how generational conflicts with parents are portrayed in the series, with which the author can identify with in terms of age. The method of presenting a generational perspective is also considered through comparisons with the approaches used in the series “The Unpicked Strawberries”. The paper further examines several underlying assumptions. The first assumption is that due to the very specific, at first glance imperceptible, but yet consistent political approach advocated in the series, it makes sense to base the interpretation on the theoretical framework offered by contemporary German sociologist and political scientist Hartmut Rosa. Namely, the series offers a critique of the consequences of "social acceleration" within the distinctive cultural milieu of transitional Serbia. The effects of social acceleration intersect with the particular challenges faced by a generation of young people experiencing "prolonged adolescence." The next assumption is that the critique of the consequences of that process is achieved, among other things, by advocating an alternative lifestyle that rejects conformism (the pursuit of social success and the adherence to imposed social and gender roles), promoting a slower and more relaxed pace of life (free from imposed goals and the notion of "success in life"), and fostering resonance among the main protagonists’ generation. Resonance, which is the next assumption, is achieved through detailed depictions of situations in which it occurs, as well as through stylistic characteristics in character development. Thus, the main protagonists are portrayed neutrally, while members of other generations are often depicted in a distorted and/or comical way, amplifying both the sense of resonance within the group (and among the generationally aligned audience), and the distance between different generations. Furthermore, the resonance within the protagonists’ generation (and its closely aligned audience) is achieved through a carefully constructed visual identity of specially selected urban spaces in Belgrade. Finally, resonance is enhanced through the use of specific both diegetic and non-diegetic music, which emphasizes the impression of generational isolation, and challenges potential realistic-documentary interpretations of the series. In this sense, as the last assumption suggests, the series can be read not only as a more or less accurate portrait of a Belgrade generation, but also as a political-psychological project envisioning a possible good (better?) life. Achieving such a life depends on fostering successful relationships of resonance within and between generations.

Calum Samuelson

Review

Юлія Ключко

Мета статті — здійснити комплексний аналіз інструментів комунікації в контексті музеєзнавчих досліджень, які є свідченням рефлексії науки на розвиток музейної комунікації. Результати дослідження. З’ясовано, що у сучасному музеєзнавстві питання щодо специфіки комунікаційних процесів є доволі дискусійним. Відбувається переосмислення фундаментальних музеєзнавчих понять «музейний предмет», «музейна експозиція» і, як результат, — зміщення завдань комунікації від інформування до партисипації, змінюється культура споживання контенту на культуру участі у створенні контенту. Сучасні дослідники аналізують ефективність інструментів комунікації, їх вплив на сприйняття відвідувачів і розуміння культурної спадщини. Вони також досліджують рефлексії та нові підходи до музейної комунікації, зокрема роль соціальних медіа, спільного творення з відвідувачами та залучення громадськості у процес музейної практики. Наукова новизна полягає у розширенні уявлень про інноваційні формати та інструменти комунікації в діяльності сучасних музеїв на основі аналізу новітніх досліджень. У висновках наголошено на тому, що на сьогодні комунікативний підхід належить до магістральних напрямів музеєзнавчої думки та визначає стиль мислення світової музейної спільноти. З’ясовано, що значна кількість сучасних публікацій присвячена розгляду інструментів маркетингової комунікації (брендинг, PR, музейний SMM, мобільні застосунки, програми лояльності, інтерактивний сайт тощо) в діяльності музеїв. Доведено, що технології як інструмент музейної комунікації допомагають зробити музейний досвід доступним і цікавим для різних груп відвідувачів. Підсумовано, що в діяльності сучасних музеїв на перший план виходить комунікативна політика та робота з новими інструментами комунікації, зокрема з цифровими технологіями, у темпах опанування яких музейні інституції конкурують із традиційними гравцями медіапростору.

Wojciech Mazur, Barbara Weżgowiec, Julia Łosiak-Pilch

K. I. Kellermann

I review the scientific and technical history of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), discuss the impact of the political involvement, and speculate on the nature of a successful detection and its potential social and cultural impact. Emphasis is on the development of SETI in the United States and the complementary progress in the Former Soviet Union.

Sören Pirk, Edward Lee, Xuesu Xiao et al.

Enabling socially acceptable behavior for situated agents is a major goal of recent robotics research. Robots should not only operate safely around humans, but also abide by complex social norms. A key challenge for developing socially-compliant policies is measuring the quality of their behavior. Social behavior is enormously complex, making it difficult to create reliable metrics to gauge the performance of algorithms. In this paper, we propose a protocol for social navigation benchmarking that defines a set of canonical social navigation scenarios and an in-situ metric for evaluating performance on these scenarios using questionnaires. Our experiments show this protocol is realistic, scalable, and repeatable across runs and physical spaces. Our protocol can be replicated verbatim or it can be used to define a social navigation benchmark for novel scenarios. Our goal is to introduce a protocol for benchmarking social scenarios that is homogeneous and comparable.

Felix Anand Epp, Anna Kantosalo, Nehal Jain et al.

Social wearables promise to augment and enhance social interactions. However, despite two decades of HCI research on wearables, we are yet to see widespread adoption of social wearables into everyday life. More in-situ investigations into the social dynamics and cultural practices afforded by wearing interactive technology are needed to understand the drivers and barriers to adoption. To this end, we study social wearables in the context of Nordic student culture and the students' practice of adorning boiler suits. Through a co-creation process, we designed Digi Merkki, a personalised interactive clothing patch. In a two-week elicitation diary study, we captured how 16 students adopted Digi Merkki into their social practices. We found that Digi Merkki afforded a variety of social interaction strategies, including sharing, spamming, and stealing pictures, which supported meaning-making and community-building. Based on our findings, we articulate Memetic Expression as a strong concept for designing social wearables.

Vera Yuryevna Khotinets

The paper discusses the problem of studying intergenerational transmission among peoples who have not lost their cultural values in the era of transitivity and seek to self-determine in a new ethno-cultural reality. The study was carried out from the standpoint of modern ethno-cultural anthropology, ethnology, synergetic historicism, which meet the modern requirements of post-nonclassical rationality. The possibilities of mathematical modeling were used in order to identify the latent tendencies of the studied processes. The study (late 2019 - early 2020) involved modern Finno-Ugric families (Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks) in comparison with relevant samples of Tatars and Russians who live in the Kama region (total of 138 mothers, 186 adolescents). The latent ethno-cultural tendencies of the modern intergenerational transmission in the Finno-Ugric families of the Kama region were revealed as a result of the use of surveys and methods for measuring cultural values (Sh. Schwartz), the peculiarities of intergenerational interaction in a family (I.M. Markovskaya), as well as the methods of mathematical statistics and Structural Equation Modeling. It was found that the relationship between generations is influenced in a synergistic effect by both group values of preserving traditions and individual values of independence of views and actions. Based on the data obtained, we can draw a conclusion about the potential resource readiness of the younger generation both for social changes and for maintaining the status quo in modern sociocultural society.

Mingming Wang

This article is a research report involving three anthropological studies conducted during the period of “Kuige” and their “re-studies.” By narrating the project, I set forth my views on the connections and differences between Chinese anthropological explorations from two historical periods. These anthropological explorations refer to the study of Lu Village conducted by Fei Xiaotong, that of “West Town” (Xizhou) by Francis L. K. Hsu, and that of “Pai-IPai” (Dai) villages by Tien Ju-Kang. They were all completed in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Each writer extracted a framework to analyze the land system, ancestor worship, and the relationship between humans and gods from the writer’s own field experience. Despite the difference in research methods, all three studies noticed the cultural differences between rural society and modernity. Since 2000, Peking University and Yunnan Minzu University have launched a “Province-university Cooperation Project.” During the project, a research team formed of several young scholars revisited Lu Village, “West Town” (Xizhou), and Namu Village. These writers’ works were based on the data acquired in their fieldwork and drew upon the opinions raised by global anthropologists on “re-study” in recent decades. Considering the dual effects of social change and shifts in academic concepts around “follow-up research,” the scholars put forward several points of view with their ethnographies, which all featured the characteristics of inheritance and reflection. Based on the results of the three “re-studies,” this article emphasizes the importance of the study of public rituals for the research of rural society. This article also attempts to re-examine the methodology of “human ecology,” which profoundly impacts Chinese anthropology and sociology.

V. Tishkov, Verd- Ras, Academician Valerii et al.

Ристески Љупчо

Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Danilo Giordano

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only having a heavy impact on healthcare but also changing people's habits and the society we live in. Countries such as Italy have enforced a total lockdown lasting several months, with most of the population forced to remain at home. During this time, online social networks, more than ever, have represented an alternative solution for social life, allowing users to interact and debate with each other. Hence, it is of paramount importance to understand the changing use of social networks brought about by the pandemic. In this paper, we analyze how the interaction patterns around popular influencers in Italy changed during the first six months of 2020, within Instagram and Facebook social networks. We collected a large dataset for this group of public figures, including more than 54 million comments on over 140 thousand posts for these months. We analyze and compare engagement on the posts of these influencers and provide quantitative figures for aggregated user activity. We further show the changes in the patterns of usage before and during the lockdown, which demonstrated a growth of activity and sizable daily and weekly variations. We also analyze the user sentiment through the psycholinguistic properties of comments, and the results testified the rapid boom and disappearance of topics related to the pandemic. To support further analyses, we release the anonymized dataset.

Justin Hart, Reuth Mirsky, Xuesu Xiao et al.

Most current approaches to social navigation focus on the trajectory and position of participants in the interaction. Our current work on the topic focuses on integrating gaze into social navigation, both to cue nearby pedestrians as to the intended trajectory of the robot and to enable the robot to read the intentions of nearby pedestrians. This paper documents a series of experiments in our laboratory investigating the role of gaze in social navigation.

Max Aliapoulios, Emmi Bevensee, Jeremy Blackburn et al.

Parler is as an "alternative" social network promoting itself as a service that allows to "speak freely and express yourself openly, without fear of being deplatformed for your views." Because of this promise, the platform become popular among users who were suspended on mainstream social networks for violating their terms of service, as well as those fearing censorship. In particular, the service was endorsed by several conservative public figures, encouraging people to migrate from traditional social networks. After the storming of the US Capitol on January 6, 2021, Parler has been progressively deplatformed, as its app was removed from Apple/Google Play stores and the website taken down by the hosting provider. This paper presents a dataset of 183M Parler posts made by 4M users between August 2018 and January 2021, as well as metadata from 13.25M user profiles. We also present a basic characterization of the dataset, which shows that the platform has witnessed large influxes of new users after being endorsed by popular figures, as well as a reaction to the 2020 US Presidential Election. We also show that discussion on the platform is dominated by conservative topics, President Trump, as well as conspiracy theories like QAnon.

Adrian Dolghi

The article states the topicality of the research of Soviet childhood in the Republic of Moldova, the degree of its research, the sources and the main issues proposed for elucidation. It is emphasized that the research of the Soviet childhood is part of the interference of the ethnology of Sovietness and childhood ethnology. The works of researchers Margaret Mead and Philip Aries serve as an important theoretical and reference support in the research of topics related to childhood in general. Despite the fact that there are many sources for research on Soviet childhood, this was not the subject of a separate study. The research of Soviet childhood will allow the presentation of children in the context of political and socio-economic realities of the Moldovan SSR. It will also contribute to a better understanding of the ethnic processes carried out in the Moldovan SSR in which new social and ethno-cultural identities were formed. The research of the proposed topic will contribute to the approach to social history, as well as to the development of the anthropology of the Soviet society, the ethnology of the Sovietness – a direction in development both in the post-Soviet space and in the Western one.