Objectives
To develop a resource that maps health outcomes across coding schemas in linked administrative data in UK Biobank, addressing the challenge of identifying equivalent outcomes from multiple sources. Our approach minimised the loss of clinical detail, a common limitation in such efforts, to enhance its utility for health research.
Methods
UK Biobank is a prospective cohort study of ~500,000 adults, recruited between 2006-10, with follow up for health outcomes through linkage with administrative health data. Clinical coding schemas include Read Version 2 (Read2) and Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) from primary care, and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9th and 10th editions (ICD-9 and ICD-10) from secondary care, cancer registries and death records; self-reported conditions were also reported at recruitment. We reviewed existing mapping resources and, with clinical support, mapped clinical codes in different schemas to 4-digit ICD-10 to provide detailed clinical information using a single internationally-recognised schema.
Results
We processed data from 230,096 participants with primary care records, 442,267 with secondary care records, 40,447 with death records, and 397,063 with self-reported data. We successfully mapped to 81% of Read2 codes (N = 12,448), 93% of CTV3 (24,188), 92% of ICD-9 (3,060), and 100% of self-reported (509) to ICD-10 codes. Although existing resources frequently allowed a single code to be mapped to a single ICD-10 code (94% of the mapped codes for Read2, 58% of CTV3, and 79% of ICD-9), the remaining codes require extensive clinical review, which is ongoing. The conversion increased the granularity of health outcomes by 5.8 times from 2,006 3-digit ICD-10 codes to 11,625 4-digit ICD-10 codes. The most common ICD-10 codes included those related to musculoskeletal diseases (24%).
Conclusion
The increased granularity of ICD coding enhances the research potential of UK Biobank data, enabling precise outcome definitions and detailed comparisons with other healthcare datasets. The enhanced mappings revealed underrepresented and nuanced outcomes, improving subtyping of conditions, and supporting robust comparisons with external datasets using internationally recognised coding standards.
The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of information and communication technologies and measures taken by telecommunications companies in China, Japan and South Korea on the environment of these countries.Materials and methods. Indexes of the ecological footprint (based on the Global Footprint Network data) and greenhouse gas emissions (based on the International Energy Agency data) for these countries are used as a measure of environmental assessment. Based on the Sustainability Reports of telecommunication companies in these countries (China Mobile, SK Telekom, KDDI and others), their strategies for environmental protection and achieving a zero carbon footprint are examined. The impact of information and communication technologies is assessed using indexes of the number of Internet users, fixed Internet access, mobile communications users per 100 people of the country’s population, the share of ICT goods and services in the total exports and imports of countries, as well as the growth index of IT investments in the private sector for Japan. For each country, a correlation matrix was constructed depending on the level of the logarithm of the ecological footprint (Y) on the logarithms of the listed indexes; the factors that most influence Y and are not multicollinear were selected. Based on the selected indexes, multiple regression models were developed for each country and their parameters were assessed.Results. For China and South Korea, a positive elasticity of the ecological footprint was obtained for the number of mobile phone users (for China) and fixed broadband Internet access (for South Korea). In addition, the import of ICT goods into a country reduces its environmental footprint, and the export of ICT services from the country leads to an increase in the index. For Japan, negative elasticities of the ICT sector indexes for the country’s ecological footprint were obtained, which is associated with measures taken by telecommunication companies to reduce their own consumption of electricity and other resources, as well as the widespread use of digital technologies for energy saving in other sectors of the Japanese economy.Conclusion. For China and South Korea, significant dependences of the country’s ecological footprint on the spread of digital technologies were obtained, and their diffusion entails an increase in the index. While this impact is not very large, the widespread adoption of 5G mobile communications in these countries should be taken into account, which could significantly increase the share of the ICT sector in the countries’ environmental footprint. At the same time, Japanese telecommunication companies are promoting environmental protection
ABSTRACT Given that a high proportion of workers in “essential” sectors of the US economy are Black women, this paper seeks to answer the following: in which occupations did Black women in the US experience the greatest job losses during the early phase of the pandemic? Drawing on feminist economic and stratification economic theories, this quantitative analysis suggests that the greatest losses were cashier jobs in the hotel and restaurant industry, and childcare worker positions in the healthcare and social services industry. These two occupations are low wage, dominated by women, and considered essential. This study posits that Black women disproportionately lost these jobs for three reasons: (1) Black women’s strong attachment to the US workforce; (2) Black women’s overrepresentation in the hotel/restaurant and healthcare/social services industries; and (3) women’s overrepresentation in low-wage occupations. The study offers policy solutions that could help sustain the Black community during the pandemic-inspired economic downturn. HIGHLIGHTS Black women face occupational segregation that is specific to both their gender and their race. Black women’s employment is more narrowly concentrated by industry than any other demographic group. Job losses due to COVID-19 especially hit industries in which Black women are concentrated. Black women lost the most jobs in the cashier occupation. Any pandemic-recovery policy agenda must include full employment for Black women.
PurposeThe paper aims to investigate existing research in factors impacting organic food purchase with special reference to eco-labels and identify the relative influence of various determinants.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework is proposed of organic food buying behaviour after analysing a sample of 154,072 consumers reported in 91 research studies from 2001–2020. The factors are categorised into four categories on the basis of relatedness. In addition, the factors were analysed based on time, region and national economic status.FindingsThe impact of consumer psychographics, socio-demographic and product-related factor categories were found to be more pronounced compared to supply-related factor category. The results show that among individual factors like health concern, environment concern, knowledge and awareness, eco-labels and price followed by trust in organic food are the most important factors in organic food purchase. The findings suggest that eco-labels increase trust in organic food by reducing information asymmetry in consumers. However, there were differences in perception and factors importance between high-income economies and emerging economies.Originality/valueThe study is unique, as it analyses secondary research based on criteria of high-income economies and emerging economies. The conceptual framework can also be incorporated further into different cognitive models like the theory of planned behaviour.
Abstract This study investigates the factors affecting financial literacy in Japan using data from Osaka University's Preference Parameter Study. We examine several demographic, socio-economic, and psychological variables drawn from the social learning, consumer socialization, and psychological theories of learning. The results indicate that the demographic factors of gender, age, and education; the socio-economic factors of income and occupation; and the psychological factor of perceptions of the future significantly affect the level of financial literacy. The results are robust to different measures of financial literacy and emphasize that social contact and people's future orientation can improve financial literacy levels in Japan.
Significance Global environmental change and discussions about the drivers of international migration lead to renewed interest in population growth and global demographic change. The notion of the demographic dividend was introduced to highlight the benefits of fertility decline, yet, among African leaders, it is also often interpreted as describing the benefits of their youthful populations. Due to its controversial nature, the topic of population was not explicitly included in the Sustainable Development Goals. In this controversial discussion, this paper provides a systematic reassessment about what aspects of demographic change have beneficial consequences for economic growth and sustainable development. The relationship between population changes and economic growth has been debated since Malthus. Initially focusing on population growth, the notion of demographic dividend has shifted the attention to changes in age structures with an assumed window of opportunity that opens when falling birth rates lead to a relatively higher proportion of the working-age population. This has become the dominant paradigm in the field of population and development, and an advocacy tool for highlighting the benefits of family planning and fertility decline. While this view acknowledges that the dividend can only be realized if associated with investments in human capital, its causal trigger is still seen in exogenous fertility decline. In contrast, unified growth theory has established human capital as a trigger of both demographic transition and economic growth. We assess the relative importance of changing age structure and increasing human capital for economic growth for a panel of 165 countries during the time period of 1980–2015. The results show a clear dominance of improving education over age structure and give evidence that the demographic dividend is driven by human capital. Declining youth dependency ratios even show negative impacts on income growth when combined with low education. Based on a multidimensional understanding of demography that considers education in addition to age, and with a view to the additional effects of education on health and general resilience, we conclude that the true demographic dividend is a human capital dividend. Global population policies should thus focus on strengthening the human resource base for sustainable development.
Nelly Y. Bogorsukova, Alecsan A. Halafyn, Vadim N. Rakachev
The article discusses the selection of a set of administrative units edge groups homogeneity, that is, groups in which there is a similarity in course of demographic processes. The study was supported by RFBR, project № 13-01-96527 р_юг_а.
José Leonardo Montealegre Quijano, Julián Alonso Garzón Quiroga
En 2018, la Organización Mundial de la Salud informó que los accidentes de tránsito se han convertido en un problema de salud pública, con muertes anuales estimadas en 1.2 millones de personas. En Colombia, constituyen la segunda causa de muerte en la población, sólo después de las derivadas de enfermedades crónicas. En la ciudad de Ibagué, seis de cada 100000 habitantes mueren en las calles al año. En este trabajo estudiamos los puntos críticos de accidentabilidad de la ciudad, y encontramos como las causas principales las fallas mecánicas, así como las imprudencias y el estado de embriaguez de los conductores; asimismo, la inapropiada toma de decisiones y el desconocimiento de la forma de acceder a una glorieta (round point) se constituyen en un común denominador de accidentalidad.
Human settlements. Communities, Demography. Population. Vital events
Global material extraction has tripled since the 1970s, with more than 100 billion tonnes of materials entering the world economy each year. Only 8.6% of this is recycled, while 61% ends up as waste and emissions that is the leading cause of global warming, and large-scale pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. This paper introduces Socio-metabolic Research (SMR) and demonstrates its relevance for ecological economics scholarship in India. SMR is a research framework for studying the biophysical stocks and flows of material and energy associated with societal production and consumption. SMR is widely conducted in Europe, US, and China. In India, it is still at an infant stage. In this paper, we review pioneering efforts of SMR in India, and make the case for advancing the field in the sub-continent. The crucial question is whether India can source materials and energy necessary for human development in a sustainable manner.
Human ecology. Anthropogeography, Economic theory. Demography
This study aims to analyze the effect of agricultural workers, education level, female workers and the role of government policies on poverty rate in Sumatra. Observations were made in 151 districts/cities in Sumatra during the period 2013-2015 and 2017-2018. The approach used is a panel data regression model. The method applied is random effect. The findings show the labor in the agricultural sector has a significant and positive effect on the poverty rate in Sumatra, while the level of education and government spending has a significant and negative effect on the poverty rate. The policy implication is that it is necessary to increase labor productivity in the agricultural sector and other industries that are more efficient. The government also needs to strengthen the agricultural sub-sector in order to have better value-added products. Optimizing and improving basic services such as education, health, economic and social.
Ahmad Sadeghi, Mohammad Khodabakhshi, Zeinab Mir Ghasemi
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of technology orientation on export performance, emphasizing the mediating role of innovation strategies (exploratory and exploitative) and the moderating role of corporate social responsibility.Methodology: This research is a descriptive correlation study and is one of the structural equation modelling methods for implementation and data collection. The study's statistical population consisted of all manufacturers and exporters of detergent and sanitary products in Iran. According to the convenience sampling method, 394 people were considered a statistical sample. A questionnaire with closed questions containing 22 items was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient confirmed its reliability. Structural equation modelling and AMOS software were used to analyze the data.Findings: The study results show that technology orientation, through the mediating role of exploration innovation strategies, affects the manufacturers and exporters of detergent and sanitary products' export performance. There is a direct relationship between technology orientation and exploration and exploitation innovation strategies. According to the results, we found that social responsibility has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between the technological orientation of the types of innovation (extraction and exploration). At higher levels, the intensity of the relationship between technological orientation and different kinds of innovation is more substantial, and vice versa.Originality/Value: The technology orientation contributes to export performance success by exploring and exploiting innovation strategies. Accordingly, for successful export performance, manufacturers and exporters of detergent and sanitary products can emphasize two innovation strategies while strengthening the technology orientation strategy.
Abstract Avoiding risk in financial decisions is credited to be a key contributor to persistent poverty and poverty traps. In spite of this, the methods used to measure behaviour under risk rarely reflect an adequate representation of the lives of smallholders in low income economies. We estimate risk preferences and their determinants by including two key aspects: aversion to losses and exposure to long term risk and vulnerability. We examine risk preferences of 93 smallholders in Cambodia and 91 smallholders in Lao PDR with an incentivised lottery design under the framework of Expected Utility Theory (EUT), Rank Dependent Utility Theory (RDU) and Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT). We find that CPT best explains our data, but parameter values vary to those most commonly found in the literature. We report that the experience of household shocks have a significant effect on choice behaviour in the loss domain, even when we control for a large set of socio-economic and demographic variables.
Studying the systematic risk of the banking industry, as a measure of the financial stability, is one of the options to evaluate how strong is the overall industry’s standings against the systematic risk itself. There are number of studies in related areas for both developed and developing markets. This study is the part of the overall examination of the banking industry performance for the developing transitional economies. With the help of the risk evaluation through the measure of Z-score, we are trying to evaluate the financial health of the institutions and as a whole the industry. This will let us explore the financial standings and the performance of the particular market. The other point is that the examination covers the post-financial crisis period with the certain macroeconomic fluctuations of the endogenous to the industry problems such as devaluation in-between the study coverage timeframe. These impacting fac-tors help us understand the effect of both external and internal shocks affecting the banking industry. The relationship between the financial stability and the overall profitability, as a risk and return relation-ship with the effects of external factors like crisis and internal macroeconomic shocks as devaluation is the core point of the interest of this particular study. The findings suggest that the size of the bank plays important but negative role in the way bank behaves. It negatively affects the financial health of the bank industry. Overall, the financial stability is very unstable; as the fluctuations of the Z-score over the period of examination is significant, stating only that the transitional economy is very much vulnerable towards both internal and external risks.
Economics as a science, Marketing. Distribution of products
Abstract Casinos are generally recognized as significant generators of economic impact and tourism, but access is typically controlled in a perceived effort to reduce social harms, particularly those from gambling disorders. Using data from a representative sample of 50,048 Canadians across four provinces, this study empirically tests theory of the regional impacts of casino availability on participation in gambling and the development of gambling related problems. Increased exposure to casinos is found to be related to increases in both participation and problem gambling risk, despite the observation that all four provinces recently experienced casino expansion and population-wide declines in problem gambling prevalence rates. The estimates are robust to broad controls for health and demographic risk factors. The findings suggest that hospitality/tourism planners should consider wider expansion of gambling paired with increased investment in responsible and problem gambling programs, to maximize economic impacts while accelerating social adaptation to gambling related harms.
The marketing dynamics of the study and praxis of persuasion present different interweavings with the time frame chosen. Even so, we consider that the only one offering a stable reference background is religious communication, because even if interpretations may differ, the basic principles of association towards individual apprehension and comprehension remain the same. It is the author intention to try to map out possible connections between persuasion, as a symbolic process, and religious symbolic communication, by assuming that, in a Biblical sense, communication is intrinsic to the act of being of all humanity.
Economic history and conditions, Economics as a science